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The development of methods that aim to increase the water use efficiency in agricultural systems should be part of the objectives of research, and the cultivation of plants of lower water requirements, such as cactus pear, can be a good option. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) levels from coated urea, in two harvest years, on the agronomic characteristics and nutritive value of Nopalea cochenillifera cv Doce. A randomized block design in a 2 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was adopted. The factors corresponded to two levels of K (40 kg and 60 kg ha−1 year−1), four levels of N (0, 60, 120, and 240 kg ha−1 year−1) and two harvest years (Years I and II). The plants were evaluated for growth, yield, chemical, and mineral composition, and nutritive value. The levels of K affected only plant height and K content in the plant. The agronomic variables and contents of ether extract and crude protein (CP) linearly increased along with the levels of N from the coated urea. There was a significant effect of interaction between N levels and harvest year on the contents of NDF, NDFap, NFC, fraction A+B1, Ca, and Mg. The level of 40 kg K ha−1 year−1 associated with 240 kg N ha−1 year−1 from coated urea provided the best results for the characteristics of growth, yield, and nutritive value of the cactus pear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish pear germplasm collections are crucial for preservation, research, and breeding efforts. However, genetic diversity and structure is unknown at national level. A coordinated national project analyzed 1251 accessions from 7 Spanish pear collections using an internationally recognized set of 14 SSRs to enhance the utilization of these collections. Key findings included the identification of 760 unique genotypes (490 diploids and 270 triploids). Notably, genotypes represented by a single accession accounted for 49% of the total, indicating high vulnerability of this material. Using a Bayesian clustering method revealed two main genetic groups, G1 containing most foreign cultivars and G2 retaining local Spanish cultivars, which were further divided into two other subgroups using a nested approach, revealing moderate but significant differentiation among them. The populations were renamed according to the origin of the reference samples assigned to each group as 'South' (G1.1), 'Western Europe-1' (G1.2), 'Western Europe-2' (G2.1) and 'No-Pyrus communis' (G2.2). The results led to the creation of a 'generalist' collection, aiming to maximize genetic diversity representativeness, starting with 68 genotypes but expanding to 111 to achieve better allele recovery. This core collection is a valuable resource for genetic studies and conservation, enhancing efforts to preserve pear biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of the new generation vision architecture Vmamba and the further demand for agricultural yield and efficiency, we propose an efficient and high-accuracy target detection network for automated pear picking tasks based on Vmamba, aiming to address the issue of low efficiency in current Transformer architectures. The proposed network, named SRSMamba, employs a Reward and Punishment Mechanism (RPM) to focus on important information while minimizing redundancy interference. It utilizes 3D Selective Scan (SS3D) to extend scanning dimensions and integrates global information across channel dimensions, thereby enhancing the model's robustness in complex agricultural environments and effectively adapting to the extraction of complex features in pear orchards and farmlands. Additionally, a Stacked Feature Pyramid Network (SFPN) is introduced to enhance semantic information during the feature fusion stage, particularly improving the detection capability for small targets. Experimental results show that SRSMamba has a low parameter count of 21.1 M, GFLOPs of 50.4, mAP of 72.0%, mAP50 reaching 94.8%, mAP75 at 68.1%, and FPS at 26.9. Compared with other state-of-the-art (SOTA) object detection methods, it achieves a good trade-off between model efficiency and detection accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pears constitute an essential temperate crop and are primarily produced through interspecific hybridization owing to self-incompatibility that complicates their breeding history. To address this, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of 18 Pyrus and one Malu s species using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform. The cp genomes ranged from 159,885 bp to 160,153 bp and exhibited a conserved circular DNA structure with an average GC content of 36.5%. Each cp genome contained 127 genes, including 83 protein-coding, 36 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Divergence analysis with mVISTA showed high conservation in the coding regions and notable variations in the non-coding regions. All species shared 17 intron-containing genes, with ycf3 and clpP each having two introns. Five intron-containing genes (ndhB , rpl2 , rps12 , trnA-UGC , and trnE-UUC) were located in the inverted repeat regions, while trnL-UAA was located in the large single-copy region, with conserved intron lengths across Pomoideae. We identified polymorphic intron sequences in the rpl22 , petB , clpP , ndhA , and rps16 genes and designed primers for these regions. Notably, the two Pyrus ussuriensis accessions Doonggeullebae and Cheongdangrori showed intron-length polymorphisms despite being classified as the same species. Phylogenetic analysis of the cp genome sequences revealed two major clusters, indicating distinct maternal lineages and evolutionary origins. This study underscores the importance of cp gene polymorphisms in P. fauriei , P. calleryana , P. ussuriensis , and P. pyrifolia , providing valuable insights into Pyrus evolution as well as aiding in the conservation and breeding of pear germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flesh firmness is an important quality of pear fruits. Breeding cultivars with suitably low flesh firmness is one of the popular pear breeding goals. At present, SNP markers related to pear flesh firmness and genes affecting flesh firmness are still uncertain. In this study, a QTL analysis was performed, and the result showed that the position of 139.857 cM in lineage group 14 (LG14) had the highest average logarithm of odds (3.41) over two years. This newly discovered locus was identified as a flesh firmness-related QTL (qFirmness-LG14). The 'C/T' SNP was found in corresponding Marker1512129. The 'C' genotype is the high-firmness genotype, which is a dominant trait. The average firmness of fruits with genotype C is 21.4% higher than genotype without the C genotype. Transcriptome profiling was obtained between 'Zaoshengxinshui' and 'Qiushui' at five time points. Three candidate genes in the interval of qFirmness-LG14 might affect firmness. A gene of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 1 (PpXTH1) was upregulated in 'Qiushui' at all five time points. Two transcription factors (PpHY5 and PpERF113) were upregulated in 'Zaoshengxinshui', which might be negative regulatory genes for high flesh firmness. The transcriptome results also isolated a large number of cell wall-related genes (e.g., Pectate lyase, Pectin acetylesterase, Pectin methylesterase, and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase) and transcription factors (e.g., ERF, WRKY). These genes are all potential upstream and downstream genes related to flesh firmness. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the QTLs and molecular mechanisms associated with fruit firmness in Pyrus pyrifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: In plants, RNA silencing constitutes a strong defense against viral infection, which viruses counteract with RNA‐silencing suppressors (RSSs). Understanding the interactions between viral RSSs and host factors is crucial for elucidating the molecular arms race between viruses and host plants. We report that the helicase motif (Hel) of the replicase encoded by apple stem grooving virus (ASGV)—the main virus affecting pear trees in China—is an RSS that can inhibit both local and systemic RNA silencing, possibly by binding double‐stranded (ds) siRNA. The transcription factor related to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 from pear (PbRAV1) enters the cytoplasm and binds Hel through its C terminus, thereby attenuating its RSS activity by reducing its binding affinity to 21‐ and 24‐nt ds siRNA, and suppressing ASGV infection. PbRAV1 can also target p24, an RSS encoded by grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2), with similar negative effects on p24's suppressive function and inhibition of GLRaV‐2 infection. Moreover, like the positive role of the PbRAV1 homolog from grapevine (VvRAV1) in p24's previously reported RSS activity, ASGV Hel can also hijack VvRAV1 and employ the protein to sequester 21‐nt ds siRNA, thereby enhancing its own RSS activity and promoting ASGV infection. Furthermore, PbRAV1 neither interacts with CP, an RSS encoded by grapevine inner