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The environmentally friendly plant-based green synthesis approach provides a fabulous opportunity to produce versatile zinc oxide powders with multifarious morphology and/or size. In this study, it was mainly aimed at using Polygonum cognatum Meisn. extract to synthesize zinc oxide powder via a simple green synthesis route. For this purpose, zinc nitrate solution was mixed with an aqueous extract of fresh Polygonum cognatum Meisn. plant leaves to obtain a zinc-based precursor, and then zinc oxide powder was synthesized by means of calcination conducted at 400°C for 2 hours in air. Phase, spectroscopic, and microstructural analysis techniques, as well as Rietveld refinement method and Williamson-Hall analysis, were performed to investigate the powder characteristics. It was found that the synthesized high-purity zinc oxide powder had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. Zinc oxide powder was observed to have a particularly large amount of nano-sized equiaxed particles (~25 nm in average diameter) together with micron- sized hourglass-like particles consisting of two hexagonal prisms (each <1 μm in height). All in all, the main implication of our research is that the Polygonum cognatum Meisn. plant can be potentially used as a biomass source for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nano/microparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the phytochemical composition of the roots of Polygonum multiflorum collecting in Vietnam and an evaluation of its capacity to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme was conducted. In total, 12 metabolites (1 – 12) were isolated from anti-lipase activity-guided fractionation of P. multiflorum. The isolated compounds (1 – 12) were identified as trans -resveratrol (1), methyl protocatechuate (2), methyl gallate (3), catechin (4), epicatechin (5), myrciaphenone A (6), quercetin (7), kaempferol (8), apigenin (9), luteolin (10), tricin (11), and afzelin (12). This is the first time Compound 12 has been reported from P. multiflorum. However, 12 second metabolites (1 – 12) were tested in vitro to assess the anti-lipase potential. The results revealed Compound 7 exhibited the most significant lipase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 0.30 ± 0.04 μM. Following closely, Compounds 6, 8, 10, and 12 displayed IC50 values of 5.38 ± 0.65, 0.72 ± 0.10, 0.79 ± 0.19, and 1.22 ± 0.18 μM, respectively. For comparison, orlistat (positive control), the most common anti-obesity drug available on the market, has an IC50 value of 0.91 ± 0.10 μM. Molecular docking was applied to explore the affinity and interactions between active compounds 6 – 8, 10, and 12 and proteins associated with obesity, namely pancreatic lipase–colipase complex (PLCC) and pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1). In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) were used in predictions. The results indicate that the active compounds isolated from P. multiflorum could be further in-depth research on lipase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poyang Lake wetland plays an important ecological service function. Frequent drought events have caused significant changes in the distribution pattern of wetland plants. This study analyzed the changes in the distribution elevation of wetland plants in Poyang Lake from 2000 to 2020, including the optimal elevation, and upper and lower limit elevations, and revealed the impacts of drought on the ecological niches of typical wetland plants. The results showed that the wetland plants were distributed in a regular strip pattern according to the elevation gradient. The Polygonum hydropiper-Phalaris arundinacea (PP), Carex cinerascens (Cc), Phragmites australis-Triarrhena lutarioriparia (PT), and Artemisia selengensis (As) communities were mainly distributed at elevations of 8.70-13.62 m, 10.35-14.99 m, 12.00-16.28 m, and 11.82-18.46 m, with optimal elevations of 11.16, 12.67, 14.14, and 15.14 m, respectively. Although the optimal elevations and upper limit elevations of four typical wetland plants exhibited different changing trends, their lower limit elevations showed the significant downward trends, especially for Cc and PP communities. Moreover, drought caused a varying degree of decrease (0.16-0.34 m) in the optimal elevations of four typical wetland plants, the upper and lower limit elevations of most wetland plants had also decreased in dry years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drimenol, a phytochemical with a distinct odor is found in edible aromatic plants, such as Polygonum minus (known as kesum in Malaysia) and Drimys winteri. Recently, drimenol has received increasing attention owing to its diverse biological activities. This review offers the first extensive overview of drimenol, covering its sources, bioactivities, and derivatives. Notably, drimenol possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-insect, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, some mechanisms of its activities, such as its antifungal effects against human mycoses and anticancer activities, have been investigated. However, there are still several crucial issues in the research on drimenol, such as the lack of experimental understanding of its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to present a holistic understanding of drimenol, paving the way for future studies and its potential utilization in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ectomycorrhizal (ECM and ECM-like) structures associated with plant root systems are a challenge for scientists. The dispersion pattern of roots within the soil profile and the nutritional conditions are both favourable factors to motivate the plants to make ECM associations. Results This study discusses the colonization of mycorrhizal associations in Kobresia and Polygonum species including Polygonum viviparum, Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, Alnus nitida, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, and Trifolium repens grown naturally in cold stressed soils of Gilgit-Baltistan (high-altitude alpine Deosai plains), Hazara, Swat, Dir, and Bajaur. Sieved soil batches were exposed to +5 °C (control), -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -125 °C for 5 h, and selected plants were sown to these soils for 10 weeks under favourable conditions for ECM colonization. Ectomycorrhizal associations were examined in the above mentioned plants. Some ECM fungi have dark mycelia that look like the mantle and Hartig net. Examples of these are Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, and Polygonum viviparum. Findings of this study revealed that K. myosuroides excelled in ECM root tip length, dry mass, and NH4 concentration at -125 °C. Contrarily, A. nitida demonstrated the lower values, indicated its minimum tolerance. Notably, T. repens boasted the highest nitrogen concentration (18.7 ± 1.31 mg/g), while P. sylvestris led in phosphorus (3.2 ± 0.22 mg/g). The B. pendula showed the highest potassium concentration (9.4 ± 0.66 mg/g), emphasising species-specific nutrient uptake capabilities in extreme cold conditions. The PCA analysis revealed that the parameters, e.g., NH4 in soil mix (NH4), NO3 in soil mix (NO3), phosphorus in soil in species of Polygonum viviparum, Kobresia filicina, K. myosuroides, Alnus nitida, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, and Trifolium repens are most accurately represented in cases of + 5 °C, -10 °C, and -20 °C temperatures. On the other hand, the parameters for ECM root tips (ECM) and Dry Mass (DM) are best described in -40 °C, -50 °C, and − 125 °C temperatures. All parameters have a strong influence on the variability of the system indicated the efficiency of ECM. The heatmap supported the nutrients positively correlated with ECM colonization with the host plants. Conclusion At lower temperatures, hyphae and spores in roots were reduced, while soluble phosphorus concentrations of leaves were increased in cold stress soils. Maximum foliar nutrient concentrations were found in K. myosuroides at the lowest temperature treatments due to efficient functioning and colonization of ECM.

