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The document explores the concept of Metaverse, a virtual-real fusion space where information surrounds people, focusing on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) as a core technology. It discusses the evolution of HCI towards Natural User Interface (NUI) and its pivotal role in the Metaverse. Various papers within the document delve into topics such as user motivations, rehabilitation technologies, motion regulation in Virtual Reality, gesture recognition devices, and the intersection of Metaverse with computer games and blockchain technology. The papers provide valuable insights into the development and application of HCI technologies within the Metaverse, emphasizing user experience, interaction patterns, and technology adaptability. [Extracted from the article]

INTRODUCTION Like many other administrative agencies, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has significant power to regulate an important sector of the economy--in the SEC's case, the securities markets. Critics [...]

As investors have become more concerned about the risk that corporate wrongdoing will impact a company's stock price, the SEC and private plaintiffs are increasingly bringing cases alleging that a company misrepresented a risk relating to an Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) matter. The courts have been skeptical of such claims because of the perception that the scope of securities fraud liability would be too broad if it policed disclosure relating to the myriad of ESG risks facing public companies. They have thus often used the puffery doctrine to find that broadly worded statements concerning ESG risk are not misrepresentations. This Article argues for a different focus in the evaluation of ESG securities fraud cases. The key question in such cases is whether the ESG risk at issue was sufficiently material so that the company's disclosures that failed to acknowledge such risk were misleading. Courts should assess the materiality of ESG risk by applying the probabilitymagnitude test set forth by the Supreme Court in Basic Inc. v. Levinson. In doing so, they should consider facts relating to whether the probability of the risk at issue is subject to reasonable calculation or whether it is an uncertainty. Screening cases primarily based on the materiality of ESG risk would be a more effective way for courts to identify meritorious cases than rigid application of the amorphous puffery doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One view of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is that it was an overreaction to a handful of rogue actors at companies that filed for bankruptcy after the collapse of the internet bubble. If that was the case, the statute’s mandates may have been unnecessary for most public companies. This article argues that Sarbanes-Oxley is instead best understood as a reaction to two waves of accounting-based securities frauds. The first wave happened years before the scandals at Enron and WorldCom and prompted extensive rulemaking by stock exchanges and the SEC. Congressional action was necessary after the second wave of securities fraud to supplement these earlier measures. The driving force behind both waves was the increasing pressure to meet quarterly projections that characterizes modern valuation. Sarbanes-Oxley is an appropriate structural response to this pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to articles in the issue which focuses on Sarbanes-Oxley Act 20 years after it was enacted in 2002, is presented, including topics on events that prompted the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley, the federalization of U.S. corporate governance in the decades after the passage of the Act, and how Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley impacted the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as an administrative agency.

