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Damage zones are common around faults, but their effects on earthquake mechanics are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how damage affects rupture patterns, source time functions (STF) and ground motions in 2D fully‐dynamic cycle models. We find that back‐propagating rupture fronts emerge in large faults and can be triggered by residual stresses left by previous ruptures or by damage‐induced pulse‐to‐crack transitions. Damage‐induced back‐propagating fronts are modulated by slip rate oscillations, amplify high‐frequency radiation, and sharpen the multiple peaks in STF even in the absence of frictional heterogeneity or fault segmentation. Near‐field ground motion is predominantly controlled by stress heterogeneity left by prior seismicity, and further amplified within the damage zone by trapped waves and outside it by secondary rupture fronts. This study refines our knowledge on damage zone effects on earthquake rupture and identifies their potentially observable signatures in the near and far field. Plain Language Summary: Faults are surrounded by layers of fractured rocks, known as damage zones, which can affect earthquakes and related hazards, but in ways that are still not well understood. Here, by running computer simulations, we investigate how damage zones influence earthquake ruptures and consequent ground motions. Our models fully account for seismic wave effects, produce multiple earthquake cycles, and span a large range of fault lengths and damage zone properties that are representative of natural faults. We identify characteristic patterns of earthquake rupture produced by damage zones: back‐propagating fronts that re‐rupture the fault, and oscillatory fault motions that affect ground shaking amplitude and frequency content. We identify which of these effects might be observable in seismograms recorded near and far from the fault. Overall, our computational study highlights significant effects of damage zones on earthquakes and on the shaking they produce. These results can guide us to better interpret earthquake source and ground motion observations, and to predict the potential characteristics of future events. Key Points: Reduction of nucleation size and pulse‐crack transitions are two distinct damage zone effects that induce back‐propagating rupture frontsDamage effects can enhance high‐frequency radiation and complexity of source time functions, potentially observable in the far fieldBack‐propagating fronts have potential signatures in near‐field seismograms and can affect peak ground motions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Current evidence suggests that high concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers are associated with bipolar disorder characterized by severe impairment during inter-episodic periods, reduced treatment response and persistent subsyndromal symptoms. We tested whether persistent subsyndromal symptoms in euthymic bipolar patients were associated with markers of an ongoing chronic pro-inflammatory process. Methods Forty-five euthymic bipolar patients (22 with subsyndromal symptoms (BD+) and 23 without subsyndromal symptoms (BD-) and 23 well controls (WC) were recruited for assessment of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNF-R1), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) concentrations. Soluble cytokine receptor concentrations were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In comparison to WC, sTNF-R1 concentration was higher in both BD- and BD+ (age and sex adjusted standardized β, respectively: β = 0.34, p = 0.012 and β = 0.41, p = 0.003). Similarly, compared to WC, sIL-6R concentration was higher in both BD- and BD+ (age and sex adjusted standardized β, respectively: β = 0.44, p = 0.001 and β = 0.37, p = 0.008). There was no difference between BD- and BD+ in the concentration of either sTNF-R1 or sIL-6R; plasma concentration of sIL-2R was not analyzed as 75% percent of the samples were non-detectable. Conclusions Although bipolar patients present with a pro-inflammatory shift compared to well controls, subsyndromal symptoms are not associated with additive increasing effects. Longitudinal studies with larger samples are required to clarify the relationship between illness course and inflammatory markers in bipolar disorder.

This research was carried out in Van-Gevaş in 2015 and 2016 with three replications according to the Divided Parcel Trial Design that was divided into random blocks. The experiment involved 2 bean varieties (Aras-98 and Seker-90) x 4 phosphorus dose (0.0, 40.0, 60.0 and 80.0 kg ha-1) x 4 zinc dose (0.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 kg ha-1) x 3 repetition = 72 parcels were planned and examined. In the experiment, 4 different phosphorus (P) doses were applied to the subparcels as TSP (P2O5) fertilizer. and to gold sub-parcels 4 different zinc (Zn) doses were applied as zinc sulfate (ZnS04.7H20) fertilizer. Two bean varieties used in the study on the effect of phosphorus and zinc doses on plant height (cm), the number of pods per plant (units of plant-1), number of branches (plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%) and the effect of protein (%) on grain was also investigated. According to the results obtained in 2015 and 2016, the highest grain yield was obtained from Sugar- 90 beans. In the first year, the highest grain yield was obtained from 3380.00 kg ha-1 and 40.0 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 10.0 kg ha-1 zinc, while in the second year 4250.70 kg ha-1 was obtained in the same phosphorus and zinc dose. As a result, it has been determined that due to degradation in the phosphorus balance in soil, the efficiency of utilization of zinc in plants affects the yield and quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to examine the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3), which was treated to wheat (Triticum durum Desf) seeds before germination, on their germination and the seedling growth under saline conditions. Durum wheat Güney Yıldızı variety, four different GA3 (0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 ppm), and four different salt (0 (control), 50 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl) concentrations were used in the research. Germination power, germination ratio (%), germination