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Abstract Plant growth regulators are cost-effective and efficient methods for enhancing plant defenses under stress conditions. This study investigates the ability of two plant growth-regulating substances, thiourea (TU) and arginine (Arg), to mitigate salinity stress in wheat. The results show that both TU and Arg, particularly when used together, modify plant growth under salinity stress. Their application significantly increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes while decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electrolyte leakage (REL) in wheat seedlings. Additionally, these treatments significantly reduce the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ and the Na+/K+ ratio, while significantly increasing K+ levels, thereby preserving ionic osmotic balance. Importantly, TU and Arg markedly enhance the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange rate in wheat seedlings under salinity stress. The use of TU and Arg, either individually or in combination, results in a 9.03–47.45% increase in dry matter accumulation, with the maximum increase observed when both are used together. Overall, this study highlights that maintaining redox homeostasis and ionic balance are crucial for enhancing plant tolerance to salinity stress. Furthermore, TU and Arg are recommended as potential plant growth regulators to boost wheat productivity under such conditions, especially when applied together.

To improve the hardness and wear resistance of parts, the Co, Cr, Cu, and Ni elemental metal powders were used to prepare the CoCrCu0.4FeNi high entropy alloy coatings on Q235 steel substrate by laser cladding. The microstructure of the high entropy alloy coatings was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the microhardness of the coatings was measured. The lattice and elastic constants of each phase in the coatings were calculated by the first principle. The results show that, the coatings show the good metallurgical bond with the substrate without the macro-cracks and pores. The microstructure of the coatings is mainly composed of dendrite and interdendrite. The dendrite is one kind of face-centered cubic phase (FCC1), rich Cu and poor Cr, the interdendrite is another kind of face-centered cubic phase (FCC2), rich Cr and poor Cu. The thickness of the coatings is about 1.50~1.98 mm, and the size of the coating dendrite is about 7.9~10.4 μm. The microhardness of the coatings is about HV0.2 170~230, about 1.7 times that of the substrate, and the hardness of the coatings gradually decreases with the increase of the distance from the coating surface. In addition, the lower the laser power, the higher the scanning speed, the finer the dendrite, the stronger the effect of fine grain strengthening, and the higher the hardness of the coating. The error between the calculated lattice constant and the experimental value of face-centered cubic (FCC) phases in the coatings is 1.33%~2.60%. The formation heat of FCC phases is negative, and the elastic constants C11, C12, and C44 meet the mechanical stability constraints of the cubic high entropy alloy, showing the FCC phases are stable. The FCC phases at the dendrite and interdendrite are generally present as the characteristics of toughness according to the ratio of shear modulus to bulk modulus (G/B)＜0.57 and Poisson's ratio (ν)＞0.26. From the lower part to the upper part of the coatings, the calculated elastic modulus and hardness increase gradually, which is consistent with the variation law of the experimental data.

Asymmetric composite tubular membranes were prepared with SiC as the support body and mullite as the membrane layer. The asymmetric mullite/SiC composite filter tube membranes were characterized by different analytic techniques. The mullite membrane was prepared as a layer on the SiC support with a thickness of about 175 μm, pore size of about 1-10 μm and porosity of 9.9%. The SiC support tube had a pore size of about 20-150 μm and porosity of 19.0%. After 360 days of high-temperature flue gas filtration, the most available pore size of the mullite/SiC composite filter tube membrane reduces from 45.2 to 36.4 μm (the reduction rate of about 19.4%). Analysis of the dust collected by back-blowing revealed that the dust particle size range was between 0.1-100 μm and about 50%of the dust particles were below 2.5 μm in size. The average capture rate of dust can reach 98.4%, indicating that the asymmetric mullite/SiC composite filter tube membrane has excellent filtration performance for the dust below PM2.5 in the high-temperature complex flue gas.

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