During the managerialist period, managers of large public companies were not pressured to maximize profits and had more discretion to consider the interests of stakeholders. According to the conventional story, managers began maximizing shareholder wealth as ideology changed to favor shareholders. This Article argues that a more significant cause of the decline of managerialism was a fundamental shift in the way that investors valued companies. As public companies became larger and more complex, professional managers developed budgets and forecasts that could be used to allocate resources within internal capital markets. External capital markets began relying on such information to generate predictions of future revenue and earnings. As investors increasingly valued public companies based on such projections, it became important for managers to consistently meet market expectations. Rather than ideology, public companies generally prioritize shareholder wealth maximization because they face pressure to validate prior predictions of their financial performance. Understanding the role of valuation in shaping the incentives of the public corporation provides a new lens for understanding corporate purpose. If the transition to shareholder wealth maximization was driven by changes in valuation, it is possible that shifts in valuation methods could result in a new managerialism where managers of some companies can make meaningful commitments to consider stakeholder interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: 3′,3′‐cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) is the third cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) to be discovered in bacteria. No activators of cGAMP signaling have yet been identified, and the signaling pathways for cGAMP have been inferred to display a narrow distribution based upon the characterized synthases, DncV and Hypr GGDEFs. Here, we report that the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an activator of the Hypr GGDEF enzyme GacB from Myxococcus xanthus. Furthermore, we show that GacB is inhibited directly by cyclic di‐GMP, which provides evidence for cross‐regulation between different CDN pathways. Finally, we reveal that the HD‐GYP enzyme PmxA is a cGAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase (GAP) that promotes resistance to osmotic stress in M. xanthus. A signature amino acid change in PmxA was found to reprogram substrate specificity and was applied to predict the presence of non‐canonical HD‐GYP phosphodiesterases in many bacterial species, including phyla previously not known to utilize cGAMP signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insider trading regulation has been primarily shaped by two theories. The first argues that unequal access to material information corrupts the integrity of securities markets. The second contends that insider trading misappropriates corporate property. The dominance of the market integrity and property frameworks has obscured an important reason to regulate insider trading--it can undermine the integrity of the disclosure mandated by the securities laws. Such disclosure is meant to benefit all investors and should not be exploited by a few. Insider trading is particularly problematic in a periodic disclosure system where the release of significant information is deliberately delayed so it can be analyzed and verified. This Article argues that protecting the integrity of mandatory disclosure is a compelling reason for insider trading regulation. This disclosure approach suggests clearer limits to the reach of insider trading law and enforcement than the market integrity and property theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. Diagnostic cutoff values for defining anemia vary with age, sex, and possibly race. Anemia is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on laboratory testing. Patients may present with symptoms related to associated conditions, such as blood loss, or related to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, such as weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Causes of anemia in older adults include nutritional deficiency, chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation, and occult blood loss from gastrointestinal malignancy, although in many patients the etiology is unknown. The evaluation includes a detailed history and physical examination, assessment of risk factors for underlying conditions, and assessment of mean corpuscular volume. A serum ferritin level should be obtained for patients with normocytic or microcytic anemia. A low serum ferritin level in a patient with normocytic or microcytic anemia is associated with iron deficiency anemia. In older patients with suspected iron deficiency anemia, endoscopy is warranted to evaluate for gastrointestinal malignancy. Patients with an elevated serum ferritin level or macrocytic anemia should be evaluated for underlying conditions, including vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and malignancy. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause. Symptomatic patients with serum hemoglobin levels of 8 g per dL or less may require blood transfusion. Patients with suspected iron deficiency anemia should be given a trial of oral iron replacement. Lower-dose formulations may be as effective and have a lower risk of adverse effects. Normalization of hemoglobin typically occurs by eight weeks after treatment in most patients. Parenteral iron infusion is reserved for patients who have not responded to or cannot tolerate oral iron therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including vehicular cloud computing (VCC), the use of shareable keyword search scheme, and the protocol for the safe dissemination and analysis of vehicle traffic data in VCC.

Public companies in the United States must comply with both federal securities law and state corporate law. This division of labor is premised on the assumption that there is a meaningful distinction between securities and corporate law. The most common view is that securities law is characterized by its use of disclosure, while corporate law sets forth substantive requirements. Critics respond that securities law is really just a federal version of corporate law. They argue that the federal policy of investor protection justifies preempting state corporate law to address corporate mismanagement. While investor protection concerns have been invoked as a reason for unifying corporate and securities law, this Article contends that corporate and securities law can be distinguished based on the type of protection they provide to investors. Both corporate and securities law serve to protect investors, but they do so at two different phases of the investment process. First, when purchasing or selling a stock, a trading investor is vulnerable to transacting at an unfair price. Second, during the period when an investor owns a stock, he is vulnerable to new corporate misconduct that reduces the value of the company. Simply put, securities law protects investors as traders while corporate law protects investors as owners. Distinguishing between trading and ownership protection provides a strong basis for regulating securities and corporate law in different ways. Securities law is uniform and mandatory because investors have a common interest in fair valuation when trading. Corporate law is diverse and enabling because the ownership interests of investors are more difficult to reconcile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some corporate law scholars have concluded that auditors do not have sufficient legal incentive to detect securities fraud and should be governed by a strict liability standard. This study assesses this argument by examining a dataset of 554 class actions alleging an accounting restatement filed from 1996 through 2007. Because some but not all of these restatement cases named an auditor defendant, it is possible to analyze whether variables such as the liability standard affect both the decision to name an auditor defendant as well as the outcome of the case. Despite the narrowing of auditor liability under Rule 10b-5, auditors are still often named as defendants and pay substantial settlements in Rule 10b-5 cases. A more restrictive liability standard is associated with a modest reduction in the rate at which auditors are named as defendants and the rate at which auditor cases end in settlement. If a Rule 10b-5 case against an auditor is strong enough to result in a settlement, the legal standard does not affect the size of the settlement. The auditor's payment is correlated with nonlegal factors such as whether the issuer is bankrupt and the issuer's market capitalization. These results are best explained by the tendency of judges to read narrow liability provisions broadly in cases where the size and impact of the alleged fraud are significant. The evidence thus does not support the conclusion that a strict liability standard is necessary to generate sufficient incentives for auditors to detect substantial frauds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic impact of securities fraud to the inflation of the price investors pay for the stock as well as the integrity of public stock markets in the U.S. It examines the regulatory structure governing the publicly traded corporation. It also cites the influence of securities laws to the public markets.