necrosis virus, nor has any obvious effect on CP's RSS activity. Our results identify an RSS encoded by ASGV and demonstrate that PbRAV1, representing a novel type of RAV transcription factor, plays a defensive role against viral infection by targeting viral RSSs. Significance Statement: Our results demonstrate that the helicase motif (Hel) of the replicase encoded by apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) can suppress RNA silencing, and reveal that PbRAV1, a novel type of RAV transcription factor, targets two unrelated viral RSSs—ASGV Hel and GLRaV‐2 p24—to attenuate their RSS activity, thereby suppressing viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is well known for diverse flavors, textures, and global horticultural importance. However, the genetic diversity responsible for its extensive phenotypic variations remains largely unexplored. Here, we de novo assembled and annotated the genomes of the maternal (PsbM) and paternal (PsbF) lines of the hybrid 'Yuluxiang' pear and constructed the pear pangenome of 1.15 Gb by combining these two genomes with five previously published pear genomes representing cultivated and wild germplasm. Using the constructed pangenome, we identified 21 224 gene PAVs (Presence-absence variation) and 1 158 812 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in the non-reference genome that were absent in the PsbM reference genome. Compared with SNP markers, PAV-based analysis provides additional insights into the pear population structure. In addition, some genes associated with pear fruit quality traits have differential occurrence frequencies and differential gene expression between Asian and European populations. Moreover, our analysis of the pear pangenome revealed a mutated SNP and an insertion in the promoter region of the gene PsbMGH3.1 potentially enhance sepal shedding in 'Xuehuali' which is vital for pear quality. PsbMGH3.1 may play a role in the IAA pathway, contributing to a distinct low-auxin phenotype observed in plants by heterologously overexpressing this gene. This research helps capture the genetic diversity of pear populations and provides genomic resources for accelerating breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Lignification of the cell wall in pear (Pyrus) fruit results in the formation of stone cells, which affects the texture and quality of the fruit. However, it is still unclear that how different transcription factors (TFs) work together to coordinate the synthesis and deposition of lignin. Here, we examined the transcriptome of pear varieties with different stone cell contents and found a key TF (PbAGL7) that can promote the increase of stone cell contents and secondary cell wall thicknesses. In addition, PbAGL7 can facilitate the expression level of lignin biosynthesis‐related genes and accelerate the lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit and Arabidopsis. However, PbAGL7 did not directly bind to the promoters of PbC3H1 and PbHCT17 which are crucial genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. On the other hand, yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) library showed that PbNAC47 and PbMYB73 interacted with PbAGL7 in the nucleus. PbNAC47 and PbMYB73 also increased the stone cell and lignin contents, and upregulated the expressions of PbC3H1 and PbHCT17 by binding to the SNBE and AC elements, respectively. Moreover, PbNAC47 also interacted with PbMYB73 to form PbAGL7–PbNAC47–PbMYB73 complex. This complex significantly activated the expression levels of PbC3H1 and PbHCT17 and promoted lignin biosynthesis to form stone cells in pear fruit. Overall, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of TFs that coordinately regulate the stone cell formation in pear fruit and extend our knowledge to understand cell wall lignification in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pear anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum bacteria, is a severe infectious disease that significantly impacts the growth, development, and fruit yield of pear trees. Early detection of pear anthracnose before symptoms manifest is of great importance in preventing its spread and minimizing economic losses. This study utilized hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to investigate early detection of pear anthracnose through spectral features, vegetation indices (VIs), and texture features (TFs). Healthy and diseased pear leaves aged 1 to 5 days were selected as subjects for capturing hyperspectral images at various stages of health and disease. Characteristic wavelengths (OWs1 and OWs2) were extracted using the Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) algorithm. Significant VIs were identified using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, while effective TFs were derived from the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). A classification model for pear leaf early anthracnose disease was constructed by integrating different features using three machine learning algorithms: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). The results showed that: the classification identification model constructed based on the feature fusion performed better than that of single feature, with the OWs2-VIs-TFs-BPNN model achieving a highest accuracy of 98.61% in detection and identification of pear leaf early anthracnose disease. Additionally, to intuitively and effectively monitor the progression and severity of anthracnose in pear leaves, the visualization of anthracnose lesions was achieved using Successive Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) techniques. According to our research results, the fusion of multi-source features based on hyperspectral imaging can be a reliable method to detect early asymptomatic infection of pear leaf anthracnose, and provide scientific theoretical support for early warning and prevention of pear leaf diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bud-notching in pear varieties with weak-branches enhances branch development, hormone distribution, and germination, promoting healthier growth and improving early yield. To examine the regulatory mechanisms of endogenous hormones on lateral bud germination in Pyrus spp. (cv. 'Huangguan') (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), juvenile buds were collected from 2-year-old pear trees. Then, a comprehensive study, including assessments of endogenous hormones, germination and branching rates, RNA-seq analysis, and gene function analysis in these lateral buds was conducted. The results showed that there was no significant difference in germination rate between the control and bud-notching pear trees, but the long branch rate was significantly increased in bud-notching pear trees compared to the control (p < 0.05). After bud-notching, there was a remarkable increase in IAA and BR levels in the pruned section of shoots, specifically by 141% and 93%, respectively. However, the content of ABA in the lateral buds after bud-notching was not significantly different from the control. Based on RNA-seq analysis, a notable proportion of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were linked to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Notably, the brassinosteroid signaling pathway seemed to have the closest connection with the branching ability of pear with the related genes encoding BRI1 and CYCD3, which showed significant differences between lateral buds. Finally, the heterologous expression of PyCYCD3 has a positive regulatory effect on the increased Arabidopsis growth and branching numbers. Therefore, the PyCYCD3 was identified as an up-regulated gene that is induced via brassinosteroid (BR) and could act as a conduit, transforming bud-notching cues into proliferative signals, thereby governing lateral branching mechanisms in pear trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-related hangovers impact both physical and mental wellness, largely due to acetaldehyde levels produced through alcohol metabolism. The present study investigated the efficacy and safety of the Wilac L probiotic complex (Levilactobacillus brevis WiKim0168 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides WiKim0172 isolated from kimchi) in improving hangovers post-alcohol consumption. This study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial from August 2023 to February 2024. Subjects (n = 26) were randomized into six test groups consuming three products, the Wilac L probiotic complex, Wilac L35 (Wilac L probiotic complex with Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), or placebo, in different orders with crossover after a wash-out interval of 7–10 days. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were measured 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 15 h after alcohol consumption. The blood acetaldehyde levels measured with Wilac L probiotic complex supplementation were significantly lower than the control at 0.25 (p = 0.0381), 0.5 (p = 0.0498), and 1 h (p = 0.0260) post-consumption. The blood acetaldehyde levels after Wilac L35 consumption compared to the control are significant at 0.25 (p = 0.0115), 0.5 (p = 0.0054), 1 (p = 0.0285), 2 (p = 0.0113), and 6 h (p = 0.0287) post-consumption. No significant adverse events were reported. The Wilac L probiotic complex is associated with decreased blood acetaldehyde levels and improved subjective hangover symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aroma in food plays an important role in food perception and acceptance, which depends on various mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Moreover, VOCs are of great significance for aroma identification. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology was used to determine the VOCs in 10 pear syrups. A total of 127 VOCs were quantitatively determined, including 9 common VOCs and 46 characteristic VOCs of 10 pear syrups. The pear syrups were divided into three categories by cluster analysis, and thirty-eight differential VOCs were obtained using orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and fourteen key VOCs were selected by odor activity value (OAV). It was revealed that the key and common aroma components of pear syrups were butanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-methyl-, methyl ester and Hexanoic acid, and ethyl ester. The characteristic and differential VOCs were 10-Undecen-1-ol, Hexadecanal, n-Propylacetate, Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S,2R,5S)-, Methional, Disulfide, dimethyl, 8-Nonenoic acid, ethyl ester, Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-, 3H-Purin-6-amine, N,N,3-trimethyl-, 2-Octanol,2,6-dimethyl-, Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-, and Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,methyl ester. The above results showed that different pear syrups had rich diversity in aroma compounds, with some components being shared among them while others are exclusive to specific syrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought is an environmental stress that can negatively influence growth and productivity of fruit trees because it decreases the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance and raises the rate of water loss from the plant surfaces. Therefore, this study investigated the soil application of biochar individually or in combination with the spraying of boron, silicon, and molybdenum relative to the growth attributes, fruit drop percentages, yield, and fruit quality of Le Conte pear trees grown under drought stress. The trees were fertilized by biochar at 0, 1, and 2 kg per tree individually or in combination with the foliar spraying with 0 mg B2O3 + 0 mg SiO2 + 0 mg MoO2, 10 mg B2O3 + 25 mg SiO2 + 25 mg MoO2, 20 mg B2O3 + 50 mg SiO2 + 50 mg MoO2 and 30 mg B2O3 + 75 mg SiO2 + 75 mg MoO2 at start of February, start of March and start of April, compared to untreated trees (control). The results showed that the soil addition of biochar or spraying of nano fertilizers individually or in combinations improved the vegetive growth, productivity and fruit quality, and leaf mineral content, meanwhile they reduced the fruit drop. The best results were obtained by the application of 2 kg biochar combined with 30 mg B2O3 + 75 mg SiO2 + 75 mg MoO2, which was superior to other applied treatments in the two seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pear chlorotic leaf spot‐associated virus (PCLSaV) is a newly described emaravirus that infects pear trees. The virus genome consists of at least five single‐stranded, negative‐sense RNAs. The P5 encoded by RNA5 is unique to PCLSaV. In this study, the RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity of P5 and its subcellular localization were determined in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated expression assays and green fluorescent protein RNA silencing induction. Protein P5 partially suppressed local RNA silencing, strongly suppressed systemic RNA silencing and triggered reactive oxygen species accumulation. The P5 self‐interacted and showed subcellular locations in plasmodesmata, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Furthermore, P5 rescued the cell‐to‐cell movement of a movement defective mutant PVXΔP25 of potato virus X (PVX) and enhanced the pathogenicity of PVX. The N‐terminal 1–89 amino acids of the P5 were responsible for the self‐interaction ability and RSS activity, for which the signal peptide at positions 1–19 was indispensable. This study demonstrated the function of an emaravirus protein as a pathogenic factor suppressing plant RNA silencing to enhance virus infection and as an enhancer of virus movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- In modern era increasing interventional and diagnostic procedures and laparoscopic cholecystectomy make study of variation in external morphology of gall bladder important variation of morphology of gall bladder commonly encounter during radiological investigation a during surgeries. Aim and Objective: To Study of Variations in External Morphology of Gall Bladder in Cadavers. Material and Method: Study was conducted on 100 gallbladder obtained from formalin fixed cadavers. Shape length and transverse diameter of gall bladder studied. Result: Commonest shape observed in this study was pear shaped in 82% cases. Average length of gallbladder was found to be 6.54cm. Conclusion: - Variation in extra hepatic billiary in not uncommon. Knowledge of this variation important for surgeon and radiologist for avoid iatrogenic injuries during procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, several studies have established a direct link between functional foods, nutraceuticals, and a reduced risk of oxidative-stress-related diseases. Nutraceuticals, which encompass a variety of bioactive molecules, exhibit both nutritional and therapeutic properties. The cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) is a plant genus with many species recognized as functional foods, largely attributed to their high content of nutraceuticals, including polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, pigments, and phytosterols. These compounds of different structures and functions possess different biological activities, contributing to the health-promoting properties of cactus pear. This makes cactus pears a valuable plant for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. While extensive research has focused on the nutritional profile of cactus pear fruits, the cladodes have received comparatively limited attention. Notably, the nutritional composition of cladodes can exhibit considerable variability, influenced by species and growing conditions. Furthermore, although various bioactive compounds have been identified in cladodes, studies elucidating their mechanisms of action, health benefits, and potential therapeutic applications remain insufficient. Addressing these gaps is crucial for enhancing the understanding and utilization of cactus pear cladodes. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the structure–function relationships of the main nutraceuticals found in cactus pear cladodes. It synthesizes data from recent and relevant literature to elucidate the content of these compounds in relation to species and geographical origin, while also detailing the main biological activities and health-promoting benefits associated with cactus pear cladodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1889 the German poet and novelist Theodor Fontane wrote the popular literary ballad "Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck im Havelland." The Squire von Ribbeck is described as a gentle and generous person, who often gives away pears from his pear trees to children passing by and continued donating pears after his death. Now, 135 years later the rock called Ribbeck is giving us insight into processes that happened 4.5 billion years ago. The meteorite Ribbeck (official find location: 52°37′15″N, 12°45′40″E) fell January 21, 2024, and has been classified as a brecciated aubrite. This meteoroid actually entered the Earth's atmosphere at 00:32:38 UTC over Brandenburg, west of Berlin, and the corresponding fireball was recorded by professional all sky and video cameras. More than 200 pieces (two proved by radionuclide analysis to belong to this fresh fall) were recovered totaling about 1.8 kg. Long‐lived radionuclide and noble gas data are consistent with long cosmic ray exposure (55–62 Ma) and a preatmospheric radius of Ribbeck between 20 and 30 cm. The heavily brecciated aubrite consists of major (76 ± 3 vol%) coarse‐grained FeO‐free enstatite (En99.1Fs<0.04Wo0.9), with a significant abundance (15.0 ± 2.5 vol%) of albitic plagioclase (Ab95.3 An2.0Or2.7), minor forsterite (5.5 ± 1.5 vol%; Fo99.9) and 3.5 ± 1.0 vol% of opaque phases (mainly sulfides and metals) with traces of nearly FeO‐free diopside (En53.2Wo46.8) and K‐feldspar (Ab4.6Or95.4). The rock has a shock degree of S3 (U‐S3), and terrestrial weathering has affected metals and sulfides, resulting in the brownish appearance of rock pieces and the partial destruction of certain sulfides already within days after the fall. The bulk chemical data confirm the feldspar‐bearing aubritic composition. Ribbeck is closely related to the aubrite