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Alessandro Vittori,1 Emiliano Petrucci,2 Marco Cascella,3 Massimo Innamorato,4 Arturo Cuomo,3 Antonino Giarratano,5 Flavia Petrini,6 Franco Marinangeli7 1Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, San Salvatore Academic Hospital of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy; 3Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy; 4Department of Neuroscience, Pain Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; 5Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science (Di.Chir.On.S.), Section of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; 6SIAARTI (Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Reanimation and Intensive Care Medicine), Rome, Italy; 7Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Treatment, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyCorrespondence: Alessandro VittoriDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO ROMA, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, 00165, ItalyEmail alexvittori82@gmail.comBackground: Increased attention to the functional impact of chronic pain (CP), as highlighted by the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and advocated by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), is an important step forward for optimizing its management. Evidence about perspectives of Italian physicians on the relevance of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain care to improve patients’ functioning and Quality of Life is scant. The study aimed to investigate the physicians’ perception of the value of functional recovery in severe MSK pain patients, their attitude towards its assessment and achievement in Italy.Methods: A survey was conducted in Italy between October 2020 and January 2021. Specialist centers members of the SIAARTI (n = 395) were sent an online questionnaire encompassing the Italian pain therapy network. Participants rated their agreement to questionnaire items according to a 5-point Likert-type scale.Results: A total of 305 centers (77%) completed the survey. Most physicians rated the recovery of functioning as very relevant in MSK pain treatment and, when they assessed it, devoted great attention to the ability to perform daily activities, pain, ability to ambulate and sleep quality. Multidimensional questionnaires were less employed in favor of physical examination and pain intensity scales. Pharmacological therapy, rehabilitation and lifestyle changes and/or physical exercise were all rated optimal strategies to pursue the recovery of patients’ functioning. When considering pharmacological therapy, weak and strong opioids, either alone or combined with paracetamol, were the most frequently employed analgesics.Conclusion: Clinicians seem to recognize the recovery of functioning as equally important as pain intensity reduction, but there is a need of streamlining available tools to effectively assess both across different MSK pain patients.Keywords: chronic musculoskeletal pain, recovery of functioning, pain care models

Giuseppe Paladini,1 Stefano Di Carlo,2 Giuseppe Musella,1 Emiliano Petrucci,3 Paolo Scimia,4 Andrea Ambrosoli,1 Vincenza Cofini,5 Pierfrancesco Fusco3 1Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Therapy, Filippo Del Ponte Women and Children’s Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy; 2Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy; 3Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Salvatore Academic Hospital of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy; 4Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASUR Marche AV5, San Benedetto Del Tronto, Italy; 5Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyCorrespondence: Giuseppe PaladiniDepartment of Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Therapy, Filippo Del Ponte Women and Children’s Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, Via F. Del Ponte 19, Varese CAP 21100, ItalyTel +39 3281477189Fax +39 0332299299Email giuseppepaladini16@gmail.comAbstract: Local infiltration and continuous infusion of surgical wound with anesthetics are parts of multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control. The techniques, given the simplicity of execution that does not increase the timing of the intervention and does not require additional technical skills, are applied in several kinds of surgeries. The continuous wound infiltration can be used for days and a variety of continuous delivery methods can be chosen, including patient-controlled analgesia, continuous infusion or intermittent bolus. The purpose of this narrative review is to analyze the literature, in particular by researching the safety, efficacy and current perspectives of continuous wound infiltration for postoperative pain management in different surgical settings. We have identified 203 articles and 95 of these have been taken into consideration: 17 for the lower limb surgery; 7 for the upper limb surgery, 51 for the laparotomy/laparoscopic surgery of the abdominopelvic area, 13 studies regarding breast surgery and 7 for cardiothoracic surgery. The analysis of these studies reveals that the technique has a variable effectiveness based on the type of structure involved: it is better in structures rich in subcutaneous and connective tissue, while the effectiveness is limited in anatomic districts with a greater variability of innervation. However, regardless the heterogeneity of results, a general reduction in pain intensity and in opioid consumption has been observed with continuous wound infiltration: it is an excellent analgesic technique that can be included in the multimodal treatment of postoperative pain or represents a valid alternative when other options are contraindicated.Keywords: continuous wound infiltration, postoperative analgesia, postoperative pain management, local anesthetics

