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Three new genera, six new species, three combinations, six epitypes, and 25 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: Neoleptodontidium (based on Neoleptodontidium aquaticum), and Nothoramularia (based on Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola). New species: Acremonium aquaticum (from cooling pad water, USA, Cladophialophora laricicola (on dead wood of Larix sp., Netherlands), Cyphellophora neerlandica (on lichen on brick wall, Netherlands), Geonectria muralis (on moss growing on a wall, Netherlands), Harposporium illinoisense (from rockwool, USA), and Neoleptodontidium aquaticum (from hydroponic water, USA). New combinations: Cyphellophora deltoidea (based on Anthopsis deltoidea), Neoleptodontidium aciculare (based on Leptodontidium aciculare), and Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola (based on Ramularia ragnhildianicola). Epitypes: Cephaliophora tropica (from water, USA), Miricatena prunicola (on leaves of Prunus serotina, Netherlands), Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola (on Ragnhildiana ferruginea, parasitic on Artemisia vulgaris, Germany), Phyllosticta multicorniculata (on needles of Abietis balsamea, Canada), Thyronectria caraganae (on twigs of Caragana arborescens, Ukraine), and Trichosphaeria pilosa (on decayed Salix branch, Netherlands). Furthermore, the higher order phylogeny of three genera regarded as incertae sedis is resolved, namely Cephaliophora (Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales), Miricatena (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes), and Trichosphaeria (Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales), with Trichosphaeriaceae being an older name for Plectosphaerellaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After one week, symptoms of wood discolouration and dieback were observed and then 70% of inoculated plants died (Figure 5). Keywords: blight, Botryosphaeriaceae; canker EN blight, Botryosphaeriaceae canker 1 4 4 06/29/22 20220401 NES 220401 I Acacia i species are woody perennial trees belonging to the family I Mimosaceae i and native to Australia. Bar indicates the number of nucleotide changes. gl Pathogenicity tests were conducted on three one-year-old I A. retinodes i rootstocks and three one-year-old I A. dealbata i grafted pot plants. [Extracted from the article]