Bishopville. Ribbeck does not contain solar wind implanted gases and is a fragmental breccia. Concerning the Ti‐ and O‐isotope compositions, the data are similar to those of other aubrites. They are also similar to E chondrites and fall close to the data point for the bulk silicate Earth (BSE). Before the Ribbeck meteoroid entered Earth's atmosphere, it was observed in space as asteroid 2024 BX1. The aphelion distance of 2024 BX1's orbit lies in the innermost region of the asteroid belt, which is populated by the Hungaria family of minor planets characterized by their E/X‐type taxonomy and considered as the likely source of aubrites. The spectral comparison of an average large‐scale emission spectrum of Mercury converted into reflectance and of the Ribbeck meteorite spectrum does not show any meaningful similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant motifs had a significant role in ancient cultures, with decorative, artistic, and communicative values. However, little knowledge exists of the botanical composition of festoons, widely used in Greek-Roman art. We analysed 81 festoons, exclusively from sculpture artworks, collected from 13 museums and archaeological sites in Rome (1st century BC–3rd century AD). Using iconographic sources and previous data, we identified the represented species and analysed their abundance and composition using statistical methods (Cluster Analysis, Principal Components Analysis) and diversity indexes (Shannon and Evenness). We documented 3081 botanical elements, identifying 30 taxa, in which fruits with leaves (45%) or alone (10%) represented the most common ones. Laurus nobilis and Quercus cfr. robur were the most frequently depicted species, followed by "pomes" (Pyrus, Malus, Cydonia), Vitis vinifera, Punica granatum, and Ficus carica. Festoons with one or two species can be easily distinguished from those with multiple species, often arranged with figs or vine branches at the ends, with symbolic aims related to fertility, rebirth, and abundance values. A balanced botanical composition also exists, with flowers typically in the middle and a species distribution that is not casual. The results enriched our comprehension of ancient Roman society, considering funerary and celebrative events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses were conducted on extracts from the fruits of P. pyraster and P. ×myloslavensis. Extraction with 80% methanol was performed at room temperature. The total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometry using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, with gallic acid as the reference standard. Phenolic compounds and organic acids were identified on a liquid chromatograph. The antioxidative activity of the extracts was tested in relation to linoleic acid incubation of the emulsions for 19 h based on the neutralization of the DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the ABTS cation radical (2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) as well as by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The analyses showed that the extract from P. pyraster fruits is characterized by a higher content of phenolic compounds and a higher antioxidative potential compared with that from P. ×myloslavensis. In extracts of both pear species, seven phenolic compounds and four organic acids were identified. The total fiber content in pears of P. pyraster and P. ×myloslavensis was determined at 36.45 g and 24.74 g/100 g d.m. of the pear fruits, of which most comprised the insoluble fraction (32.49 g and 20.86/100 g, respectively). The results of the conducted research are highly significant, as they confirm that pears contain many valuable nutrients and biologically active compounds, including antioxidants and dietary fiber. Adding pear extracts to food products may offer a way to boost their health benefits while also broadening the variety of items that have appealing sensory characteristics. Moreover, research has shown that fruit extracts can help to prolong the shelf life of food products by safeguarding them against lipid oxidation and the decline in their nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has performed European pear (Pyrus communis L.) scion breeding for over a century. The breeding program started in the early 1900s by Merton B. Waite in the Washington D.C. area and the program's main goal was to develop host resistance to the devastating disease fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora. Most of the historic European pear cultivars being produced in the U.S. were susceptible to fire blight, prompting a need to breed for resistance. More than six generations of USDA breeders have continued this effort to breed disease-resistant European pears. Along with fire blight resistance, the pear breeding programs sought improved fruit quality, cold hardiness, and resistance to psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foërster), a significant insect pest of pear. Herein, we discuss the history of the program through each generation of breeder(s). We also present breeding aims, parental selection, and releases. In total, the program has released ten named pear varieties between 1938 and 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of sustainable energy sources is an alternative for fossil fuels, which can represent a positive factor to alleviate many current environmental issues. In that sense, not only sustainable industrial development is important, but also sustainable practices at the local level, including households. Specifically, heating and cooking are one of the most important activities that require energy in households, where the role of biomass could be of interest, as it can provide an energy source with lower environmental impact. However, there is room for improvement in biomass stoves, whose adaptability to specific wastes, as well as their improvement in efficiency, should be accomplished. The aim of this work was to assess the improvement of combustion performance of a domestic stove by the implementation of a programmable logic converter for a better adaptation to different biomass samples (holm oak, pear tree, poplar, and sugarcane bagasse pellets). This work provides further information about the current working protocol, being an alternative for better approaches that could be implemented in future works. Thus, the working regime of the stove was controlled, especially concerning the screw conveyor (to regulate pellet feeding) and flue gas fan (to change oxygen supply). As a result, better combustion performances were obtained, with heat capacities from 5.66 to 8.67 kW for the selected samples. Also, thermal capacities of the stove (1.43, 1.60, 2.22, and 1.83 kW for holm oak, pear tree, poplar, and sugarcane bagasse, respectively) were obtained, with a better combustion performance compared to previous studies (1600 and 120 ppm peak emissions for CO and NOx, respectively, and 15% as the lowest O2 concentration). On the other hand, different improvements of the combustion stove to avoid blockages, for instance, are proposed as further steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Drought poses significant challenges to agricultural production, ecological stability and global food security. While wild pear trees exhibit strong drought resistance, cultivated varieties show weaker drought tolerance. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pear trees' response to drought stress. We identified a drought resistance‐related transcription factor, PbbZIP88, which binds to and activates the expression of the drought‐responsive gene PbATL18. Overexpression of PbbZIP88 in Arabidopsis and pear seedlings resulted in enhanced drought resistance and significantly improved physiological parameters under drought stress. We discovered that PbbZIP88 interacts with the key protein PbSRK2E in the ABA signalling pathway. This interaction enhances PbbZIP88's ability to activate PbATL18 expression, leading to higher levels of PbATL18. Furthermore, the PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E interaction accelerates the regulation of stomatal closure under ABA treatment conditions, reducing water loss more effectively. Experimental evidence showed that silencing PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E genes significantly decreased drought resistance in pear seedlings. In conclusion, this study reveals the synergistic role of PbbZIP88 and PbSRK2E in enhancing drought resistance in pear trees, particularly in the upregulation of PbATL18 expression, and the accelerated promotion of stomatal closure. These findings provide new candidate genes for breeding drought‐resistant varieties and offer a theoretical foundation and technical support for achieving sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of computer vision technology, the demand for fruit recognition in agricultural automation is increasing. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of recognizing young red pears, this study proposes an improved model based on the lightweight YOLOv9s, termed YOLOv9s-Pear. By constructing a feature-rich and diverse image dataset of young red pears and introducing spatial-channel decoupled downsampling (SCDown), C2FUIBELAN, and the YOLOv10 detection head (v10detect) modules, the YOLOv9s model was enhanced to achieve efficient recognition of small targets in resource-constrained agricultural environments. Images of young red pears were captured at different times and locations and underwent preprocessing to establish a high-quality dataset. For model improvements, this study integrated the general inverted bottleneck blocks from C2f and MobileNetV4 with the RepNCSPELAN4 module from the YOLOv9s model to form the new C2FUIBELAN module, enhancing the model's accuracy and training speed for small-scale object detection. Additionally, the SCDown and v10detect modules replaced the original AConv and detection head structures of the YOLOv9s model, further improving performance. The experimental results demonstrated that the YOLOv9s-Pear model achieved high detection accuracy in recognizing young red pears, while reducing computational costs and parameters. The detection accuracy, recall, mean precision, and extended mean precision were 0.971, 0.970, 0.991, and 0.848, respectively. These results confirm the efficiency of the SCDown, C2FUIBELAN, and v10detect modules in young red pear recognition tasks. The findings of this study not only provide a fast and accurate technique for recognizing young red pears but also offer a reference for detecting young fruits of other fruit trees, significantly contributing to the advancement of agricultural automation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit leathers are convenient, delicious and sophisticated alternatives to natural fruits as a source of nutrients, fibers and bioactive compounds. The present study was conducted to develop new fruit leathers by adding 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% wild bilberry (BIPP) and blackcurrant (BCPP) pomace powders in pear leather manufactured with honey (5%), pectin (1%) and lemon juice (2.5%) as additional ingredients. The CIEL*a*b* color parameters, titratable acidity, total phenolics content, total anthocyanins content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined in the fruit leathers. In addition, the puncturing force, flexibility and adhesiveness of the fruit leathers were measured and sensory analysis was conducted. The results showed that the addition of pomace powders significantly decreased the lightness, chroma and hue angle and increased the titratable acidity of the fruit leathers while a* values decreased in the leathers with BIPP addition. Flexibility slightly decreased while adhesiveness significantly increased with increasing BIPP and BCPP addition level, changes that were perceived as negative in the sensory analysis. The total phenolic content increased by 2.03, 3.26 and 4.45 times at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% BIPP addition, respectively, while only by 1.22, 1.42 and 1.60 times at the same levels of BCPP addition. The newly developed fruit leathers could be recommended as alternative snack foods with high nutritional value and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) liquid pollination emerges as a promising substitute for hand pollination methods. In this study, the relationship between UAV liquid pollination and fruit thinning operations was explored from the perspective of practical application. By testing droplet deposition under various flight parameters, the flight parameters for a specific pear orchard were optimized to ensure the uniform and effective distribution of the pollination solution. Results indicated that optimal droplet density (number·cm−2), area coverage (%), and deposition rate (μL·cm−2) were achieved at a flight height (FH) of 1.5 m and a flight speed (FS) of 2 m·s−1. Considering the nuanced physiological attributes of pear tree flowers during their pollination phase, the research scrutinizes the impact of application parameters such as floral stage and spraying frequency on pollination efficiency. A two-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant impacts of floral stage, spraying frequency, and their interaction on the fruit set rate (p < 0.01). Controlling pollination parameters can effectively regulate the fruit set rate, thereby influencing the cost and efficiency of fruit thinning. These findings contribute a theoretical framework for formulating customized pollination management strategies tailored to the specific needs of pear orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When discussing fruits, the image of pears often comes to mind. Perhaps it's due to their rich variety or their tempting taste. While we may think we know a lot about pears, do we really? Today, let's follow the footsteps of Xiao Lai and Xiao Ming as they delve into the world of pears, exploring whether we truly understand this delightful fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-delivered spraying can enhance the effective transport and uniform coverage of fog droplets into the interior of the tree crown. However, it is still unclear on the effect of the intensity of air-delivered flow on the response of a single leaf to the motion state and the microcosmic settlement of fog drop. In this study, a single leaf of a pear tree was placed under the stable air flow in the test section of the wind tunnel equipment. The wind vibration response test was carried out on the leaves of a single pear tree. Four feature points were then marked on the leaves, in order to represent the leaf morphology. Binocular high-speed cameras were used to track the feature points on the leaves. The three-dimensional spatial motion model of simulated leaves was constructed to decompose into several sub-stages for subsequent analysis. A systematic analysis was made on the spatial motion trajectory of feature points, in order to explore the effect of droplet deposition on the leaf surface. The research results were as follows. The leaves showed static stability, swing, and a large number of twisting and turning complex motions under the action of wind-driven air flow. The critical response speed of wind vibration was defined as the generation of a large number of twisting motions. Once the wind speed was lower than the critical airflow speed of wind vibration, the leaves were basically lifted at the angle position in a static and stable state. When the air velocity was greater than or equal to the critical, the dynamic stable state of the leaves was destroyed into a compound motion response state of large spatial swing, turnover, and torsion, indicating the periodic motion state of the leaves under the action of strong air. Specifically, the total travel distances of leaf tips in a space movement period were 180.61, 1140.77, and 766.33 mm, respectively, at the speed of 5, 7, and 9 m/s, and the torsion angles were 290.7°, 896.8°, and 716.2°, respectively. In the test of leaf droplet deposition, the spray droplets were deposited mainly on the side of the leaf facing the airflow direction, when the airflow velocity was lower than 5 m/s. There was also an increase in the airflow velocity. The coverage rate of droplet deposition on the front of the leaf gradually decreased from 43.2% to 10.3%. When the airflow velocity was greater than the critical wind response velocity of 5 m/s, the fog droplets were deposited on both sides of the leaves. However, the droplets were deposited mainly on the opposite side of the leaves with better hydrophilicity. The spatial pose and motion of leaves were also simulated, according to the actual coordinates in the instantaneous position of leaves under the space motion. The finding can further reveal the interaction and deposition between the air flow carrying fog droplets and the leaves in the air-driven sprayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetle, Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and its phytopathogenic fungal symbiont (Fusarium euwallaceae Freeman et al.) threaten commercial and urban tree species worldwide. This pest–fungus complex has been newly discovered in the commercial deciduous fruit industry (Western Cape, South Africa), where its effect is still unknown. This study explored the impact of PSHB infestation on fruit quality and plant water‐use efficiency (WUE) – as indicated by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios – of commercially cultivated Packham's Triumph pear trees within the first year of invasion, as well as changes in phenotypic plasticity (trait expression range). The impact of PSHB infestation is currently most evident in fruit quality traits, with a clear distinction between the control and most densely attacked tree categories. Fruit and leaf traits showed high variation and a significant change in phenotypic plasticity. Increased PSHB attack density was associated with smaller, duller‐toned, sweeter fruit at the time of harvest and data tended towards reduced plant WUE. Producers can expect significant variation in fruit quality and plant WUE even in hosts without branch dieback, visible plant stress or extensive beetle breeding, especially in orchards where infestations persist beyond the first year. These findings necessitate additional research to describe the long‐term impact, examine the threat to other deciduous fruit crops and cultivars and assess the need for adapted management or harvesting methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of immersion freezing on water distribution and calcium ion migration in pears was studied. The samples were frozen at -20 °C and -40 °C. Results showed that the -40 °C combined immersion freezing (-40IF-T) was better in inhibiting sample browning and sensory quality, compared with other groups. Water activity and freezable water content were closer to that of the unfrozen sample. Compared with -20IF, the freezing time of -40IF-T was reduced by 74.90 %. Both the drip loss and calcium ion content showed that -40IF-T was better than other groups. