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In the case of pandemic crisis situations, a crucial lack of protective material such as protective face masks for healthcare professionals can occur. A proof of concept (PoC) and prototype are presented, demonstrating a reusable custom-made three-dimensionally (3D) printed face mask based on materials and techniques (3D imaging and 3D printing) with global availability. The individualized 3D protective face mask consists of two 3D-printed reusable polyamide composite components (a face mask and a filter membrane support) and two disposable components (a head fixation band and a filter membrane). Computer-aided design (CAD) was used to produce the reusable components of the 3D face mask based on individual facial scans, which were acquired using a new-generation smartphone with two cameras and a face scanning application. 3D modelling can easily be done by CAD designers worldwide with free download software. The disposable non-woven melt-blown filter membrane is globally available from industrial manufacturers producing FFP2/3 protective masks for painting, construction, agriculture, and the textile industry. Easily available Velcro fasteners were used as a disposable head fixation band. A cleaning and disinfection protocol is proposed. Leakage and virological testing of the reusable components of the 3D face mask, following one or several disinfection cycles, has not yet been performed and is essential prior to its use in real-life situations. This PoC should allow the reader to consider making and/or virologically testing the described custom-made 3D-printed face masks worldwide. The surface tessellation language (STL) format of the original virtual templates of the two reusable components described in this paper can be downloaded free of charge using the hyperlink (Supplementary Material online). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional midfacial deficiency in cleft patients is common and is frequently connected to impairment of the aesthetic facial appearance. Different approaches to augment relevant facial regions are available. Alloplastic facial implants have been established as a viable alternative to autologous tissue augmentation in various circumstances. However, in cleft patients, the application of facial implants has rarely been reported. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the use of Medpor implants for midfacial contouring in cleft patients. Fifty-one patients with orofacial clefts were assessed with regard to defined parameters. A range of Paranasal, Malar and Nasal Dorsum Medpor implants had been used. Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) represented the most common indication, followed by bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Bilateral implant insertion was performed as a general rule with few exceptions. Insertion of implants was frequently combined with other cleft-related surgical procedures. Even after orthognathic surgery, midfacial augmentation was implemented to specifically address residual volume deficiency, particularly in the malar region. The complication rate amounted to 4.9% (6/122 implants). Based on our findings, Medpor implants are reliable and long-term stable materials to successfully augment paranasal, subnasal and malar areas as well as a solid nasal dorsum material with few complications in cleft patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Microvascular surgery following tumor resection has become an important field of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Following the results from management of T1/T2 floor-of-mouth and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in German-speaking countries, Europe, and worldwide, this paper presents specific concepts for the management of resection and reconstruction of T3/T4 SCC of the maxillary and mandibular alveolar process and tongue. Methods The DÖSAK questionnaire was distributed in three different phases to a growing number of maxillofacial units worldwide. Within this survey, clinical patient settings were presented to participants and center-specific treatment strategies were evaluated. Results A total of 188 OMFS units from 36 different countries documented their treatment strategies for T3/T4 maxillary and mandibular alveolar process and tongue SCC. The extent of surgical resections and subsequent reconstructions is more consistent than with T1/T2 tumors, although the controversy surrounding continuity resections and mandible-sparing procedures remains. For continuity resection of the mandible the fibula free flap is the most frequently used bone replacement, whereas maxilla reconstruction concepts are less consistent, ranging from locoregional coverage concepts and different microvascular reconstruction options to treatment via obturator prosthesis. Conclusion Results from treatment strategies for T3/T4 tumors underline the limited evidence for the appropriate amount of resection and subsequent reconstruction process, especially in cases involving the mandible. Prospective randomized trials will be necessary in the long term to establish valid treatment guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Microvascular surgery following tumor resection has become an important field of oral maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Following the results on general aspects of current reconstructive practice in German-speaking countries, Europe and worldwide, this paper presents specific concepts for the management of resection and reconstruction of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anterior floor of the mouth and tongue. Methods The DOESAK questionnaire was distributed in three different phases to a growing number of maxillofacial units worldwide. Within this survey, clinical patient settings were presented to participants and center-specific treatment strategies were evaluated. Results A total of 188 OMFS units from 36 different countries documented their treatment strategies for T1/T2 anterior floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma and tongue carcinoma. For floor of mouth carcinoma close to the mandible, a wide variety of concepts are presented: subperiosteal removal of the tumor versus continuity resection of the mandible and reconstruction ranging from locoregional closure to microvascular bony reconstruction. For T2 tongue carcinoma, concepts are more uniform. Conclusion These results demonstrate the lack of evidence and the controversy of different guidelines for the extent of safety margins and underline the crucial need of global prospective randomized trials on this topic to finally obtain evidence for a common guideline based on a strong community of OMFS units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Microvascular surgery following tumor resection has become an important field of oral maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Following the surveys on current reconstructive practice in German-speaking countries and Europe, this paper presents the third phase of the project when the survey was conducted globally. Methods The DOESAK questionnaire has been developed via a multicenter approach with maxillofacial surgeons from 19 different hospitals in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It was distributed in three different phases to a growing number of maxillofacial units in German-speaking clinics, over Europe and then worldwide. Results Thirty-eight units from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 65 remaining European OMFS-departments and 226 units worldwide responded to the survey. There is wide agreement on the most commonly used flaps, intraoperative rapid sections and a trend towards primary bony reconstruction. No uniform concepts can be identified concerning osteosynthesis of bone transplants, microsurgical techniques, administration of supportive medication and postoperative monitoring protocols. Microsurgical reconstruction is the gold standard for the majority of oncologic cases in Europe, but worldwide, only every second unit has access to this technique. Conclusion The DOESAK questionnaire has proven to be a valid and well accepted tool for gathering information about current practice in reconstructive OMFS surgery. The questionnaire has been able to demonstrate similarities, differences and global inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of ultrasonography for the detection of kidney disorders in cats. It says that B-mode ultrasonography provides visualisation of renal shape, size, and internal architecture. It adds that contact-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a technique which involves the use of contrast agents with gas-filled microbubbles encapsulated by a shell. It mentions the identified distinct regions of internal architecture such as renal cortex and sinus.