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of N-butanol fraction of Polygonum hydropiper flavonoids (FNB) on oxidative stress and histone acetylation in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. The effect of FNB on viability of the cells was detected by cell counting kit (CCK-8), and the levels of oxidative stress-related factors and histone acetylation were measured when the PRV infected cells were treated with FNB at 25, 50, 100 mg/L for 4, 8, 12 h. The results showed that compared to the prv-infected group, after 25 mg/L FNB was applied to PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells for 12 h, the activity of intracellular iNOS and the levels of NO and MDA decreased, and the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, mouse HO-1, and mouse NQO1 increased. The expression levels of iNOS mRNA were extremely down-regulated (P<0.01), the expression levels of HO-1 mRNA were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05), and the expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NQO1 were extremely up-regulated (P<0.01). Compared with PRV-infected group, the activity of intracellular histone acetylase (HAT) decreased, histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity increased, intracellular HAT mRNA expression level was down-regulated, and HDAC mRNA expression level was up-regulated after 12 h of 25 mg/L FNB treatment. The results showed that FNB had a certain regulatory effect on the oxidative stress induced by PRV infection in RAW264.7 cells, and exerted antioxidant effects by increasing the gene expression levels of various antioxidant enzymes in cells, regulating the level of acetylation in cells, and reducing the oxidative stress damage caused by PRV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is a perennial twining vine plant from the Polygonaceae family, which is a Chinese herbal medicine with great value for development and utilization. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi, as well as an outlook on the future research directions and development prospects of the plant. Data on Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi were obtained from different databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Baidu Academic, Wanfang Database, Google Academic, PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Wiley; books; standards; and Ph.D. and MSc theses. So far, 86 compounds have been identified from Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi, including anthraquinones, stilbenes, flavonoids, tannins, chromogenic ketones, organic acids and esters, lignans, isobenzofurans, alkaloids, naphthols, and others. Studies have found that Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. Clinically, Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is very effective in the treatment of gastritis and chronic gastritis. Based on its traditional use, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity, Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi is a promising source of natural medicine in drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed) is a highly invasive female plant that primarily reproduces through vegetative regeneration during secondary distribution. Despite producing a substantial number of viable hybrid seeds, the occurrence of seedlings and young plants in the wild remains rare; the reasons for this rarity are unclear. Environmental intolerance and chromosomal anomalies during hybridisation can impede seedling development. This study evaluates the combined impact of these factors by examining substrate, temperature, and light effects on germination, as well as assessing seedling genome sizes and viability. Seeds were cultivated in both natural and controlled environments to manage external influences. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate chromosomal arrangements. The final germination was notably high at 99%, and 68% of seedlings thrived under controlled conditions, emphasising hybrid seedling viability regardless of highly polyploid levels ranging from pentaploid to aneuploid (2C DNA genome size from 5.17 to 11.95 pg). Thus, it is evident that seeds can germinate and produce vital seedlings despite various chromosomal sets. Even fluctuating temperatures and type of substrate do not limit seed germination. However, these results were obtained under laboratory conditions, with seeds and seedlings receiving regular irrigation. A significant seedling mortality rate (99%) was observed in the field experiment, and the final germination was also low there (15%). Observations suggest that water stress might be the cause of this mortality. Further research on water stress is necessary because it could be the primary factor limiting the successful generative spread of the knotweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Sojak is an understudied member of the Polygonaceae Juss. family. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the documented knowledge of Persicaria senegalensis , summarising traditional, biological, and phytochemistry to highlight research gaps and emphasise the medicinal potential of this abundant herb to encourage future research that will ultimately facilitate its potential incorporation into evidence-based healthcare practices and sustainable agriculture. PubMed, PubChem, Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer, Science Direct, and books were searched using the following terms: Persicaria senegalensis, Polygonum glutinosum, Polygonum lanigerum, Polygonum sambesiacum, Polygonum senegalense, Polygonum senegalensis, and Amblygonum senegalense. Only articles written in English were included. Articles addressing antioxidant activity were excluded. In addition to its ecological value as a heavy metal extractant and nutrient accumulator, it has a rich history of traditional uses, throughout Africa for the treatment of hemorrhoids, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaria, skin troubles, syphilis, ectoparasites, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and gynecological infections. Biological activities investigated include anti-feedant effects, sub-clinical mastitis, larvicidal, molluscicidal, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-diabetes effects. Several compounds have been isolated from this species and investigated for their antiplasmodial, larvicidal and anti-schistosomiasis activity. Many traditional uses of P. senegalensis remain uninvestigated and should be considered for future studies. Furthermore, studies confirming safety, efficacy, and the identification of active principles are lacking and would contribute to the value and applicability of current research findings. [Display omitted] • Persicaria senegalensis is a member of Polygonaceae Juss. • Traditional use: hemorrhoids, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaria, skin troubles, syphilis, ectoparasites, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, gynecological infections, antimicrobial, ulcers, abortifacient, livestock-related ailments, fever, anti-parasitic, sedative. • Bioactivity: anti-feedant, -cancer, -microbial, mastitis, larvicidal, molluscicidal, diabetes. • Isolated compounds exhibit bioactivity that support traditional use. • This review highlights and identifies research gaps for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P)‐hyperaccumulators for phytoextraction from P‐polluted areas generally show rapid growth and accumulate large amounts of P without any toxicity symptom, which depends on a range of physiological processes and gene expression patterns that have never been explored. We investigated growth, leaf element concentrations, P fractions, photosynthetic traits, and leaf metabolome and transcriptome response in amphibious P‐hyperaccumulators, Polygonum hydropiper and P. lapathifolium, to high‐P exposure (5 mmol L−1), with 0.05 mmol L−1 as the control. Under high‐P exposure, both species demonstrated good growth, allocating more P to metabolite P and inorganic P (Pi) accompanied by high potassium and calcium. The expression of a cluster of unigenes associated with photosynthesis was maintained or increased in P. lapathifolium, explaining the increase in net photosynthetic rate and the rapid growth under high‐P exposure. Metabolites of trehalose metabolism, including trehalose 6‐phosphate and trehalose, were sharply increased in both species by the high‐P exposure, in line with the enhanced expression of associated unigenes, indicating that trehalose metabolic pathway was closely related to high‐P tolerance. These findings elucidated the physiological and molecular responses involved in the photosynthesis and trehalose metabolism in P‐hyperaccumulators to high‐P exposure, and provides potential regulatory pathways to improve the P‐phytoextraction capability. Summary Statement: Amphibious Polygonum species upregulated genes expression associated with photosynthesis for rapid growth, allocated more metabolite P and Pi and changed trehalose metabolism for high‐P tolerance to achieve P‐hyperaccumulation and efficient P‐phytoextraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovule morphology, megasporogenesis, and megagametogenesis processes were examined in Hydrocleys nymphoides, Alisma plantago-aquatica, and Sagittaria montevidensis. Each of these species belongs to a different clade within the Alismataceae family. It is worth mentioning that the genus Hydrocleys previously belonged to the Limnocharitaceae family but is now classified within the Alismataceae. Flowers in different developmental stages were processed following classical histological methods for their