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results showed that -40IF-T reduced water migration during freezing, indicating a more uniform distribution of water in -40IF-T tissues. The results of relative conductivity showed that -40IF-T could effectively reduce the damage of cell membrane caused by freezing. In conclusion, low temperature and cryoprotective fluid can be used as effective methods to maintain sample quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are the predominant chemical constituents in the secondary metabolites of plants and are commonly found in pears. In this study, we focused on the analysis of the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of leaves from five pear cultivars (Cuiguan, Chaohong, Kuerle, Nanguoli, and Yali) and tea leaves (Fudingdabai as the control) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results indicated significant differences in the amount and composition of phenolic metabolites between tea and pear leaves, as well as among the five pear varieties. Only approximately one-third of the metabolites exhibited higher levels in pear leaves compared to that in tea leaves. The total phenol content in the Yali cultivar was higher than that in the other pear cultivars. Furthermore, specific phenolic metabolites with high expression were identified in the leaves of different groups. The levels of delphinidin 3-glucoside, aesculin, prunin, cosmosiin, quercetin 3-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, nicotiflorin, narcissin, chlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid were relatively high among the five pear cultivars. (-)-Gallocatechin gallate, 6-methylcoumarin, aesculetin, hesperidin, kaempferol, and caftaric acid were identified as specific metabolic substances unique to each type of pear leaf. Most of the differential metabolites showed positive correlations and were primarily enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) analysis indicated that the Yali cultivar exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other varieties. This systematic analysis of the differences in phenolic metabolite composition and antioxidant activity between pear and tea leaves provides a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of pear leaf resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pericarp of African pear (Dacryodes edulis) is butyraceous. This study evaluated the fatty acid contents of three varieties of African pear (Akpabuyo pear, Ikom butter pear and Ikom pear).Ripe fruits of the three varieties of pear were purchased from Marian markets Calabar Cross River State, Nigeria. Each sample was divided into three batches. The first batch was left raw, the second was pan roasted till the pulp became soft, and the third batch was immersed into boiled water for 3 minutes. Each batch was prepared by deseeding the soft pulp. They were separately homogenized and stored in an airtight container and refrigerated for fatty acid (FA) analysis. The fatty acid contents of the samples were determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Data obtained were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation. Arachidonic acid in raw Akpabuyo pear was the predominant (1.55 g/100g) UFA. Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) were found to be present in a higher percentage compared to the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in all the samples. Roasted Akpabuyo pear had the highest concentration of SFA (Lauric 28.45 g/100g),Blanched pear samples had lower FA. The consumption of raw and blanched Akpabuyo pear was recommended because of the type and concentration of the FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiansemal Dauh Yeh Cani Village is one of the villages in Abiansemal District. Organic waste processing, especially fruit peel waste, is a serious challenge in realizing a sustainable ecotourism village. One example of organic waste that is often overlooked is pear peel. Although pear flesh is widely consumed, the peel is usually considered waste and is thrown away. Pear peel contains fiber, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for health. The economic potential of pear peel can be processed into products with added value, such as fruit peel chips. The purpose of the training is to manage organic waste sustainably and apply the principle of zero waste. This training has also equipped participants with technical skills in the processing process, from raw material preparation and drying to packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pear black spot, caused by A. gaisen during fruit growth, is a disease that significantly reduces pear yield. Biological control using antagonistic microorganisms is regarded as a viable alternative to chemical agents. The discovery of TRM76147, a novel species of Streptomyces isolated from the Taklamakan Desert, has demonstrated promising potential in addressing this issue. This study was conducted to determine the potential of crude extract of Streptomyces sp. nov., strain TRM76147, for control of A. gaisen. TRM76147 is closely related to Streptomyces griseoviridis NBRC 12874T, exhibiting an average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 82.13%. Combined with the polyphasic taxonomic identification, this suggests that TRM76147 is a potentially new species. Through analyses using BigSCAPE and antiSMASH, it was determined that the TRM76147 genome contains 19 gene clusters. The ethyl acetate extract of this strain demonstrates antifungal activity, with the active substance remaining stable at temperatures up to 70 °C, achieving an activity level of 16.23 ± 0.22 mm. Furthermore, the crude extract maintains its antifungal efficacy across a pH range of 2 to 12. Notably, the antifungal diameter was recorded at 16.53 ± 0.12 mm following 80 min of UV irradiation. Under different treatment conditions, TRM76147 fermentation crude extract caused A. gaisen spore crumpling and spore number reduction. In addition, this study also found that the TRM76147 fermentation broth could control the production of pear black spot disease, which initially revealed the inhibition mechanism. The abundant actinomycete resources in this study have good application and development value in the discovery of new species and the study of bioactive substances and biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal sentiment analysis aims to predict sentiments from multimodal signals such as audio, video, and text. Existing methods often rely on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) to extract semantic information from textual data, lacking an in-depth understanding of the logical relationships within the text modality. This article introduces the Multimodal PEAR (Preliminaries, quEstion, Answer, Reason) Chain-of-Thought (MM-PEAR-CoT) reasoning for multimodal sentiment analysis. Inspired by the human thought process when solving complex problems, the PEAR CoT prompt is first proposed to induce Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate text-based reasoning processes and zero-shot sentiment prediction results. However, text-based CoT reasoning is not always reliable and might contain irrational steps due to the hallucinations of LLMs. To address this, we further design the Cross-Modal Filtering and Fusion (CMFF) module. The filtering submodule utilizes audio and visual modalities to suppress irrational steps in the CoT, while the fusion submodule integrates high-level reasoning information and cross-modal complementary information in the process of semantic representation learning. Experimental results on two multimodal sentiment analysis benchmark datasets show that high-level reasoning information can help learn discriminative text representation, and cross-modal complementary information can avoid misleading by unreasonable steps in the CoT. MM-PEAR-CoT achieves the best results on both datasets, with improvements of 2.2% and 1.7% in binary classification accuracy on the CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI datasets, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply CoT reasoning to multimodal sentiment analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Browning is the key problem hindering the industrialization of pear