Diagnosis and implant treatment planning in cases where hopeless teeth need to be extracted and immediately replaced with implants are more difficult and challenging than a standard multistage approach. Software and CAD/CAM technologies are becoming increasingly common to help clinicians in their practices. They use data from CT scans of the patient and of a radiographic guide for virtual implant treatment planning on a computer and the successive production of a surgical template, which will facilitate surgery and enable fabrication of a prosthesis to be delivered immediately. These procedures, however, are well-established only for patients who are already edentulous in the area to be treated; they are difficult to apply to a patient whose desire is to keep the hopeless dentition until the day of implant surgery to avoid having to wear a removable partial or complete denture. This article describes the advantages and the technique for fabrication of a novel 2-piece radiographic guide that, in conjunction with CAD/CAM technology, will help clinicians in the diagnosis and implant treatment planning of patients who want to retain their teeth until surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 264 implants was placed in 143 patients using different immediate or delayed-immediate implant placement techniques in 12 different centers participating in a prospective multicenter study. The reason for tooth extraction was evaluated; bone quality and quantity were classified; socket depths were registered; and data on implant type, size, and position were collected. One hundred thirty-nine suprastructures were placed on 228 implants in 126 patients. A follow-up evaluation was done on 125 patients after 1 year of loading and on 107 patients after 3 years of loading. Clinical parameters (bleeding or not bleeding, pocket depth, and implant mobility) were evaluated after 1 and 3 years, and the marginal bone level after 1 year of loading was measured on radiographs. Clinical comparisons were performed to evaluate implant loss in relation to implant type, size, position, bone quality and quantity, socket depth, reason for tooth extraction, and placement method. In addition, life table analysis was done for cumulative implant survival rates. There was no clinical difference with respect to socket depth or when comparing the different placement methods. A higher failure rate was found for short implants in the posterior region of the maxilla and when periodontitis was cited as a reason for tooth extraction. Mean marginal bone resorption from the time of loading to the 1-year follow-up was 0.8 mm in the maxilla and 0.5 mm in the mandible. Over a period of 3 years, the implant survival rate was 92.4% in the maxilla and 94.7% in the mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of fusaria in symptomatic Citrus trees in Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated using morphological and molecular multi-locus analyses based on fragments of the calmodulin (CAM), intergenic spacer region of the rDNA (IGS), internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS), large subunit of the rDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and beta-tubulin (TUB) genes. A total of 11 species (six Fusarium spp., and five Neocosmospora spp.) were isolated from dry root rot, crown, trunk or twig canker or twig dieback of citrus trees. The most commonly isolated species were Fusarium sarcochroum, F. oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani. Three new Fusarium species are described, i.e., F. citricola and F. salinense belonging to the newly described F. citricola species complex; and F. siculi belonging to the F. fujikuroi species complex. Results of pathogenicity tests showed this new complex to include prominent canker causing agents affecting several Citrus spp. In addition, two new species are described in Neocosmospora, named N. croci and N. macrospora, the latter species being clearly differentiated from most members of this genus by producing large, up to nine-septate sporodochial conidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Colletotrichum are considered important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a wide range of plant hosts. Several species are well-known on citrus, either as agents of pre- or post-harvest infections, such as anthracnose, postbloom fruit drop, tear stain and stem-end rot on fruit, or as wither-tip of twigs. In this study we explored the occurrence, diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. associated with Citrus and allied genera in European orchards, nurseries and gardens. Surveys were carried out during 2015 and 2016 in Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain. A total of 174 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from symptomatic leaves, fruits, petals and twigs. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on seven genomic loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, HIS3 and TUB2), and the morphological characters of the isolates determined. Preliminary pathogenicity tests were performed on orange fruits with representative isolates. Colletotrichum strains were identified as members of three major species complexes. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.str. and two novel species (C. helleniense and C. hystricis) were identified in the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Colletotrichum karstii, C. novae-zelandiae and two novel species (C. catinaense and C. limonicola) in the C. boninense species complex, and C. acutatum s.str. was also isolated as member of C. acutatum species complex. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. karstii were the predominant species of Colletotrichum isolated. This study represents the first report of C. acutatum on citrus in Europe, and the first detection of C. novae-zelandiae from outside New Zealand. Pathogenicity tests revealed C. gloeosporioides s.str. to be the most virulent species on fruits. The present study improves our understanding of species associated with several disease symptoms on citrus fruits and plants, and provides useful information for effective disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor ( SDHI) fungicides constitute a relatively recent fungicide class registered for the treatment of grey mould on grapevine in Italy. The sensitivity profile to a novel compound fluopyram was established for a set of 203 Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from Sicilian vineyards within 2009-2012 prior its introduction into market. In addition, its performances were compared in in vitro and in vivo assays with other registered SDHI fungicide boscalid, to evaluate their frequency distributions EC50 values and cross-resistance patterns. Results of the article showed that EC50 values for fluopyram ranged from 0.05 to 1.98 µg mL−1. Although EC50 values of boscalid ranged from 0.01 to 89.52 µg mL−1, no cross-resistance relationship was observed between the two fungicides ( r = 0.003; P = 0.964) within our B. cinerea population. On further confirming these data, boscalid failed in controlling grey mould infections when boscalid-resistant isolates were inoculated on grape berries whereas fluopyram exhibited a good efficacy against the same isolates. This study represents the first report on the baseline sensitivity to fluopyram within B. cinerea population from Sicilian table grape vineyards in Italy, and it clearly shows the lack of cross-resistance in vitro and in vivo between fluopyram and boscalid for the field pathogen isolates. These results provided useful information for managing of fungicide resistance suggesting that fluopyram could be a valid alternative to boscalid for the control of grey mould of table grape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifungal genes from micro-organisms were inserted into the genome of a number of plant species, representing a promising strategy for conferring genetic disease resistance against a broad range of plant pathogenic fungi. In the present study, the chit42 gene from Trichoderma harzianum (codifying the antifungal protein endochitinase) was introduced into the ‘Femminello siracusano’ lemon by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in order to regenerate transgenic plants resistant to fungal disease. Three polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive clones were obtained. Southern blot confirmed the integration of the transgene in the lemon genome and revealed that one or two copies had been inserted. Reverse transcriptase-PCR, Northern blot and Western analysis were performed and the results confirmed the expression of the inserted gene. The transgenic clones were tested in vitro and in vivo for disease resistance. Conidia germination and fungal growth of Phoma tracheiphila were strongly inhibited in vitro by the transgenic foliar proteins, while no effects were observed with the controls. Disease resistance assays were performed in vivo with Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould in fruit. Transgenic lemon plants, inoculated with lemon petals infected by a single-conidial isolate of B. cinerea, showed significantly less lesion development than the controls. On the whole, the results indicate that the transformation with the antifungal endochitinase gene may represent a strategy for disease control in citrus crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this 5-year report was to evaluate the immediate and long-term success of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets with respect to implant size and type, bone quality and quantity, implant position, initial socket depths, and reason for tooth extractions. Twelve centers were involved in the study with 143 consecutive patients included. A total of 264 implants was placed. The cumulative implant survival rate after 5 years was 92.4% in the maxilla and 94.7% in the mandible. No difference in failure rates was seen between groups related to insertion method. However, there was a tendency toward a significant correlation between periodontitis as a reason for tooth extraction and implant loss. The conclusion was that placing Brånemark implants into fresh extraction sites can be successful over a period of 5 years of loading. It was hypothesized that periodontitis-affected tissues might have a negative local influence because of the presence of intrabony defects that jeopardize the achievement of primary stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calonectria species are disease agents on a broad range of hosts worldwide. On horticultural crops, Calonectria species have been reported mostly from the northern hemisphere, especially in ornamental plants. Three new species (C. polizzii, C. pseudomexicana and C. tunisiana) have recently been described. Benzimidazoles (MBCs) and prochloraz are the main fungicides for chemi- cal management of Calonectria-induced diseases in nurseries. However, the use of MBCs has been seriously questioned because of the development of resistant C. pauciramosa and C. morganii populations in Italy. In this study, two assays were conducted to determine the prochloraz-sensitivity of an Italian population belonging to the C. scoparia complex, collected in two different periods (1993-1996 and 2005-2009). Additionally, two other assays were conducted to determine the MBCs-resistance and prochloraz-sensitivity in four Calonectria species collected in Tunisia and identified as C. polizzii, C. tunisiana, C. mexicana, and C. pseudomexicana. Sensitivity was expressed as the 50% effective dose (ED50) and as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). High prochloraz ED50 values (>100 ºg a.i./ml) were detected in the Italian population. However, the mean ED50 values detected in C. scoparia complex population (2005-2009) were higher and could be related to fungicide exposure. Prochloraz ED50 values were lower (<50 ºg a.i./ml) in all Tunisian populations. MIC values >100 ºg a.i./ml to MBCs were detected in all Tunisian species assayed. These are the first data on prochloraz-sensitivity of Calonectria species populations and is the first report of MBCs-resistant isolates of C. polizzii, C. tunisiana, C. mexicana and C. pseudomexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Before trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), assessment of cardiac function and accurate measurement of the aortic root are key to determine the correct size and type of the prosthesis. The aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the assessment of aortic valve measurements and left ventricular function in high-risk elderly patients submitted to TAVI. Methods Consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis and contraindications for surgical aortic valve replacement were screened from April 2009 to January 2011 and imaged with TTE and CMR. Results Patients who underwent both TTE and CMR (n = 49) had a mean age of 80.8 ± 4.8 years and a mean logistic EuroSCORE of 14.9 ± 9.3%. There was a good correlation between TTE and CMR in terms of annulus size (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.001), left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and a moderate correlation in terms of aortic valve area (AVA) (R2 = 0.24, p < 0.001). CMR generally tended to report larger values than TTE for all measurements. The Bland-Altman test indicated that the 95% limits of agreement between TTE and CMR ranged from -5.6 mm to + 1.0 mm for annulus size, from -0.45 mm to + 0.25 mm for LVOT, from -0.45 mm2 to + 0.25 mm2 for AVA and from -29.2% to 13.2% for LVEF. Conclusions In elderly patients candidates to TAVI, CMR represents a viable complement to transthoracic echocardiography.