Abstract: This retrospective study evaluated variables associated with length of stay (LOS) in hospital for 406 admissions of primary cleft lip and palate and alveolus surgery between January 2007 and April 2009. Three patients were treated as day cases, 343 (84%) stayed one night, 48 (12%) stayed 2 nights and 12 (3%) stayed >2 nights. Poisson regression analysis showed that there was no association between postoperative LOS and age, distance travelled, diagnosis and type of operation, with a p value >0.2 for all variables. 60/406 patients stayed 2 nights or more postoperatively mostly due to poor pain control and inadequate oral intake. Patients with palate repair were more likely to have postoperative LOS >1 night, compared to patients with lip repair, p value=0.011. Four patients (1%), all of whom had undergone cleft palate surgery, were readmitted within 4 weeks of the operation due to respiratory obstruction or haemorrhage. Using logistic regression, evidence showed that these readmissions were related to a longer original postoperative LOS. This study shows that length of stay for primary cleft lip, palate and alveolus surgery can in most cases be limited to one night postoperatively, provided that adequate support can be provided at home. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The three important tissue groups in orthognathic surgery (facial soft tissues, facial skeleton and dentition) can be referred to as a triad. This triad plays a decisive role in planning orthognathic surgery. Technological developments have led to the development of different three-dimensional (3D) technologies such as multiplanar CT and MRI scanning, 3D photography modalities and surface scanning. An objective method to predict surgical and orthodontic outcome should be established based on the integration of structural (soft tissue envelope, facial skeleton and dentition) and photographic 3D images. None of the craniofacial imaging techniques can capture the complete triad with optimal quality. This can only be achieved by ‘image fusion’ of different imaging techniques to create a 3D virtual head that can display all triad elements. A systematic search of current literature on image fusion in the craniofacial area was performed. 15 articles were found describing 3D digital image fusion models of two or more different imaging techniques for orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. From these articles it is concluded, that image fusion and especially the 3D virtual head are accurate and realistic tools for documentation, analysis, treatment planning and long term follow up. This may provide an accurate and realistic prediction model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aims of this study were to assess the accuracy of measurements recorded by 3D stereophotogrammetry and to compare three methods of facial measurement: manual anthropometry, 3D stereophotogrammetry and 2D photography. Measurements were taken from 14 landmarks on each of six volunteers and compared. In addition, the variability of the methods was assessed. Three-dimensional measurements were shown to compare well with manual measurements on volunteers as well as test objects for which the mean difference was 0.23mm (shortest distance) and 0.13mm (surface). All the three methods of measurement were found to have good levels of repeatability. Two-dimensional measurements were more variable than manual measurements (P =0.021). Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric measurements were shown to compare well with manual measurements although the values obtained were mostly slightly larger. Stereophotogrammetry allows images to be taken in a Medical Photography Department, facilitating the accurate measurement of facial morphology from digitized data, including changes associated with treatment or growth. There are clear potential benefits of using 3D measurements in the assessment of facial deformity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Malar and paranasal implants offer a way to augment and reconstruct midfacial deformities, and can be used across a broad spectrum of craniofacial deformities. Three patients aged between 13 and 15 years underwent such a procedure. Access was achieved via a labial mucosal approach; ‘super petite’ and ‘petite’ malar and paranasal Medpor implants were inserted in a subperiosteal plane and secured with titanium screws. All patients underwent an uneventful postoperative recovery and have remained pleased with their reconstruction at follow-up. In carefully selected patients, Medpor implants may have a role in teenage cleft patients with subtle midfacial hypoplasia, where formal osteotomies are not felt to be required, or where the lengthy preparation period might not be tolerated. In the cases described, they were used as a bridging or temporizing measure as there was not yet the skeletal maturity for definitive osteotomies. These patients may otherwise face a lengthy wait during their teenage years, in which they may struggle to manage what they may perceive as a significant facial deformity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The safety concerns raised in the letter of Scott et al. are correct and have obviously to be addressed. The current standard is that certified staff carry out standardized tests of the fitting of commercially available masks, to ensure that the masks are efficient and safe. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: The authors report a cystic lesion within a previous unilateral cleft lip and alveolus bone graft site in a 15-year-old girl, 5 years after the secondary bone graft. The cyst comprised respiratory epithelial lining, which is thought to be a remnant of the nasal mucosal lining of the primary cleft. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]