wine. The use of high‐yield glutathione Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the fermentation of pear wine can inhibit browning. Glutathione reductase (GR) can ensure the reduction of glutathione. Spore immobilization of enzymes is a new technology. It is a new attempt to apply spore‐immobilized GR in combination with high‐yield glutathione S. cerevisiae to inhibit browning of pear wine. Results: Saccharomyces cerevisiae spore immobilization enzyme technology was used to immobilize GR in the spores of mutant S. cerevisiae dit1∆, osw2∆ and chs3∆ and wild‐type S. cerevisiae. The enzyme activity of GR immobilized by chs3∆ spores was the highest of 3.08 U mg−1 min−1. The chs3∆ spore‐immobilized GR had certain resistance to ethanol, citric acid, sucrose, glucose and proteinase K. Electron microscopy analysis showed that the spore wall of chs3∆ had moderate size holes, which might be the main reason why it immobilized GR with the highest enzyme activity. And the GR was immobilized between the prespore membrane and mannoprotein layer of the spore wall. When chs3∆ spore‐immobilized GR (chs3∆‐GR) was added to Dangshan pear wine fermented by high‐yield glutathione S. cerevisiae JN32‐9, the presence of chs3∆‐GR could further protect amino acids, polyphenols and glucose from oxidation, thereby reducing the browning of the pear wine during storage by 47.32%. Conclusion: GR immobilized by S. cerevisiae spores was effective in inhibiting the browning of pear wine. The method was simple, green and effective and did not increase the production cost of pear wine. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants possess the ability to induce programmed cell death (PCD) in response to abiotic and biotic stresses; nevertheless, the evidence on PCD initiation during pear scald development and the involvement of the scald trigger 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) in this process is rudimentary. Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. 'Dangshansuli' pear was used to validate such hypothesis. The results showed that superficial scald occurred after 120-d chilling exposure, which accompanied by typical PCD-associated morphological alterations, such as plasmolysis, cell shrinkage, cytosolic and nuclear condensation, vacuolar collapse, tonoplast disruption, subcellular organelle swelling, and DNA fragmentation. These symptoms were aggravated after MHO fumigation but alleviated by diphenylamine (DPA) dipping. Through transcriptome assay, 24 out of 146 PCD-related genes, which were transcribed during cold storage, were identified as the key candidate members responsible for these cellular biological alternations upon scald development. Among these, PbrCNGC1, PbrGnai1, PbrACD6, and PbrSOBIR1 were implicated in the MHO signaling pathway. Additionally, PbrWRKY2, 34 and 39 could bind to the W-box element in the promoter of PbrGnai1 or PbrSOBIR1 and activate their transcription, as confirmed by dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and transient overexpression assays. Hence, our study confirms the PCD initiation during scald development and explores the critical role of MHO in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire blight is an infectious disease found in apple and pear orchards. While managing the disease is critical to maintaining orchard health, identifying symptoms early is a challenging task which requires trained expert personnel. This paper presents an inspection technique that targets individual symptoms via deep learning and density estimation. We evaluate the effects of including multi-spectral sensors in the model's pipeline. Results show that adding near infrared (NIR) channels can help improve prediction performance and that density estimation can detect possible symptoms when severity is in the mid-high range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The Gα subunit is a major component of heterotrimeric G proteins, which play a crucial role in the development and pathogenicity of several model fungi. However, its detailed function in the causal agent of pear black spot (Alternaria alternata) is unclear. Our aim was to understand the characteristics and functions of AaGA1 in A. alternata. Methods and results AaGA1 was cloned from A. alternata in this study, which encodes 353 amino acids and has a "G-alpha" domain. Mutant ΔAaGA1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, conidiation, and spore germination. Especially, mutant ΔAaGA1 produced only fewer conidia on the V8A medium, and spore formation-related genes AbaA, BrlA , and WetA were significantly downregulated. More tolerance against cell wall-inhibiting agents was observed after the deletion of AaGA1. Moreover, AaGA1 deletion led to a significant reduction in melanin and toxin production. Interestingly, deletion of AaGA1 resulted in defective appressorium-like formations, complete loss of the ability to penetrate cellophane, and decreased infection on non-wound inoculated tobacco leaves. Cell wall-degrading enzyme-related genes PME, CL, Cut2 , and LC were significantly downregulated in mutant ΔAaGA1 mutant, significantly reducing virulence on wound-inoculated pear fruits. Conclusions The G protein alpha subunit AaGA1 is indispensable for fungal development, appressorium-like formations, and pathogenicity in A. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads ("nopalitos") which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of "nopalitos" (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, 86 samples including cladodes from "nopalitos", plants for fruit production, xoconostles, and some wild Opuntia were analyzed via RT-PCR with specific primers for the viruses and viroids previously detected via HTS. Three viruses were discovered [Opuntia virus 2 (OV2), cactus carlavirus 1 (CCV-1), and Opuntia potexvirus A (OPV-A)], along with a previously reported viroid [Opuntia viroid 1 (OVd-1)]. Additionally, two new viroids were identified, provisionally named the Mexican opuntia viroid (MOVd, genus Pospiviroid) and Opuntia viroid 2 (OVd-2, genus Apscaviroid). A phylogenetic analysis, pairwise identity comparison, and conserved structural elements analysis confirmed the classification of these two viroids as new species within the Pospiviroidae family. This is the first report of a pospiviroid and two apscaviroids infecting cactus pears in the world. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the virome associated with cactus pears in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) and PDI-like proteins catalyze the oxidation and reduction in protein disulfide bonds, inhibit aggregation of misfolded proteins, and participate in isomerization and abiotic stress responses. The wild type 'duli' pear (Pyrus betulaefolia) is an important rootstock commonly used for commercial pear tree grafting in northern China. In this study, we identified 24 PDI genes, named PbPDIs, from the genome of 'duli' pear. With 12 homologous gene pairs, these 24 PbPDIs distribute on 12 of its 17 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis placed the 24 PbPDIs into four clades and eleven groups. Collinearity analysis of the PDIs between P. betulaefolia, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa revealed that the PbPDIs of 'duli' pear show a strong collinear relationship with those from Arabidopsis, a dicot; but a weak collinear relationship with those from rice, a monocot. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that most of the PbPDIs were upregulated by salt stress. Identification and expression analysis of 'duli' pear PbPDIs under salt stress conditions could provide useful information for further research in order to generate salt-resistant rootstock for pear grafting in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition with recurrent seizures. One-third of epilepsy patients experience unacceptable side effects from antiepileptic drugs. Pyrus pashia is a deciduous tree from southern Asia. Ethnomedicinally, Malakand tribes use its fruits for epilepsy treatment. Our prior research demonstrated the anticonvulsive properties of ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (EPP) and its bioactive compound chrysin in acute seizure tests. This study aims to investigate the impact of EPP and chrysin on cognitive impairment in a PTZ-induced kindling mice model of epilepsy. Swiss albino male mice were equally divided into four groups. The first group received 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose dissolved in normal saline while the other three groups were pre-treated with Diazepam (DZP) (1 mg/kg, i.p.), EPP (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and chrysin (5 mg/kg, p.o.). After 30 min, all groups were administered PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) and evaluated for seizure severity, cognitive function, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze the expressions of apoptosis biomarkers and memory-related genes, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). The therapeutic effects of EPP and Chrysin were comparable to DZP in terms of reducing seizure severity, but unlike