The article discusses the legal aspects of bondholders and various securities class action proceedings which took place in America between 1996 and 2005, focusing on common stock and securities fraud laws in the U.S. According to the article, the most prominent case where bondholders achieved a recovery through America's securities laws involved the WorldCom Inc. telecommunications firm and accounting fraud litigation in 2002. U.S. corporate laws and fiduciary duties are also examined.

Background: Little is known about clinical characteristics, hospital course, and longitudinal outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) related to heart failure (HF-CS) compared to acute myocardial infarction (AMI; CS related to AMI [AMI-CS]). Methods: We examined in-hospital and 1-year outcomes of 520 (219 AMI-CS, 301 HF-CS) consecutive patients with CS (January 3, 2017–December 31, 2019) in a single-center registry. Results: Mean age was 61.5±13.5 years, 71% were male, 22% were Black patients, and 63% had chronic kidney disease. The HF-CS cohort was younger (58.5 versus 65.6 years, P <0.001), had fewer cardiac arrests (15.9% versus 35.2%, P <0.001), less vasopressor utilization (61.8% versus 82.2%, P <0.001), higher pulmonary artery pulsatility index (2.14 versus 1.51, P <0.01), lower cardiac power output (0.64 versus 0.77 W, P <0.01) and higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (25.4 versus 22.2 mm Hg, P <0.001) than patients with AMI-CS. Patients with HF-CS received less temporary mechanical circulatory support (34.9% versus 76.3% P <0.001) and experienced lower rates of major bleeding (17.3% versus 26.0%, P= 0.02) and in-hospital mortality (23.9% versus 39.3%, P <0.001). Postdischarge, 133 AMI-CS and 229 patients with HF-CS experienced similar rates of 30-day readmission (19.5% versus 24.5%, P =0.30) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (23.3% versus 28.8%, P =0.45). Patients with HF-CS had lower 1-year mortality (n=123, 42.6%) compared to the patients with AMI-CS (n=110, 52.9%, P =0.03). Cumulative 1-year mortality was also lower in patients with HF-CS (log-rank test, P =0.04). Conclusions: Patients with HF-CS were younger, and despite lower cardiac power output and higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, less likely to receive vasopressors or temporary mechanical circulatory support. Although patients with HF-CS had lower in-hospital and 1-year mortality, both cohorts experienced similarly high rates of postdischarge major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and 30-day readmission, highlighting that both cohorts warrant careful long-term follow-up. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03378739. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current researches on temporal networks mainly tend to detect community structure. A number of community detection algorithms can obtain community structure on each time slice or each period of time but rarely present the evolution of community structure. Some papers discussed the process of community structure evolution but lacked quantifying the evolution. In this paper, we put forward the concept of Community Vitality (CV), which shows a community's life intensity on a time slice. In the process of computing CV, the "dead communities" can also be distinguished. Moreover, CV cannot only be used to quantify the life intensity of a community but also be used to describe the process of community evolution over time. More specifically, the change of community's structure will be found if CVs for different time slices of a community were compared, while the community with big value of CV can be selected if CVs for different communities were compared. Furthermore, community vitality change rate (CVCR) is proposed for revealing communities' structure change. The results of our experiments show that community vitality is a novel and effective way to understand or model the community evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper presents a robust and secure hybrid connectivity framework for ubiquitous convergence in a home environment. The proposed hybrid connectivity framework is based on various consumer electronics and mobile devices with wireless interfaces such as IEEE 802.15.4 (e.g., radio frequency for consumer electronics (RF4CE) or ZigBee) and IEEE 802.11. In particular, this framework involves an RF4CE-based WiFi zero-configuration scheme. It simplifies connectivity by means of secure key distribution and a simple WiFi configuration involving WiFi-capable devices. To validate our framework, we analyzed the system and security performance using real hardware prototypes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public corporation is being shaped by two major trends moving in opposite directions. The first trend involves increasing federal regulation of corporate governance and has made it more costly to be a public company. The second trend involves decreasing regulation of the public offering and has reduced the costs for public companies when they sell securities. This essay examines the interaction between these two trends. Costs imposed by governance requirements can be offset by reducing the cost of public offerings. Or, the relationship may run the other way. When lenient public offering rules increase the risk of fraud, they can prompt greater governance regulation. Examining the links between the two trends suggests that access to the public offering is increasingly conditioned on meeting uniform corporate governance standards. Though governance reform may have its benefits, a danger of increasing federal corporate governance regulation is pressure to decrease protections for investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a study which evaluates and replicates the genome-wide association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). The study analyzes the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in women diagnosed with PPCM and replication was verified for younger control subjects for PPCM2. Results indicate a function of genetic factors in PPCM and present a locus for clinical and pathophysiological investigation.