observation with bright-field microscope. The three species present an anatropous and bitegmic mature ovule. This is tenuinucellate in A. plantago-aquatica and S. montevidensis and pseudo-crassinucellate in H. nymphoides. Although all three species have the same type of megasporogenesis, they differ in the megagametogenesis and in the total number of nuclei and cells that form the mature gametophyte. H. nymphoides has a female gametophyte composed of four cells and four nuclei, while A. plantago-aquatica and S. montevidensis have a female gametophyte of five cells and six nuclei. The results are discussed according to the phylogenetic position of each of the species. Moreover, new types of megagametophyte development are described: Hydrocleys and Sagittaria types. The reduction of the female gametophyte with respect to the Polygonum type is found in families belonging to the ANA grade and in other aquatic families within the order Alismatales. We infer that the reduction in the number of cells and nuclei in the female gametophyte is characteristic of species that inhabit aquatic environments. Future studies in aquatic species belonging to other families would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), a kind of perennial plant, belongs to the genus Polygonum of the family polygonaceae.The dry root of PM (also called Heshouwu), is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has a series of functions and is widely used in clinic for hair lossing, aging, and insomnia. While, PM also has some toxicity, its clinical drug safety has been concerned. In this paper, the chemical components, toxic mechanisms and detoxification strategies of PM were reviewed in order to provide evidence for its clinical application. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic review of published literature of PM, including English and Chinese databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang. Results: PM contains a variety of chemical compounds, including stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids, and has many pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, wound healing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The PE has certain therapeutic effect, and it has certain toxicity like hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryotoxicity at the same time, but.these toxic effects could be effectively reduced by processing and compatibility. Conclusion: It is necessary to further explore the pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of the main active compounds of PE.This article provides scientific basis for the safe clinical application of PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum Amplexicaule Radix is a traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, which is often used to treat thrombotic diseases. However, its potential anticoagulant active ingredients have been unexplored. In this study, a method for rapid screening of anticoagulant active ingredients from P. amplexicaule by affinity-ultrafiltration (AUF) and high-performance – tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established, which using thrombin as an affinity receptor target. 5 potential anti-thrombin active components were screened: gallic acid, procyanidin B2-3''O-gallate, 11-O-galloylbergenin, (-)-epicatechin gallate and di-galloyl-O-bergenin by AUF and HPLC-MS/MS. The inhibitory ability of these active ingredients to thrombin was confirmed by in vitro activity experiments and molecular docking, hence justifying that P. amplexicaule is a traditional Chinese medicine with excellent anticoagulation effects. Meanwhile, it has been shown that AUF-MS could be a way rapid screening for active substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Schinia scissa (Grote) is endemic to Florida and one of the most rarely-encountered North American flower moths (Heliothinae), known to science from less than 10 specimens for nearly 150 years. The life history and larval host plant, previously unknown, is documented here for the first time. Larvae feed on the flowering parts of Arcadian St. John's Wort (Hypericum edisonianum, Hypericaceae), and circumstantial evidence indicates other Hypericum species may be suitable hosts as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and embryogenesis of Liparis elliptica (family Orchidaceae, tribe Malaxideae, subtribe Malaxidinae) have been studied. It was shown that the L. elliptica embryo sac is monosporic and develops from the chalazal cell of the megaspore triad according to the modified Polygonum type. The embryo sacs are reduced to four–six nuclei. The suspensor is unicellular, spherical in shape, originating from the basal cell (cb). A unique feature of L. elliptica is the unitegmal ovule, which distinguishes this species from other members of the tribe Malaxideae. The seed coat is formed by an outer layer of the single internal integument. Reduction of the outer integument is a rare feature for epiphytic orchid species with photosynthetic leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum plebeium R. Br. (Family: Polygonaceae) is commonly known as "small knotweed". It is used as a traditional medicine by many cultures across the world. In the rural communities of Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, it has long been practised to treat intestinal symptoms and pneumonia orally, while leaf powder combined with mishri is offered to treat menstruation disorders. It is abundantly found in the regions of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It consists of numerous phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, and possesses a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, cytoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. P. plebeium extract has a wide range of pharmacological properties and is used in the treatment of diarrhoea, eczema, inflammation, liver illness, and ringworm. In this review, a comprehensive and methodical search was performed in several prominent scientific databases, such as the Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persicaria subterranea Bo Li, a new species from Xizang in southwestern China, is described and illustrated in this study. Gross morphology and pollen micromorphology corroborate its placement within Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon. Unique to this section, P. subterranea is the only species known to exhibit subterranean cleistogamous flowers, making it distinct within the sect. Cephalophilon. Morphologically, it shows the closest resemblance to P. glacialis (Meisn.) H. Hara and its variety, P. glacialis var. przewalskii (A.K. Skvortsov & Borodina) M.J. Kong & S.P. Hong. However, it could be readily distinguished from these related taxa by leaf shapes and indumentum, inflorescence structure, number of stamens, and achene morphology. In addition, we provide diagnostic characteristics, a detailed morphological description, line drawing, and information on the distribution and habitat for this new species, as along with comparable photographs of the three related taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the clinical application, which usually has the function of "increasing efficiency and reducing toxicity". Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity, while it is believed that the toxicity is reduced after processing. Studies have shown that the hepatotoxicity of PM is closely related to the changes in chemical components before and after processing. However, there is no comprehensive investigation on the chemical changes of PM during the processing progress. In this research, we established a comprehensive method to profile both small molecule compounds and polysaccharides from raw and different processed PM samples. In detail, an online two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (2D-LC/Q-Orbitrap MS) was utilized to investigate the small molecules, and a total of 150 compounds were characterized successfully. After multivariate statistical analysis, 49 differential compounds between raw and processed products were screened out. Furthermore, an accurate and comprehensive method for quantification of differential compounds in PM samples was established based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/Q-Orbitrap-MS (UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS) within 16 min. In addition, the changes of polysaccharides in different PM samples were analyzed, and it was found that the addition of black beans and steaming times would affect the content and composition of polysaccharides in PM significantly. Our work provided a reference basis for revealing the scientific connotation of the processing technology and increasing the quality control and safety of PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) could cause diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and even death in piglets, miRNA played an important role