DZP, they prevented PTZ-induced memory impairment in experimental animals. Additionally, they increased the levels of BDNF and CREB while reducing apoptotic biomarkers in the hippocampus of experimental animals. Based on the leads offered by this study EPP and its major bioactive constituent, could be developed as the treatment option for epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a simple and safe alternative intervention, percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) has been gradually adopted by a growing number of neurosurgeons to treat trigeminal neuralgia. A pear-shaped opacity observed fluoroscopically, which indicates full suffusion of Meckel's cave conducting sufficient pressure against Gasserian ganglion, is believed to be the key to its success. Sometimes, a bitten pear may appear due to bubbles in the balloon but is usually ignored. This study aims to investigate the effects of the bubbles on postoperative outcomes. Patient data were obtained from the consecutive cases undergoing PBCs in our department between 2019 and 2021. Among them, pain and numbness were used to assess the efficacy of PBC based on Barrow Neurology Institute (BNI) scoring system. It was defined as an effective outcome if the postoperative pain intensity grade was lower than II. And those with numbness grade > II were regarded as numb incidence. We eventually recruited 59 cases, including 42 in full pear and 17 in bitten pear groups with follow-up time up to 44 months. The early effective rates were 95.2% and 82.4%, respectively (p > 0.05), which turned to 88.1% and 52.9% during the last follow-up period (p < 0.01). This result indicated that the bitten pear gave rise to a significantly higher recurrence. In terms of numbness, there was no significant difference. Gas does not yield enough pressure as liquid, and cannot exert enough pressure to the semilunar ganglion. Therefore, air evacuation should not be ignored before injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal Pyrus spinosa seedlings were tested for their developmental, chlorophyll content and antioxidant performance under soil saline conditions where bacterial and l-methionine exogenous treatments were applied as potential saline alleviation stress schemes. Scaling up saline stress, the number of formed lateral shoots was reduced in all treatments. Medium salt stress (75 mM NaCl) demonstrated a rather unified decline in shoot fresh weight values, which became toxic at 100 mM NaCl, with up to 89.1% shoot fresh weight losses, in comparison to unchallenged status. Both exogenous applications increased root/shoot ratio, providing developmental boost for root growth. Total chlorophyll content values (May–July) did not differ among non-stressed plantlets independently of exogenous treatment. All experimental plantlet lines increased their antioxidant activity on scaled up soil NaCl enrichment. Νo differences in root orientation and their angle frequencies were observed while soil saline exposure took place. In brief, spring–summer exposure of P. spinosa plantlets under 100 mM NaCl saline stress can be manageable, achieving higher root/shoot ratio values, upregulating leaf antioxidant activity and optimizing root growth upon bacterial and l-methionine supplementation. However, many of the examined parameters were found to be not extensively different between exogenously treated plantlets and non-supplemented ones, suggesting a potential role of intergenerational and transgenerational stress memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire blight disease, caused by Erwinia amylovora is present worldwide and affects over 40 countries in Europe where it is listed as a quarantine or regulated pest often due to ineffective control strategies maladapted to the respective production systems. In Portugal, the disease was confirmed in 2010 and the occurrence of disease outbreaks in new production areas has risen over the years. The disease affects the national production of apple and pear fruits, with greater impact on the national pear variety 'Rocha', widely exported to European countries and Brazil. The mild temperatures and high relative humidity promote the progression of the disease during winter, revealing the potential activity of the bacterium in the latency period (LP) of the host. Infection alert risk using the established predictive models Maryblight TM, Cougarblight and BIS98 was put in place in 2013 by Centro Operativo e Tecnológico Hortofrutícola Nacional (COTHN). These attempts to control the spread of this disease, showed low accuracy for the Portuguese epidemiological reality. Within the framework of project Fire4CAST we developed a new epidemiological model to predict fire blight disease using a systems biology approach integrating microbiological, cytological and genomic pathogen data with phenological host development and climatic variables. The presence of E. amylovora was monitored in orchards with fire blight history using standard laboratory tests. Simultaneously, the implementation of immune-flow cytometry (IFCM) highlighted the viability of E. amylovora populations prevailing during winter and early spring, long before bloom risk period. The integration of the whole data set allowed the development of the Fire4CAST predictive model, able to monitor the expected infection date (EID) and to define accurate outbreak alarms. Fire4CAST model enabled the detection of outbreak risk during winter based on rules that consider climatic data variables, which were validated by effective presence of live and active E. amylovora populations and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) data, accomplishing a precision rate of 83%. Field application of Fire4CAST can hopefully guide the implementation of successful control strategies, leading to more sustainable pome chain production areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence and progression of Erwinia amylovora in naturally infected orchards is still not fully understood and the majority of studies have been carried out under controlled or artificial infections. A major hurdle stems from the inability to characterize the viability of the bacterium in its natural state. Most standard tests, including real-time qPCR, fail to differentiate live from dead cells, while culture dependent methods lack sensitivity. Even in orchards with recurring infections, the detection of E. amylovora is erratic. Immuno-flow cytometry (IFCM) is considered a high throughput tool in clinics and food industry but has been rarely used as diagnostic test for plant pathogens. Two pear orchards with fire blight history, located in the central part of Portugal, were selected for epidemiological monitoring between February and June, from 2019 to 2022. A total of 440 samples were tested using EPPO standard diagnostic protocols. To address the epidemiological behaviour of E. amylovora, we devised an IFCM test using specific monoclonal antibodies and viability dyes, validated in a subset of 149 samples, testing positive in routine diagnostic tests. Our IFCM test was able to differentiate live and dead E. amylovora in naturally infected samples with concentrations as low as 3.54 × 104 cell·mL−1, confirming positive results for 91% these samples, while 19.4% were considered positive by isolation, 38% using conventional PCR and 95% for real-time qPCR. Temporal analysis showed the highest number of positive samples regardless of the method employed in April, May and June, while viability values measured with IFCM were the highest in April, coinciding with the exit of dormancy and early flowering of pear trees. Integrative analysis of E. amylovora viability and population dynamics over the growing season allowed identification of distinct outbreak risks associated with these Portuguese pear orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire blight caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora is one of the most damaging diseases of apple and pear trees and many other plant species of the Rosaceae family. So far, it has been detected in almost all areas of pome fruit cultivation and in some regions it causes economic damage every year. Plant protection against fire blight is aimed at both preventing their infection and controlling the disease. However, the protection of plants against bacteriosis is generally difficult due to the small range of plant protection products and the growing doubts about their safety for the environment. Limitations related to their use have resulted in an increased interest in alternative methods, including the method of biological protection using various microorganisms. The first research on biological control agents was conducted in the USA about 100 years ago. Currently, it is also carried out in other countries, especially where fire blight causes economic losses. Commercial products whose active ingredients are mainly bacteria have already been developed. This work is a review of the studies and achievements in this field from its beginnings focusing on the Gram-negative bacteria and bacteriophages as a biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]