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Success of stream restoration can be difficult to define because many interacting abiotic and biotic factors across spatio‐temporal scales can have measurable effects. Consequently, failure in habitat restoration to achieve targeted biological goals may reflect interactions of habitat restoration with unaccounted risks that have yet to be addressed on the landscape. This is particularly true within invaded landscapes, where habitat restoration can benefit non‐native competitors as much as the native fishes for which restoration is designed. We tested for interacting effects of a reach scale habitat restoration effort and non‐native trout competition on habitat use by a brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) metapopulation within a productive main stem corridor of the Shavers Fork watershed, West Virginia. We used a joint species occupancy model within a BACI sampling design to show that brook trout occupancy of main stem habitat was highest post‐restoration within restored sampling reaches, but this benefit to native brook trout was conditional on brown trout (Salmo trutta) not being present within the main stem habitat. Collectively these results indicate that habitat restoration was only beneficial for native brook trout when non‐native trout were absent from the restored sampling area. Proactive approaches to restoration will be integral for supporting resilient ecosystems in response to future anthropogenic threats (e.g. climate change), and we have shown that such actions will only be successful if non‐native competitors do not also benefit from the restoration actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Top load, vertical axis domestic washing machines using direct drive rapid reversing motors and simple speed reducers are becoming increasingly common in today's world market. Theoretical and practical advantages of these systems include a significant reduction in cost and hardware complexity. Additionally, performance flexibility in agitation and spin activity is increased. Cost effectiveness of this approach is contingent upon applying standard induction motors and avoiding variable voltage, variable frequency or DC power supply driven motors. Contemporary products achieve cost effectiveness by confining PSC direct drive application to smaller washing machine basket sizes and lighter clothes loads. In this class of washing machine, agitator size, stroke-rates and general energy transfer is quite different from typical American washing machines. This paper presents the study and development of an upgraded Permanent Split Capacitor prime mover for direct drive application to large load capacity washers. Modified rotor resistance motors similar in size, weight and cost to the lighter PSC systems have been developed for 14 to 18 pound American (high energy agitation) machines. The motor operates in synergy with a simple duty cycle modulation electronic control. The theory of development with supporting dynamometer and washing machine data is submitted in this text.

The addition of limestone sand directly to streams is an effective method for treating chemical and biological issues associated with acid precipitation, a common concern in many Appalachian watersheds. The unique water chemistry created by limestone remediation potentially creates a "mark" in fish hard parts (e.g., otoliths and fin rays) that can be used to identify fish from remediated habitats, even after fish disperse into the surrounding riverscape. We tested whether elevated concentrations of calcium from a limestone‐treated stream could be identified by microchemistry in the otoliths of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and whether the concentrations could distinguish fish among treated and untreated habitats within the upper Shavers Fork watershed in West Virginia. Calcium concentrations in water were similar between the treated headwater stream and the control stream. Multivariate ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analyses indicated that calcium and strontium concentrations were significantly higher in Brook Trout otoliths from the treatment stream than in those from the control stream. Our results suggest that hard‐part microchemistry is a promising tool for identifying locally produced fish from limestone‐remediated streams in the surrounding riverscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]