in the interaction between virus and cell. The study aimed to investigate the impact of miR-17 on the polysaccharide of Polygonum Cillinerve (PCP) in combating TGEV. miR-17 was screened and transfection validation was performed by Real-time PCR. The function of miR-17 on PK15 cells infected with TGEV and treated with PCP was investigated by DCFH-DA loading probe, JC-1 staining and Hoechst fluorescence staining. Furthermore, the effect of miR-17 on PCP inhibiting TGEV replication and apoptosis signaling pathways during PCP against TGEV infection was measured through Real-time PCR and Western blot. The results showed that miR-17 mimic and inhibitor could be transferred into PK15 cells and the expression of miR-17 significantly increased and decreased respectively compared with miR-17 mimic and inhibitor (P < 0.05). A total 250xg/ml&lowbar; of PCP could inhibit cells apoptosis after transfection with miR-17. PCP (250xg/ml&lowbar; and 125-xg/ml&lowbar;) significantly inhibited the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by TGEV after transfection with miR-17 (P < 0.05). After transfection of miR-17 mimic, PCP at concentrations of 250 -xg/ml&lowbar; and 125 -xg/ml&lowbar; significantly promoted the mRNA expression of P53, cyt C and caspase 9 (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the replication of TGEVgRNAand gene N was significantly inhibited by PCP at concentrations of 250 -xg/ml&lowbar; and 125 -xg/ml&lowbar; after transfection of both miR-17 mimic and inhibitor (P < 0.05). PCP at 62.5-xg/ml&lowbar; significantly inhibited the replication of gene S following transfection with miR-17 inhibitor (P < 0.05). These results suggested that PCP could inhibit the replication of TGEV and apoptosis induced by TGEV by regulating miR-17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides are one of the main active ingredients of Polygonum sibiricum (PS), which is a food and medicine homolog used throughout Chinese history. The antidepressant-like effects of PSP and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially the regulation of microglial polarization. The current study determined the chemical composition and structural characteristics of PSP. Then, the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure was carried out on the zebrafish for 5 weeks, and PSP was immersed for 9 days (1 h/d). The body weight of zebrafish was monitored, and behavioral tests, including the novel tank test and light and dark tank test, were performed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of PSP. Then, the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis, the levels of peripheral inflammation, neuronal and blood–brain barrier damage in the mesencephalon and telencephalon, and the mRNA expression of M1/M2 phenotype genes in the brain were examined. PSP samples had the typical structural characteristics of polysaccharides, consisting of glucose, mannose, and galactose, with an average Mw of 20.48 kDa, which presented porous and agglomerated morphologies. Compared with untreated zebrafish, the depression-like behaviors of CUMS-induced zebrafish were significantly attenuated. PSP significantly decreased the levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the body of CUMS-induced depressive zebrafish. Furthermore, PSP remarkably reversed the neuronal and blood–brain barrier damage in the mesencephalon and telencephalon and the mRNA expression of M1/M2 phenotype genes in the brain. These findings indicated that the antidepressant-like effects of PSP were related to altering the HPI axis hyperactivation, suppressing peripheral inflammation, inhibiting neuroinflammation induced by microglia hyperactivation, and modulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. The current study provides the foundations for future examinations of PSP in the functional foods of emotional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To discover novel compounds with significant anti-inflammatory activity in the alcohol extract of Polygonum capitatum. [Methods] Firstly, a new flavonoid glycoside,capitaone B (1), was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract from P. capitatum, and then 27 compounds were screened using NO anti-inflammatory activity model. [Results] Four compounds, such as kaempferol (12), 1,2, 6-trigalloyl-β-d-glucose (15), catechin (16) and β-sitosterol (26), could significantly inhibit LPS-induced NO production in macrophages, with IC50 values of 15.31, 8.43, 6.92 and 5.72 μM, respectively. [Conclusions] The chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of P. capitatum were preliminarily studied, and the results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the action mechanism of subsequent anti-inflammatory active compounds of P. capitatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific hybridization between distinct populations could increase the fitness and adaptive potential of biological control agents that often have low genetic diversity and can be inbred due to long‐term laboratory rearing often at small population sizes. Hybridization can also alter host preference and performance when the parental insect populations are adapted to different host plants. We investigated the effects of hybridization between two populations (Northern and Southern) of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori, that have different fitness on three invasive knotweed species (Japanese, giant, and Bohemian). Fecundity, host choice, and developmental success of second‐generation reciprocal hybrids and the parental psyllid populations were compared on the three knotweed species in multiple‐choice tests. Hybridization did not increase fecundity. All three knotweed species were accepted for oviposition without preference by the Southern and the two hybrid psyllid populations. The northern psyllid population laid the most eggs on Bohemian knotweeds but those were maladaptive choices since almost all eggs failed to develop. The developmental success of the parental psyllid populations was highest on the knotweed species they were originally collected from, on Japanese knotweed of the Southern psyllids and giant knotweed of the Northern psyllids. Hybrids had intermediate or higher survival on given knotweed hosts compared to their parents. These results can inform release tactics of A. itadori in different regions especially where there appear to be climatic and/or host mismatches such as in Michigan. In southern Michigan, based on climate the Northern psyllid population should be released. However, the most common knotweed species in the region are Bohemian and Japanese knotweeds that do not support the development of the Northern psyllids. In this case, hybrids that may carry cold adaptations of the Northern psyllids but have better developmental success on the prevailing knotweed species may be considered for release to increase establishment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a major factor affecting plant growth and crop yield production. Plant extracts as natural biostimulants hold great potential to strengthen plants to overcome drought impacts. To explore the effect of Polygonum minus extract (PME) in enhancing drought tolerance in plants, a study was set up in a glasshouse environment using 10 different treatment combinations. PME foliar application were designed in CRD and effects were closely observed related to the growth, physiology, and antioxidant system changes in maize (Zea mays L.) under well-watered and drought conditions. The seaweed extract (SWE) was used as a comparison. Plants subjected to drought stress exhibited a significant reduction in fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content (RWC), and soluble sugar, but they stimulated the phenolic, flavonoid, proline, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme (catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD; superoxide dismutase, SOD) activities. Foliar application of PME improved fresh and dry weight (FW: 33.1%~41.4%; DW: 48.0%~43.1%), chlorophyll content (Chl b: 87.9%~100.76%), soluble sugar (23.6%~49.3%), and soluble protein (48.6%~56.9%) as well as antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POD) compared to CK under drought conditions. while decreasing the level of MDA. Notably, the mitigating effect of PME application with high concentration was more effective than those of SWE. Our study reveals that PME could alleviate drought stress by regulating osmoprotectant content and antioxidant defense system and can be used as an economical and environmentally friendly biostimulants for promoting maize growth under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article titled "An Evaluation Study of Cultivated Knotweeds" explores the potential of knotweeds as garden perennials. It discusses the various flower colors, leaf shapes, and plant habits that cultivated knotweeds offer. The article emphasizes the importance of avoiding weedy or invasive knotweeds and suggests well-mannered species as alternatives. The Chicago Botanic Garden conducted a trial of 30 different knotweed taxa to determine their ornamental qualities and garden performance. The document provides information on different varieties of pink and white flowers, including their sizes, blooming periods, and overall ratings. The ratings range from excellent to very poor, and the flower production is categorized based on percentages. The document also includes the height of the plants. The information is presented in a concise and factual manner, providing library patrons with useful information for their research on specific topics. [Extracted from the article]