The article focuses on the approaches to assess materiality by evaluating the market's reaction to the financial misstatement. It is suggested that individuals must be responsible for quantitatively small misstatements especially when they make misstatements to enrich themselves. Meanwhile, the companies should focus on ensuring that quantitatively large misstatements does not occur. Moreover, careful analysis that is based on valuation and entity liability theory is needed to provide insights into the misstatements implying that the law should regard as material.

The article discusses the "Todos los Cantos--Ti Kom VI," the compilation and translation into mapuzugan of selected Pablo Neruda literature of Mapuche poet Elicura Chihuailaf. The translation is considered a powerful act that uplifts the Mapuche people, and their language and traditions. Chihuailaf, who has published poems and hosted literary conferences, highlighted Neruda's perspectives on the inequalities in Chile and the social conditions of Mapuche on the selection. Chihuailaf believes that the translation may serve as a bridge between the Mapuche and Chileans for the preservation of both cultures and the appreciation of the diversity in Chile. The collection has seven sections and contains the works "Amigo" and "Canto general."

This article responds to several concerns about the notion that constitutional tort action as individual remedy. Constitutional tort actions, like their common law counterparts, are generally thought of in terms of their function as monetary remedies. Ideally, awarding damages to individuals who are harmed by a federal or state official's violation of the U.S. Constitution compensates for some of the individual's past injury and deters future rights deprivations. Recently, a number of commentators have challenged this prevailing view, voicing doubts about whether monetary awards for constitutional rights violations can be justified on compensation and deterrence grounds. Several law professors in the country have raised their doubts in articles published in law review journals. To some extent, these concerns require us to re-evaluate why constitutional tort actions are needed. We can imagine a world where the Constitution is enforced not via a federal damages action, but only through other remedies such as structural rule, and the writ of habeas corpus. Current discourse assesses the remedy's value largely by the perceived societal consequences of requiring the payment of damages for constitutional rights violations. Defenders of constitutional tort actions argue that damages have a deterrent effect that generally outweighs the costs to society. Critics respond that damages do not have a deterrent effect and may even have the detrimental effect of keeping courts from expanding individual rights. While deterrent effect of awarding damages is a strong justification for having a constitutional tort action, conceptualizing that remedy solely in monetary terms is too narrow and approach. It leaves the remedy vulnerable to recent attacks questioning the cost-effectiveness of damage awards, and it limits the understanding of the constitutional tort action and its function.