The article reports on the detection of the fungus rhizoctania solani as the cause of crown and root rot on banana passionflowers in Italy.

The article presents the first identical case of the plant diseases, including crown rot, stem rot and root rot, which is caused by Binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-G on a shrub Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.). Laurustinus, which is indigenous to the Mediterranean Region, is an evergreen shrub that belongs to the Caprifoleaceae. It states that during the summer of 2007 and 2008, a far-flung yellowing, partial foliar necrosis or death of the plant was monitored on a three-to-four year old potted plants.

The article reports that a severe wilting was noticed in approximately 3,000 potted, 6-month-old California lilac plants in Italy. The ornamental plants were found to be suffering from root rot and brown discoloration at the base of the stem. Cylindrocladium pauciramosum pathogen was found to be responsible for rotten roots and crown plating small pieces of diseased root tissue and crowns onto selective medium.

Reports on the identification of gray leaf spot, a fungal plant disease, on Saint Augustinegrass in Italy. Symptomatology; Size of conidium; Morphology of conidium.

Discusses the abstract of the article 'First Report of Leaf Spot and Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Pygmy Date Palm in Italy' by G. Polizzi, et al., published electronically in the 'Plant Disease' journal.

The article presents a study by D. Aiello, S. Gulisano, and G. Gusella, which focuses on fruit blight disease caused by arthrinium xenocordella on pistacia vera in Italy.