Polygonum cognatum Meissn, a perennial herbaceous belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is an aromatic plant. High‐performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector method was developed and validated for the phytochemical analysis of the plant. Also, various methods were used to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activities were researched by 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. Among the tested standard microbial strains, Candida albicans was found to be more sensitive with a 24.60 ± 0.55 mm inhibition zone according to the diffusion tests. In the microdilution tests, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration values were 4.75 and ≥ 4.75 mg/mL, respectively, for all tested pathogens. Human colon carcinoma cells were used to investigate cytotoxicity by using 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide analysis (IC50 = 2891 μg/mL for Plant A, IC50 = 3291 μg/mL for Plant B). Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis were used to explain inhibition mechanisms of major phenolic compounds of plants against Tankyrase 1, Tankyrase 2 enzymes, and deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase subunit B and found compatible with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum equisetiforme is a perennial herbaceous plant thriving in the arid regions of Tunisia and widely used in health care and self-medication. The objective of the current study was to investigate the distribution of minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potentials in various plant parts including the fruit, stem, leaf, and root. The mineral composition was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The phenolic content of the samples was investigated using colorimetric assays and identified and quantified using HPLC-ESI/MS. The study found that the different parts of P. equisetiforme contain significant amounts of essential minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron. The leaf and root extracts had high amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Through LC-ESI-MS analysis, eleven flavonoids and eight phenolic acids were characterized. The most abundant compounds were gallic acid, quinic acid, catechin (+), and hyperoside. The findings suggest that different parts of P. equisetiforme are valuable sources of essential minerals and phenolic compounds, which can have potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psyllid Aphalara itadori Shinji (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a biocontrol agent against invasive knotweed species (Polygonaceae) in Europe and North America. Despite an extensive release program, successful establishment of the agent has never been confirmed. The slow establishment of A. itadori in its introduced range appears to be predominantly the result of nymphal mortality, either through desiccation, predation, or the adaptation of captive populations to low‐stress environments. In 2016, CABI UK collected a new line of psyllids from Murakami, Niigata Prefecture, in Japan, where it was observed causing severe leaf‐roll galling on one of the many varieties of native knotweeds. The induction of leaf‐roll galls by Murakami psyllids on invasive Bohemian knotweed, Reynoutria × bohemica, has the potential to alleviate some or all of the observed nymphal mortality factors. We conducted a series of growth chamber experiments to explore the psyllid behaviors that initiate leaf‐roll galls, and the ways in which the galls might benefit the psyllids and inhibit invasive knotweed. Reynoutria × bohemica exposed to A. itadori for 4 weeks suffered reduced stem elongation and leaf area compared to control plants. Artificial leaf‐roll galls were consistently utilized by developing A. itadori nymphs, and contributed to their survival. Leaf‐roll galling in R. × bohemica was predominantly initiated by early instar nymphs of A. itadori, and only occurred when leaves were attacked at a very early stage in their development. Our results can inform the knotweed biocontrol program in several key ways. Releases of A. itadori should be timed so that developing nymphs have access to newly emerging leaves. Monitoring efforts at release sites should focus on the growing tips of R. × bohemica, where the highly mobile nymphs appear to migrate. Finally, our results provide motivation to seek additional lines of A. itadori that may affect other invasive knotweed species in similar ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed germination of Polygonum longisetum (Polygonaceae) was examined in relation to wildfire, i.e. smoke, soil surface substrates (charcoal and wood ash), litter (fresh and crushed) and water potential because this species is widely distributed as an invasive species and has the ability of smoke-induced seed germination. Previous studies confirm that this species requires light and cold stratification for high seed germination. The effects of seed density and fertilizer on seed germination and seedling growth were also examined. Seed germination was highest at a certain concentration of smoke liquid, while it was lower on woody ash and higher without litter. Since seed germination decreased more with lower water potential, low seed germination on litter and substrates should be induced by water limitation. Seed density and fertilizer did not affect germination rates but changed biomass and shoot height. In conclusion, the effects of smoke liquid on seed germination changed synchronously with the quality and quantity of litter and substrates. These seed characteristics should be advantageous for germination in dry habitats after wildfires and other disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are advised by traditional medical systems for the treatment of a variety of disorders worldwide. In many ancient medical systems around the world, Polygonum herbs have been employed as remedies including P. equisetiforme Sm. The EO profile of P. equisetiforme and its bioactivities have yet to be discussed in depth. As a result, the current study aims to investigate the chemical profile and free radical scavenging capacity of P. equisetiforme EO. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain the EO from P. equisetiforme, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for analysis. A total of forty-three compounds, including terpenes and sesquiterpenes as the main components (76.13% and 69.06%, respectively), were identified in the oil using the GC-MS analysis. The main constituents of the oil were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (29.45%), 7-epi-selinene (14.45%), isospathulenol (8.35%), and n-docosane (6.79%). The chemosystematic significance of the plant was established via multivariate assessing, comprising principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and constellation plot, of the EO principal components of the various Polygonum plants. The P. equisetiforme exhibited different associations with the studied Polygonum spp. Then, the scavenging of the free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was used to evaluate the radical scavenging abilities of EO compared with those of vitamin C, a reference antioxidant. P. equisetiforme EO exhibited the scavenging capacity of the DPPH and the ABTS free radical with respective IC50 values of 470.01 and 113.74 mg L−1 compared with vitamin C, and with IC50 values of 39.06 and 26.09 mg L−1, respectively. The in silico studies revealed that the oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially ar-turmerone, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, and 5E,9E-farnesyl acetone, exhibited the best fitting with hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and human Peroxiredoxin 5 proteins with ΔG values of −6.14 and −4.93, −6.83 and −5.34, and −7.08 and −5.47 kcal/mol, respectively. The major components' combined or individual effects may be responsible for the antioxidant properties. Therefore, additional extensive studies are advised to characterize the essential compounds as radical scavenger agents, either individually or in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae) (PH) is a traditional Chinese traditional