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zheimer's disease (AD) causes amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation in regions such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which have a cognitive function. Besides oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and acetylcholine, the degeneration of glutamatergic pathways in individuals with AD causes acetylcholine accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus, leading to the formation of Aβ plaque. Herein, we investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) which are Cannabis sativa components on AD-like cognitive deficit induced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of Aβ1-42. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: i) Control, ii) Alzheimer, iii) Alzheimer+CBD, and iv) Alzheimer+CBG. The AD model was induced by icv injection of Aβ1-42 and then CBD and CBG treatments were administrated for 2 weeks. Open field test, passive avoidance test, and Morris' water maze test were performed, and on 15th day, the rats were decapitated. Hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed from the brain, and levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA, and Aβ1-42 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. There was no significant difference between the groups in the parameters evaluated by the open field test. In passive avoidance and Morris's water maze tests, both CBD and CBG enhanced the learning-memory functions impaired by AD. CBD and CBG treatments successfully reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in AD. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased expression of Aβ1-42 in CBD and CBG treatment groups. CBD and CBG treatments improved learning and memory deficits in the Aβ1-42 induced AD model. We implicate that these experimental findings would lead to better avenues for targeted studies on C. sativa (a natural product of herbal origin and its components) that can potentially be developed for AD treatment. K [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between primary epithelial ovarian tumors and histomorphologic changes in the fimbrial ends (FEs) of the fallopian tubes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight serous carcinomas (SCs) and 12 non-serous carcinomas (NSC) were studied. Ovarian and concomitant invasive tumors in FEs were labeled with PAX8, WT-1 and Calretinin. Results: Eighty-six percent of SCs were high grade (HG), 14% of were low grade (LG). 71% of SCs (85% HG, 15% LG) had concomitant invasive tumors in FEs. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) was seen in 29% (75% HG, 25% LG), all had concomitant invasive tumors in FEs. The presence of tumors in FEs was statistically significant in SCs (p=0.03). 33% of NSCs had concomitantly invasive tumors in FEs. 67% of endometrioid tumors, 33% of clear cell carcinomas had endometriosis. 50% of mucinous tumors, 67% of endometrioid tumors, 50% of benign Brenner tumors had Walthard nest. Except for mucinous carcinomas, ovarian and concomitant invasive tumors in FEs displayed tubal phenotype (Calretinin-/PAX8+). Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that, invasive tumors and STIC in FEs are not only limited to HGSCs, but can also be seen in LGs. FEs could also be a site of origin for NSCs, however, future studies with more cases are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RES) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial injury rat model. METHODS: Catecholamine-induced heart damage was induced by ISO treatment for 30 days. The rats were divided into four groups as follows: the control group received saline, the ISO group received 5.0 mg/kg ISO, the RES group received 10 mg/kg RES, and the ISO-RES group received 10 mg/kg RES and 5 mg/kg ISO treatments for 30 days. Following echocardiographic measurements and body weight recorded, the rats were decapitated. Plasma and cardiac tissue samples obtained by decapitation were analyzed using biochemical, histopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: In the ISO group, Na+/K+ ATPase activity and ATP content, GSH, and caveolin-3 levels were low. LDH, CK and lysosomal enzyme activities, MDA level, and MPO activity were found to be high. It was determined that GSH and MDA levels and MPO, Na+/K+ ATPase activity, ATP content caveolin-3 levels changes that arose from ISO treatment were suppressed by RES treatment. CONCLUSION: RES treatment has ameliorated all the functional and biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study suggest that RES is a promising supplement against catecholamine exposure as it improves antioxidant defense mechanisms in the heart. In the light of above-mentioned data, RES can be assumed as a promising agent in ameliorating the oxidative injury of the myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/Hypothesis: To investigate the histologic consequences of simultaneous nasal glucocorticosteroid and xylometazoline HCl administration in the rabbit nasal mucosa. Study Design: Prospective randomized study. Methods: Twenty New Zealand male rabbits were randomly placed into three groups: group I, control (n = 6); group II, xylometazoline HCl (n = 8); or group III, xylometazoline HCl-fluticasone furoate (n = 6). Group I received no treatment. Groups II and III received two intranasal puffs of xylometazoline HCl 0.5 mg/mL twice daily or two puffs of xylometazoline HCl 0.5 mg/mL twice daily plus one puff of 27.5 μg fluticasone furoate twice daily to each nostril (110 μg), respectively. At the end of 3 weeks, the rabbits were sacrificed. The mucosa of the nasal cavities was excised. Specimen sections (5 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, mucicarmine, and Gomori one-step trichrome and were examined under a light microscope. The presence of edema, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, nasociliary loss, epithelial and nerve-ending degeneration, and goblet cell increase were evaluated semiquantitatively (grades 0-3). Results: Statistically significant differences were detected between groups II and III in terms of edema, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, nasociliary loss, and epithelial degeneration ( P = .006, P = .049, P = .015, P = .014, and P = .049, respectively). Nerve-ending degeneration, goblet cell increase, and quantitative goblet and neutrophil cell counts did not yield statistically significant differences between groups II and III ( P = .137, P = .580, P = .770, and P = .616, respectively). Conclusions: The combined simultaneous intranasal administration of xylometazoline HCl and fluticasone furoate appears to be beneficial in minimizing the long-term usage-associated congestion, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial degeneration, and nasociliary loss in the rabbit model nasal mucosa. Laryngoscope, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim was to examine the potential protective effects of Myrtus communis subsp. communis leaf ethanol extract (MC) treatment against acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Thirty‐two rats were grouped as the saline‐pretreated control (C), MC‐pretreated control (MC), saline‐pretreated AP (AP), and MC‐pretreated AP (MC + AP) groups. To induce AP, cerulein was administered (50 µg/kg) two times. The rats were given MC for 14 days before cerulein injection. Six hours after the final cerulein injection, the rats were sacrificed. Pancreatic damage was associated with an increase in the serum activity of lipase and amylase, the pancreatic activity of myeloperoxidase, and the pancreatic level of malondialdehyde, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐6. AP also led to a decrease in the pancreatic level of anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 and glutathione. Pretreatment with MC before the induction of AP significantly reduced the pancreatic damage observed during the histological examination as well as reversed the biochemical changes evoked by AP. Practical applications: Acute pancreatitis is characterized by high mortality (average about 5%; severe cases may reach about 30%). The current treatment for acute pancreatitis is mainly symptomatic. The introduction of herbal drugs may lead to the development of a new strategy in the treatment of this disease. This study revealed that MC reduced pancreatic injury by decreasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines, increasing antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10. To the authors' knowledge, this research is the first report showing that MC inhibits the development of AP. This observation suggests that MC may be useful in the prevention and the treatment of AP in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]