Search

Nipah virus (NiV) continues to remain a significant threat to health of the public, characterized by its ability to cause respiratory and neurological complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified NiV as a priority disease for its R and D Blueprint. However, despite extensive research efforts, specific antiviral therapies for NiV infection are currently unavailable. This highlights the crucial need to focus on supportive care for patients affected by the NiV. Therapies Prompt medical attention, including mechanical ventilation and intensive care, is crucial in case of NiV infection. Preventive measures such as avoiding consumption of raw date palm sap and implementing control of infection practices, gives a major role in halting the spread of NiV. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NiV, including its unique characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and preventive measures. The article also provides details on vaccines currently undergoing clinical trials, including ChAdOx1, PHV02, mRNA-1215, HeV-sG-V, and CD40.NiV. In addition, it highlights that the m102.4 monoclonal antibody and nucleotide analogue remdesivir has shown effective in the Non-Human Primate (NHP) model was also reviewed.

Salt Tolerant Microbes are a group of microorganisms that grow, develop, and survive in extremely high salt concentrations. Based on their tolerance level they generally grow up optimally at pH values beyond 9.0, but the growth is inhibited at the pH value that is most closely associated with neutral 6.5. They have minimal dietary needs and a good salt quantity that is high enough to osmotic pressure. They can produce biological metabolites that have certain actions such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer. We discussed in this article various pharmaceutical formulations of salt-tolerant microbes, every formulation shows the specific pharmacological actions like anti-cancer activity, anti-oxidant activity, and anti-microbial activity, and also discusses methods for the biosynthesis of salt-tolerant microbes’ nanoparticles.

Background: UP has the 2nd highest MMR which is 197 compared with national average of 113 (RGI-SRS-2016-2018).Although institutional deliveries in India has been increased from 78.9% (NFHS-4) to 89% (NFHS-5) [ UP from 67.8% to 83.4%] but still we are far away from SDG -3 target. It reflects that there may be increase in crude coverage but not in effective coverage. Materials and Methods: It is a cross sectional study conducted in May – June 2017. Out of 8 blocks of rural Varanasi, 4 blocks were selected randomly. Best functioning facility for EmOC services in each selected block were assessed using Facility Gap Assessment Schedule of IPHS. Result: None of the facility met the recommended standard for BEmOC .Tracking of drop out of ANC and PNC services, use of Partograph, treatment of abortion-related complications, were not found at all the 4 facility. Blood grouping and RH typing was also not functional at 2 of the 4 centers. Caesarean section and availability of blood bank were also lacking in CHC (FRU). Conclusion: If condition of best functioning facility in a block is not according to the recommendation then how can we expect to provide a good maternal health service to public.

Emotion recognition from Electroencephalography (EEG) is proved to be a good choice as it cannot be mimicked like speech signals or facial expressions. EEG signals of emotions are not unique and it varies from person to person as each one has different emotional responses to the same stimuli. Thus EEG signals are subject dependent and proved to be effective for subject dependent emotion recognition. However, subject independent emotion recognition plays an important role in situations like emotion recognition from paralyzed or burnt face, where EEG of emotions of the subjects before the incidents are not available to build the emotion recognition model. Hence there is a need to identify common EEG patterns corresponds to each emotion independent of the subjects. In this paper, a subject independent emotion recognition technique is proposed from EEG signals using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) as a feature extraction technique and Deep Neural Network as the classifier. The performance evaluation of the proposed method with the benchmark DEAP dataset shows that the combination of VMD and Deep Neural Network performs better compared to the state of the art techniques in subject-independent emotion recognition from EEG.

Background: Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness is practise of planning for events related to child birth and making necessary arrangements, so that timely and adequate medical care can be provided to the mother. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness of pregnant and recently delivered women in rural areas of Varanasi. Materials and Methods: A total of 633 pregnant and recently delivered women were interviewed using 11 components related to antenatal care and preparations done for child birth. Results: Out of all the respondents, less than half (46.4%) among Pregnant women and nearly the same proportion (45.1%) among recently delivered women were found “Well Prepared.” Conclusion: The study revealed that there is a need to create awareness among the people about the importance of proper planning and making arrangements in advance to avert the danger to the life of mother and child.