medicine with a pungent flavor and mild drug properties. PH is mainly distributed in the channel tropism in the stomach and large intestine. PH has multiple uses and can be used to treat a variety of diseases for a long time. This review summarizes the phytochemical and pharmacological activities, and applications of PH from 1980 to 2022. We also provide suggestions for promoting further research and developing additional applications of PH. The data and information on PH from 1980 to 2022 reviewed in this article were obtained from scientific databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Science Citation Index, SciFinder Scholar (SciFinder), Springer, American Chemical Society (ACS) Publications, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), etc. Some information was obtained from classic literature on traditional Chinese medicines. The search terms were Polygonum hydropiper, phytochemistry compositions of Polygonum hydropiper, pharmacological activities of Polygonum hydropiper, and applications of Polygonum hydropiper. The comprehensive analysis of the literature resulted in 324 compounds being isolated, identified, and reported from PH. Regarding traditional uses, the majority of phytochemical and pharmacological studies have indicated the diverse bioactivities of PH extracts, flavonoids, and volatile oil elements, including antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. PH has a long history of diversified medicinal uses, some of which have been verified in modern pharmacological studies. Further detailed studies are required to establish scientific and reasonable quality evaluation standards and action mechanisms of active constituents from PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol extracts of Polygonum cognatum on indomethacin induced gastric damage in rats. We evaluated the number of ulcer areas, oxidant and antioxidant parameters as well as histopathologic features in rat stomach. We measured the total antioxidant status of P. cognatum in concentrations from 1.56–100 mg/ml. P. cognatum extract inhibited indomethacin induced ulcer formation with an effect similar to a 20 mg/kg dose of the standard anti-ulcer drug, esomeprazole. All doses of P. cognatum extract exhibited positive effects on oxidative stress markers and histopathological features in the stomach tissue of rats. We suggest that the antioxidant activity of P. cognatum extract may be responsible for its gastroprotective effect and that P. cognatum extract may be a useful gastroprotective agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Special root structures that can dissolve insoluble phosphorus locked in soil are supposed to contribute not only to the growing status of themselves but also to the neighbouring plants. However, whether dauciform roots have any effect on the neighbouring plants and how does it respond to meadow degradation had not been studied. Methods: Alpine meadows with different degradation statuses were selected and the functional traits of Carex filispica and the co-occurring species Polygonum viviparum were measured to explore their response to degradation, as well as the response of Polygonum viviparum to the dauciform roots of Carex filispica. Results: The results showed that 1) the number of dauciform roots decreased with the intensifying degradation, positively related to available phosphorus in the soil and negatively related to the aboveground phosphorus of Carex filispica. 2) Carex filispica and Polygonum viviparum are similar in specific leaf area and specific root area, yet different in the phosphorus content. The available phosphorus in the soil was negatively related to the aboveground phosphorus of Carex filispica and positively related to that of Polygonum viviparum. 3) When lightly degraded, the proportion of dauciform roots had positive effects on the aboveground resource-acquiring traits of Polygonum viviparum, which were no longer significant at heavy degradation. 4) Polygonum viviparum and Carex filispica without dauciform roots have similar performance: a decrease of belowground carbon with the increasing degradation, and a trend toward resource conservation with the increasing proportion of dauciform roots, which did not exist in Carex filispica with dauciform roots. Conclusion: Our study found that dauciform roots had a beneficial effect on the resource acquisition of their neighbouring plants. However, due to the uncontrollable nature of natural habitats, whether this effect is stable and strong enough to be performed in ecological restoration requires further lab- controlled studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The systematic urban floristic research of Budapest was started in 2018 by the authors with detailed methodology. One scope of the research was to gain knowledge on the plant taxa appearing in Budapest and to compile the inventory of the urban flora of Budapest. New information: We have provided the inventory of the urban flora of Budapest, which includes distribution data for all 973 taxa found in Budapest between May 2018 and May 2023. We also provided new detailed occurrence data for 49 species in Budapest. Seven of them are new to the adventive flora of Hungary (Campanula portenschlagiana Roem. & Schult., Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze, Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates, Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm., Linaria maroccana Hook.f., Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.), three were rediscovered in Hungary (Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Sisymbrium irio L.) and 18 were recorded for the first time in Budapest. We also provided data for two data-poor (Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit., Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau) species and we documented the major expansion of six species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with novel therapeutic developmental challenges. Polygonum barbatum has anticancer potential, but its mechanism(s) are unclear. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of P. barbatum on human CRC cells. Polygonum barbatum extract (PBE) and quercetin standard HPLC fingerprints were determined using analytical RP-HPLC and evaluations were completed using the human colon cancer cell line HCT-116 (KRASG13D mutation) and HT-29 (BRAF mutation) cells. Post-PBE treatment, cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as changes in the whole-transcriptome of cells were analyzed. PBE significantly reduced CRC cell growth, migration, and invasion, and the genes responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, cell motility, and cell growth were suppressed by PBE. The differentially expressed genes revealed that PBE treatment exerted a significant effect on the ECM interaction and focal adhesion pathways. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, N-cadherin, vimentin, SLUG, and SNAIL, were shown to be regulated by PBE. These effects were associated with blockade of the Yes-associated protein and the GSK3β/β-catenin axis. PBE exerts a significant inhibitory effect on CRC cells and may be applicable in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered one of the five major threats to biodiversity worldwide, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) particularly threaten riparian ecosystems. Among the IAS found on riverbanks, Asian knotweeds (Reynoutria spp. including R. japonica Houtt.; R. sachalinensis [F.Schmidt] Nakai and the hybrid R. x bohemica Chrtek & Chrtkova) can barely be controlled as, once established, they disperse easily along stream banks via rhizome or stem fragments transported by water. However, the hydrogeomorphological processes underlying the establishment of Asian knotweeds are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to describe and model the hydrogeomorphological preferences of Asian knotweeds along a Mediterranean river. Based on exhaustive presence/absence surveys, we implemented two models related to the presence of Asian knotweeds: (1) at the river reach scale and (2) at the finer scale of the alluvial bar. Areas of low curvature identified as convex banks and the central parts of alluvial bars appear to be more susceptible to knotweed establishment. Highly disturbed areas were less favorable to maintaining plant species, including Asian knotweeds, while less disturbed areas with denser plant cover were more favorable to Asian knotweeds. The results seem to indicate a trade‐off hypothesis in the knotweed establishment strategy between hydrogeomorphological constraints and strong interspecific competition. Analyzed in the light of the current literature, our final models are designed to integrate hydrogeomorphological processes in order to provide an operational tool to help river managers locate the areas most susceptible to knotweed invasion and with important implications for managing these species in riparian ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuronal models are an important tool in neuroscientific research. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major risk factor of neuronal oxidative stress, initiates a cascade of neuronal cell death. Polygonum minus Huds, known as 'kesum', is widely used in traditional medicine. P. minus has been reported to exhibit a few medicinal and pharmacological properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of P. minus ethanolic extract (PMEE) on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. LC–MS/MS revealed the presence of 28 metabolites in PMEE. Our study showed that the PMEE provided neuroprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB/IκB and MAPK signaling pathways in PMEE pre-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, the acetylcholine (ACH) level was increased in the oxidative stress-induced treatment group after 4 h of exposure with H2O2. Molecular docking results with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depicted that quercitrin showed the highest docking score at −9.5 kcal/mol followed by aloe-emodin, afzelin, and citreorosein at −9.4, −9.3 and −9.0 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the other PMEE's identified compounds, which show lower docking scores. The results indicate that PMEE has neuroprotective effects on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. In conclusion, PMEE may aid in reducing oxidative stress as a preventative therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate suitability analyses based on ecological niche modeling provide a powerful tool for biological control practitioners to assess the likelihood of establishment of different candidate agents prior to their introduction in the field. These same analyses could also be performed to understand why some agents establish more easily than others. The release of three strains of Aphalara itadori (Shinji) (Hemiptera: Pysllidae), each from a different source locality in Japan, for the biological control of invasive knotweed species, Reynoutria spp. Houtt. (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), provides an important opportunity to compare the utility of climate suitability analyses for identifying potential climate‐based limitations for successful biological control introductions. Here, we predict climate suitability envelopes for three target species of knotweed in Europe and two target species of knotweed in North America and compare these suitability estimates for each of these species to the source localities of each A. itadori strain. We find that source locality of one strain, the Kyushu strain, has little‐to‐no suitability compared to other locations in Japan based on knotweed records from Europe, supporting an earlier study based on North American Japanese knotweed records. The source locality of a second strain, the Murakami strain, was predicted to have medium‐to‐high suitability based on records of knotweeds from North America. In contrast, European records of Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková and Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai predicted no suitability for this locality compared to other locations in Japan, while European records for Reynoutria japonica Houtt. predicted low suitability. The source locality of the final strain, the Hokkaido strain, was predicted as having medium‐to‐high suitability based on knotweed records of all examined species from both North America and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum chinense Linn., belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is distributed mostly in northern temperate climates. This species is a high-risk invasive plant and is thought to possess allelopathic potential. This study aimed to isolate and identify the allelopathic substances from P. chinense. Aqueous methanol extracts of P. chinense significantly inhibited the growth of alfalfa and Italian ryegrass seedlings in a species- and concentration-dependent manner. Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two active compounds: dehydrovomifoliol and loliolide. A cress bioassay was used to determine the biological activity of dehydrovomifoliol, and cress, alfalfa, and Italian ryegrass were used to determine loliolide. Dehydrovomifoliol significantly suppressed the seedling growth of cress at the concentration of 1 mM, and the concentrations necessary for 50% growth inhibition (I50 values) of the roots and shoots were 1.2 and 2 mM, respectively. Loliolide significantly suppressed the shoot growth of cress, alfalfa, and Italian ryegrass at the concentration of 1 mM, and the concentrations necessary for I50 values of the shoots and roots were 0.15 to 2.33 and 0.33 to 2.23 mM, respectively. The findings of our study suggest the extracts of P. chinense might have growth-inhibitory potential and that dehydrovomifoliol and loliolide might contribute as allelopathic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It was for the first time that we isolated aurantiamide acetate of high purity from the petroleum ether extract of 80% ethanol extract of P. capitatum. • Aurantiamide acetate could in inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell types in vitro. • Aurantiamide acetate had a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, primarily by altering the cell cycle and promoting apoptosis. • Aurantiamide acetate significantly promoted the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 protein in BGC-823 cells. Aurantiamide acetate is a dipeptide derivative with antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. However, its antitumor activity has not been documented. This study aimed to prepare aurantiamide acetate from Polygonum capitatum and investigate its antitumor activity in vitro. The petroleum ether extract fraction of 80% ethanol extract from P. capitatum was separated by silica gel column chromatography. Aurantiamide acetate was obtained and identified by physicochemical properties, MS and NMR spectral data. The inhibitory effect of different doses of this compound on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, lung cancer A549 cells and colorectal cancer Caco-2 cells was detected by CCK-8 method. Morphological changes of BGC-823 cells were observed under the inverted microscope. The effect of aurantiamide acetate on BGC-823 apoptosis and cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of Bax and caspase-3 in BGC-823 cells was detected by Western blotting. Aurantiamide acetate inhibited BGC-823, A549 and Caco-2 cell proliferation at the concentrations from 25 μmol/L to 100 μmol/L, but had no inhibitory effect on HUVECs at the concentrations from 12.5 μmol/L to 100 μmol/L. The inhibitory effect of Aurantiamide acetate was most pronounced on BGC-823 cell proliferation at IC 50 of 56.73 μmol/L, most probably by increasing the protein expression of caspase-3 and Bax in BGC-823 cells, and arresting cell cycle in G2/M phase. This is the first time that we isolated aurantiamide acetate from P. capitatum with a purity of 98.21%, and found that Aurantiamide acetate could in inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell types in vitro. This finding may provide a new resource for developing anti-tumor drugs in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the systematic evaluation of pharmacognostic identification of Polygonum capitatum. [Methods] 10 batches of P. capitatum cultivated in Guizhou were chosen for plant samples. Macroscopical identification was conducted on plant roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The P. capitatum powder was processed for physical and chemical distinction by FeCl3 chromogenic reaction, hydrochloric acid magnesium powder reaction, A1C13 color development reaction and thin-layer chromatography. Microscope identification was carried out on the powder. Plant genome DNeasy Plant Kit was adopted for DNA molecular marker identification. [Results] The results showed that the stem of P. capitatum was tufted, the leaves were oval, 2 to 5 cm long, and 1 to 2 cm wide; the leaf apex was acute and cuneate at the base, the inflorescence was capitate, paired or solitary; the raceme was erect and nearly spherical, and the perianth was light red. Furthermore, for the chromogenic reaction of FeCl3 ethanol extract of P. capitatum, appeared blue and turned to dark blue after long time storing at room temperature. For the reaction of hydrochloric acid magnesium powder, the alcohol extract of P. capitatum, exhibited deep red. In the color reaction of A1C1, the alcohol extract revealed yellow fluorescence under 360 nm UV lamp. Microscope identification of the powder displayed pollen grains, crystal sheath fibers, cellulose, vessels, starch grains, cork cells, and other characteristic fragments. In addition, DNA barcoding electrophoresis results showed that P. capitatum showed a clear and bright single band near 500 bp, and further sequencing results showed that the sequence differences were mainly concentrated in 1TS1 and 1TS2 region. [Conclusions] Systematic evaluation for the identification of P. capitatum is established, which combines with macroscopic identification, physicochemical identification, powder microscope identification, and DNA molecular identification. Finally, the original medicinal material is identified as P. capitatum Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the herbicide Resital Duo (SE) against the weed Polygonum aviculare, from a winter wheat crop. The observations were made in a wheat crop located in the western part of Romania, respectively in the Western Plain. Research has been conducted during the agricultural years 2022-2023, and included determinations on the effects of vegetation treatments with the herbicide product Resital Duo (SE) (452.42 g/l 2.4-D 2-Ethylhexyl Ester (EHE) + 6.25 g/l Florasulam.), applied in 4 variants and 3 different doses (untrated, 0.2 l / ha, 0.4 l / ha, 0.6 l / ha. Therefore, a monofactorial experience was set up in the field, placed according to the method of randomized blocks, in four repetitions. 