Nowadays, digital media play a central role in a shift towards updated modes of communicating knowledge. In addition to this, the tragic recent events related to the long series of earthquakes that have taken place in central Italy have also, unfortunately, reiterated the need to document and preserve not only the material value of the architectural heritage but also the intangible values related to the events and people that have characterized their history. In this framework, the paper investigates some of the opportunities offered by technological innovations, in particular, by the specific application areas of augmented reality and augmented virtuality. The case study The historical site chosen as case study is the complex of Santissima Annunziata, which has played a very important role in the city of Ascoli Piceno (Italy) for centuries. The objective was to develop a low-cost web-based platform to serve as a place to gather cultural content related to the diffuse cultural heritage, organized in applications regarding graphical and 3D models as well as 360° images and archival documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the role of ghrelin and obestatin in infancy. Methods: We measured ghrelin and obestatin concentrations in blood samples of infants, lactating mothers, and in breast milk. Results: The median (interquartile range) serum ghrelin concentrations were 922.11 (868.44) pg/ml in infants, 667.88 (942.78) pg/ml in lactating mothers, and 526.4 (439.86) pg/ml in breast milk. The serum obestatin levels were 844.87 (805.14) pg/ml in infants, 759.105 (855.55) pg/ml in lactating mothers, and 846.6 (472.07) pg/ml in breast milk. A positive correlation was found for serum ghrelin concentrations in breastfed infants and lactating mothers (p < 0.001, r = 0.789), serum ghrelin concentrations in breastfed infants and in breast milk (p < 0.001, r = 0.581), serum ghrelin concentrations in lactating mothers and in breast milk (p = 0.021, r = 0.450), and serum obestatin concentrations in breastfed infants and in lactating mothers (p = 0.047, r = 0.609). Conclusion: We report for the first time the serum obestatin concentrations in infants and confirm the presence of correlations between ghrelin and obestatin in lactating mothers and breast milk. The correlations found early in infants' life, when hormones begin to exert their effects on feeding behavior, suggest that they may be involved in these processes. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (PLZF) is a transcription factor and c-kit is a receptor tyrosine kinase associated with human disease, particularly in hematopoietic cells. MicroRNAs (miRs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and c-kit has been described as a target of miRs-221 and -222 in erythropoiesis. In the present study, we identified c-kit as a target of PLZF in normal and leukemic cells. Particularly, in erythropoietic (E) culture of CD34+ progenitors, PLZF is downregulated, whereas c-kit expression at both the mRNA and protein levels inversely increases during the first days of E differentiation. In functional experiments, PLZF transfection induces c-kit downregulation, inhibits E proliferation and delays differentiation, whereas PLZF knockdown induces opposite effects, independently of miRs-221 and -222 expression. The inverse correlation between PLZF and c-kit expression was found in normal CD34+38+/− hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells and in acute myeloid leukemias of M0/M1 French–American–British subtypes, suggesting that the control of PLZF on c-kit expression may be crucial at the level of the stem cell/progenitor compartment. Altogether, our data indicate a new mechanism of regulation of c-kit expression that involves a transcriptional control by PLZF in CD34+ cells and early erythropoiesis.Oncogene (2009) 28, 2276–2288; doi:10.1038/onc.2009.87; published online 4 May 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Column experiments of copper extraction from four contaminated soils characterized by a content of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) ranging from 1% to 25% are presented and discussed. The extraction was performed by flushing the soil with an aqueous solution of a sodium salt of ethylene diamminotetraacetic acid (EDTA). Preliminary tests were performed on a soil containing 25% of organic matter, to investigate the influence of pH, concentration and volumes of EDTA on its chelant action and on the dissolution of SOM. Having selected the optimal conditions for the extraction process, a further series of tests was conducted on the four soils to evaluate the influence of organic content on copper extraction yields. EDTA solutions at 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 and 0.2 M were injected at 0.33 ml/s; copper and organic matter extraction yield were determined. At a pH of 5, 15 pore volume (PV) of a solution containing 0.05M EDTA, extracted about 99% of copper contained by the soil with the higher organic matter content. Under the same conditions, and for soil with > 6% SOM, extraction yields over 80% were achieved, while at lower organic content, copper extraction was dramatically reduced. This was attributed to the formation of highly stable copper-humate complexes and to their increasingly dissolution that occurred in the soils with higher organic matter level. Experimental tests performed at different contamination levels (1200 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg) showed that EDTA extraction effectiveness also depended upon initial soil Cu concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of an atrazine solution obtained from a flushing treatment of a contaminated soil was investigated. Experimental tests were performed on an artificially contaminated standard soil. Atrazine was removed from the soil by flushing with an aqueous solution at 5% volume of ethanol. Oxidative Fenton-type treatment on the extracted solution was then performed in order to transform atrazine into its by-products. The influence of different concentration of ethanol on atrazine oxidation was studied. Results show that the oxidative treatment is strongly affected by the ethanol residual amount. The degradation mechanism of atrazine during oxidation with Fenton's reagent in the presence of ethanol was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study report of different diseases analyzed by several authors respectively. A case of histiocytoid hemangioma of the scalp has been reported by P.Y. Venecie, V. Lemonnier, O. Verola, J.M. Servaut. Light microscopy showed vascular proliferation associated with inflammatory infiltrates in the dermis. Amelanotic melanoma of the foot has been reported by M. Rotoli, S. Mostaccicoli, and E. Rezza. In the paper they have emphasized on the absence of specific clinical features and the difficulty in differential diagnosis. They review the histopathology, the histochemistry, and the electron microscopy of this tumor. Multiple agminated juvenile melanoma has been studied by M. Orita, K. Obara, and M. Kobayashi. The authors discuss the therapy of this tumor, pointing out that the treatment of benign juvenile melanoma should be conservative. The are of the view that if a clinical diagnosis cannot be made, the lesion should be excised. A case of juvenile xanthogranuloma in women during pregnancy has been reported by M. Paradisi, L.M. Muscardin, G.Ferranti. They noted an unusual abundance of mast cells in the infiltrare.

This paper discusses the anerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge froma wastewater treatment plant and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste from markets(market waste).The organic fraction of market waste was collected by means of separate collection systems. The experimental results obtained through the use of suspended biomass anaerobic reactors make it possible to measure certain parameters characterizing the process of bioconversion. The prospects for large-scale utilization of this particular disposal technique are considered with reference to the situation existing in the city of Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]