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Purpose: Shoulder stiffness (SS) is a condition characterised by active and passive restricted glenohumeral range of motion, which can occur spontaneously in an idiopathic manner or be associated with a known underlying aetiology. Several treatment options are available and currently no consensus has been obtained on which treatment algorithm represents the best choice for the patient. Herein we present the results of a national consensus on the treatment of primary SS. Methods: The project followed the modified Delphi consensus process, involving a steering, a rating and a peer‐review group. Sixteen questions were generated and subsequently answered by the steering group after a thorough literature search. A rating group composed by professionals specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder pathologies rated the question–answer sets according to the scientific evidence and their clinical experience. Results: Recommendations were rated with an average of 8.4 points out of maximum 9 points. None of the 16 answers received a rating of less than 8 and all the answers were considered as appropriate. The majority of responses were assessed as Grade A, signifying a substantial availability of scientific evidence to guide treatment and support recommendations encompassing diagnostics, physiotherapy, electrophysical agents, oral and injective medical therapies, as well as surgical interventions for primary SS. Conclusions: A consensus regarding the conservative and surgical treatment of primary SS could be achieved at a national level. This consensus sets basis for evidence‐based clinical practice in the management of primary SS and can serve as a model for similar initiatives and adaptable guidelines in other European countries and potentially on a global scale. Level of Evidence: Level I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X be a topological space and I be an ideal in X. A subset A of a topological space X is called a β-open set if A ⊆ cl(int(cl(A))). A subset A of X is called β-open with respect to the ideal I, or βI-open, if there exists an open set U such that (1) U − A ∈ I, and (2) A − cl(int(cl(U))) ∈ I. A space X is said to be a βI-compact space if it is βI-compact as a subset. An ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is said to be a cβI -compact space if it is cβI -compact as a subset. An ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is said to be a countably βI-compact space if X is countably βI-compact as a subset. Two sets A and B in an ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is said to be βI-separated if clβI (A) ∩ B = ∅ = A ∩ clβ(B). A subset A of an ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is said to be βI-connected if it cannot be expressed as a union of two βI-separated sets. An ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is said to be βI-connected if X βI-connected as a subset. In this study, we introduced the notions βI-open set, βI-compact, cβI-compact, βI-hyperconnected, cβI-hyperconnected, βI-connected and βI-separated. Moreover, we investigated the concept β-open set by determining some of its properties relative to the above-mentioned notions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposed an alternative measure for classification of biological organisms in taxonomy. The alternative measure is based on a normalized Euclidian distance index that is derived from a few orthogonal principal components of the input trait matrix. Using an exploratory, descriptive method of research, data from two (2) species of the biting fly were analyzed. Result revealed that the alternative measure successfully distinguished between the two (2) species of biting fly L. torrens and L. carteri using only the wing dimensions of the flies. The other information such as palp length, palp width, and length of antennal segment were not useful in discriminating between two (2) fly species. The implication is that for taxonomic purposes, only a few traits are sufficient to distinguish between organisms coming from the same genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter examined which APEC 21st-century skills Filipino women educational leaders best exemplify. It looked into the ways in which these leaders manifest these skills in their power roles. It also determined what their plans are for the ASEAN integration as they steer their organizations toward the goal of the Philippines, which is to open the country to better opportunities as it collaborates with its neighbors. Finally, this chapter generated theories based on the power roles of these Filipino women educational leaders. This study is a qualitative examination of the skills these leaders employ and uses a questionnaire to gather data from three women presidents of State Universities and Colleges in Northern Mindanao, the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines how pain can be used as outcome measurement in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Problems associated with the quantification of pain; Limitation of pain to patient-oriented measures because of difficulties associated with objective measures of pain; Interpretation and validation of results.

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of the patient–physician interaction and the instrumental awareness of the assessment of patients' answers to a carpal tunnel syndrome-specific questionnaire. Methods: We performed a prospective study of the results of a self-administered questionnaire for carpal tunnel syndrome before and after electrodiagnosis. Thirty-two consecutive patients were referred to our neurophysiological laboratory for suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. A patient-oriented evaluation using the Italian version of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), a widely used disease-specific questionnaire, was carried out before the clinical interaction was performed. The assessment was performed by means of a neurophysiological classification. After the communication of the result, the BCTQ was again administered. Results: The comparison of the BCTQ results, obtained PRE and POST clinical interaction, showed a significant reduction in the reported symptoms and hand function impairment not related to the neurophysiological results. Conclusions: The findings of the patient-oriented evaluation are significantly influenced by the communication of the assessment results. In prospective studies, the baseline assessment by means of a patient-oriented evaluation should consistently be performed in all patients at the same stage of the clinical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrigendum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]