15 days after application of Resital Duo (SE) (452.42 g / l 2.4- D 2-Ethylhexyl Ester EHE) + 6.25 g / l Florasulam), the most effective treatments in experience were variant 3 (0.4 l / ha) and variant 4 (0.6 l / ha), with an efficacy of 57.5%, respectively 77.5%. After 30 days of the application of the Resital Duo (SE) product, the most effective treatments in our experience were both variant 3 (0.4 l/ha) and variant 4 (0.6 l/ha), which accumulated an efficacy of 92.5%, respectively 99.5%. The applied product did not create any kind of phytotoxicity to our crop, at any of the 3 doses tested, and the vigor of the wheat was maintained at the level of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many species of the subfamily Polygonoideae are economically important. However, phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic treatments of these species remain disputed. In this study, we used highly orthologous nuclear genes and plastome sequence variation extracted from transcriptomes from 98 species of 26 genera of Polygonaceae mainly from the subfamily Polygonoideae to construct a robust phylogeny. We discerned six successively diverged and well‐defined clades and both nuclear and plastome phylogenies are highly consistent with each other in this subfamily. Phylogenetic relationships between all clades and subclades were well resolved within Polygonoideae. Our analyses revealed that the shrub tribe Atraphaxideae and the herbal genera Polygonum, Persicaria, and Fallopia are polyphyletic. The sampled species of Polygonoideae started to diversify around the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (70 Ma) when the global climate exhibited large oscillations. Further origins of more herbal and woody species were found to have clearly increased during later climatic oscillations. We found that woody habits, especially shrubs, originated multiple times from ancestral herbs in this subfamily. Local dry climates may have favored such habit shifts from ancestral herbs. Our results deepen our understanding of evolutionary diversification of Polygonoideae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A rapid HPLC-UV method for the determination of three organic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid) in Polygoni Vivipari Rhizoma (PVR) by one marker was developed. The sample was prepared by effervescence-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (EA-MSPD). The separation of compounds was performed on a Poroshell column. The equal absorption wavelength was set as follows: 292 nm (0∼7 min) and 324 nm (7∼10 min). The analytical time including sample extraction and HPLC separation time was 12 min. The analytical method validation such as accuracy (recoveries 99.85%–106.29% and RSD < 2.9%), precision (RSD < 1.3%), reproducibility (RSD < 1.7%), and stability tests (RSD < 0.7% in 24 h) proved that the established HPLC method was suitable for determination of three organic acids in PVR. The contents of three analytes obtained by the external standard method with three markers and the equal absorption wavelength method with one marker were similar (RSD ≤ 2.0%). The developed method, which is rapid and reference compound saving, is an improved quality evaluation method of PVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive knotweeds (Reynoutria spp.) pose an ongoing challenge for weed management programs worldwide, requiring years of persistent treatment. In this study, we tested efficacy of diquat applied as foliar spray early in the growing season for short‐term suppression, and for potential to boost long‐term control when applied sequentially with a mid‐season treatment of imazapyr. We evaluated responses of knotweeds (R. japonica, R. × bohemica, and R. sachelinensis) treated with one of three diquat concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.0%, v/v), using multiple metrics to capture changes in aboveground plant density and abundance. Canopy cover and biomass were significantly reduced by all diquat concentrations and resembled pre‐treatment conditions at 8WAT, reflecting the shift toward reduced stem heights in treated compared with untreated plots. Stem counts at 8WAT, however, did not differ in response to diquat treatments. Sequentially applied early‐season diquat and mid‐season imazapyr treatments reduced canopy cover (66%–82%), biomass (65%–91%), and stem density (57%–79%) when evaluated 1 year after treatment; reductions were greatest in plots treated with medium and high diquat concentrations, suggesting that diquat treatments may have an additive effect. Overall, our study establishes rates of diquat to reduce biomass of invasive knotweed, and supports additional testing to assess improvement in long‐term control when used sequentially with a systemic herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Polygonum orientale L. (PO) has a beneficial effect on treatment of myocardial ischemia (MI), its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanism of PO against MI through MAPK signaling pathways. Firstly, the therapeutic effect of PO was evaluated for treatment of MI mice. Using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, the influence of PO on MAPK signaling pathways and cell apoptosis was investigated. Subsequently, one key pathway (ERK) of MAPK signaling pathways was screened out, on which PO posed the most obvious impact. Finally, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 was utilized to further verify the regulatory effect of PO on the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. It was found that PO could reduce the elevation of the ST segment; injury of heart tissue; the activity of LDH, CK, NOS, cNOS and iNOS and the levels of NO, BNP, TNF-α and IL-6. It is notable that PO could significantly modulate the protein content of p-ERK/ERK in mice suffering from MI but hardly had an effect on p-JNK/JNK and p-p38/p38. Additionally, the expressions of bax, caspase3 and caspase9 were inhibited in heart tissue in the PO-treated group. To evaluate whether ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) could block the effect of PO on treatment of MI, both PO and PD98059 were given to mice with MI. It was discovered that the inhibitor indeed could significantly reverse the regulatory effects of PO on the above indicators, indicating that PO could regulate p-ERK/ERK. This study provides experimental evidence that PO extenuates MI injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a predominant contributor to endstage liver disease in the forthcoming decades. Polygonum perfoliatum L. (PPL) is an herbal medicine with anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory properties. However, detailed hepatoprotective effects of PPL against NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we found that PPL protects against high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, and glucose-lipid metabolism dysfunction in NAFLD mice. We therefore performed a label-free quantitative proteomic profiling analysis to determine the effect of PPL treatment on liver tissue proteomics and identified that activated PPARs/CPT1A/CPT2-mediated hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) process was significantly altered. In vitro treatment of hepatocytes with PPL confirmed this altered process and FAO inhibitor etomoxir (ETO) attenuated the lipid-lowering activity of PPL in hepatocytes. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q Exactive-HFX (UPLC/QE-HFX) was used to determine the material basis of anti-NAFLD activity of PPL. Our results have demonstrated the efficacy and potential mechanisms of PPL as an effective pharmacological therapy of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]