Background: The aim of present study was to examine early childhood caries' impact on oral health-related quality of life from children's self report and parental perception. Methods: 200 healthy children in the age group of 3–5 years and their parents/guardians were enrolled in the study. 100 children diagnosed with early childhood caries (interventional group) and 100 children without caries (control group) along with their parents/guardians participated in face to face interview and responded to Michigan oral health related quality of life scale - child and parent version. Four weeks after full mouth rehabilitation children with ECC and their parents responded to a survey for a follow-up assessment. Data was analyzed and evaluated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21.0 statistical software and Chi square test. Results: In our study we have found that ECC subjects had poorer oral health-related quality of life compared to caries free subjects. Further one month follow up after complete treatment, the oral health-related QoL improved significantly in ECC children. Conclusions: Early childhood caries has a definite negative impact on the OHRQoL of children. At one month follow up after complete oral rehabilitation, the quality of life improved significanty as assessed by children's self reports as well as parental perceptions of their child's OHRQoL.

Background: To investigate radiomics ability in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma histological degree of differentiation by using volumetric MR imaging parameters. Methods: Volumetric venous enhancement and apparent diffusion coefficient were calculated on baseline MRI of 171 lesions. Ninety-five radiomics features were extracted, then random forest classification identified the performance of the texture features in classifying tumor degree of differentiation based on their histopathological features. The Gini index was used for split criterion, and the random forest was optimized to have a minimum of nine participants per leaf node. Predictor importance was estimated based on the minimal depth of the maximal subtree. Results: Out of 95 radiomics features, four top performers were apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) features. The mean ADC and venous enhancement map alone had an overall error rate of 39.8%. The error decreased to 32.8% with the addition of the radiomics features in the multi-class model. The area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) improved from 75.2% to 83.2% with the addition of the radiomics features for distinguishing well- from moderately/poorly differentiated HCCs in the multi-class model. Conclusions: The addition of radiomics-based texture analysis improved classification over that of ADC or venous enhancement values alone. Radiomics help us move closer to non-invasive histologic tumor grading of HCC.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are at high risk of stroke, with the left atrial appendage (LAA) found to be the most common site of clot formation. Presence of left atrial (LA) fibrosis has also been associated with higher stroke risk. However, the mechanisms for increased stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrotic remodeling are poorly understood. We sought to explore these mechanisms using fluid dynamic analysis and to test the hypothesis that the presence of LA fibrosis leads to aberrant hemodynamics in the LA, contributing to increased stroke risk in AF patients. We retrospectively collected late-gadolinium-enhanced MRI (LGE-MRI) images of eight AF patients (four persistent and four paroxysmal) and reconstructed their 3D LA surfaces. Personalized computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed, and hemodynamics at the LA wall were quantified by wall shear stress (WSS, friction of blood), oscillatory shear index (OSI, temporal directional change of WSS), endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP, ratio of OSI and WSS), and relative residence time (RRT, residence time of blood near the LA wall). For each case, these hemodynamic metrics were compared between fibrotic and non-fibrotic portions of the wall. Our results showed that WSS was lower, and OSI, ECAP, and RRT was higher in the fibrotic region as compared to the non-fibrotic region, with ECAP (p = 0.001) and RRT (p = 0.002) having significant differences. Case-wise analysis showed that these differences in hemodynamics were statistically significant for seven cases. Furthermore, patients with higher fibrotic burden were exposed to larger regions of high ECAP, which represents regions of low WSS and high OSI. Consistently, high ECAP in the vicinity of the fibrotic wall suggest that local blood flow was slow and oscillating that represents aberrant hemodynamic conditions, thus enabling prothrombotic conditions for circulating blood. AF patients with high LA fibrotic burden had more prothrombotic regions, providing more sites for potential clot formation, thus increasing their risk of stroke.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries, age and gender. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 120 healthy children aged 7-15 years that was further divided into two groups: 7-10 years and 11-15 years. In this 60 children with DMFS/dfs = 0 and 60 children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 were included. The subjects were divided into two groups; Group A: Children with DMFS/dfs = 0 (caries-free) Group B: Children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 (caries active). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all groups. Flow rates were determined, and samples analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein and total antioxidant status. Salivary antioxidant activity is measured with spectrophotometer by an adaptation of 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) assays. Results: The mean difference of the two groups; caries-free and caries active were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium, total protein and total antioxidant level for both the sexes in the age group 7-10 years and for the age 11-15 years the mean difference of the two groups were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium level for both the sexes. Salivary total protein and total antioxidant level were proved to be statistically significant for male children only. Conclusions: In general, total protein and total antioxidants in saliva were increased with caries activity. Calcium content of saliva was found to be more in caries-free group and increased with age.