index, mean germination time, sensitivity index (%), radicula length (cm), plumula length (cm), radicula fresh weight (mg), radicula dry weight (mg), plumula fresh weight (mg), and plumula dry weight (mg) were examined. The results indicated that the increasing doses of salt prevented germination and growth parameters of wheat (Triticum durum Desf) seeds. It was observed that the doses of GA3 (Gibberellic acid), which were increased gradually before the doses of salt (NaCl), affected germination and growth positively and significantly. The best results of germination characteristics of wheat seed were obtained from the combination of 300 ppm Gibberellic acid + 0 mM (control) salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was planned to determine the correct sowing times of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) varieties under the ecological conditions of Turkey-Mardin. The study was conducted in three different sowing times (15 March, 30 March and 15 April) using 2 quinoa varieties in aqueous conditions in 2017 spring period with three repetitions. At the end of the research; according to the data obtained, the number of plants in the harvest (15.4- 29.2 plants/m²), plant height (73.9-90.3 cm), the main panicle length (31.1-43.9 cm), the number of panicle branches (23.7-29.7 units plant), thousand weight (3.37-3.46 g), grain yield (125.6-1339 kg ha-1), hectoliter weight (6220-6280 kg ha-1) and crude protein ratio (14.8-15.7%) ranged. The highest grain yield was obtained from the application of Valiente and Titicaca (April 15) with 1345-1333 kg ha-1, respectively. As a result of these properties, it was concluded that the most suitable planting time for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation in Mardin may be the second week of April. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate the quality of durum wheat grain. For this reason, genetic resources are crucial for the identification of parents and the enrichment of the gene pool that can be used in the development of new varieties for better nutrition of people. For this purpose, 131 populations of landraces, 9 promising line and 5 new varieties were used. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks with 7 replications, according to the augmented (increased) experimental design in 2015-2016 growing season. In the study, we examined total nitrogen content, protein ratio, CIE (Commission Internationale Eclairage) wheat color analysis (L* brightness, b* jaundice, a* redness) of 145 genotypes of durum wheat seeds. According to analysis of variance, highly significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) were determined for total nitrogen, protein content and CIE L* value, while differences were not significant for b* value and a* value. The superiority of the genotypes was determined by the first two principal components (IPC1 (principle component) and IPC2) in order to create a two-dimensional GT biplot. The sum squares of the first two components were accounted by 45.34% (PC1) and 40.03% (PC2) for genotypes. The GT (genotype x trait) biplot indicated that 9 (nine) sectors occurred among genotypes and quality parameters. On the other hand, three groups occurred among the quality parameters based on the genotypes. The scatter plot demonstrated that there is a high correlation between b* jaundice, and a* redness. The results showed that cultivars and more landraces have general adaptability for all quality parameters, while some genotypes (G79, G78), (G22, G102), (G3) and (G121, G5) showed specific adaptation for N (nitrogen), PC (protein content) and L*, a* and b* values, respectively. According to the biplot techniques, G36 came forward with the N, P and a* value and desirable landraces, G5 for b* value, G30 stable line for all quality parameters, while (G128, G61) and the majority of promising lines (L4, L6) did not come forward with any quality parameters. The results of the study indicated that the majority of landraces can be used as parents to improve the quality of durum wheat varieties. The study indicated that GT biplot can be used to evaluate the genotypes graphically to select the best genotypes for parents to use in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The point source parameters of the 11 November 2019 Le Teil earthquake (Mw 4.9) in France are revisited. Previous hypocenter determinations either located it on the wrong side of the causative fault, or had to restrain the depth ranges to obtain epicenters compatible with the fault geometry. Here, relocation is carried out with three different approaches: (1) using as a master event an aftershock well-recorded by the post-earthquake temporary seismic network; (2) optimizing the velocity model in two subareas; and (3) using a quarry blast. All three approaches concur in a common epicentral area located in the middle of the rupture, confirming its bilateral character. Hypocentral depth is best constrained at $1.5 \pm 0.5~\mathrm{km}$, a range confirmed by waveform inversion. The dip of the SE-dipping nodal plane corresponding to the fault is not well constrained by waveform inversion, but the focal mechanism at rupture initiation determined with the first motions suggests that fault dip may be constant (50°–60°) from the surface down to 1–1.5 km depth. Optimized velocity models point to a strong velocity contrast, mainly in the $V_p/V_s$ ratio, between the NW and the SE sides of the Cevennes fault system, which clearly correlates with the geology.

This study examined the effects of nitrogen doses rate on grain yield (GY) and yield components of spring triticale (×Tritico secale) cultivars in dry area, based on cultivars plus cultivar × nitrogen doses interaction GGE biplot and AMMI analysis. The research was designed to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N) on the grain yield and agronomic performance of two cultivars in two growing seasons (2015-16/2016-17). Split plot layout with in randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used in both years. The response to fertilization levels were evaluated through GGE (Genotype main effects and Genotype x Environment interaction) biplot graphic methodologies and regression. Combined analysis of variance of nitrogen applications of two cultivars showed highly significant (p < 0.01) difference between the cultivars, nitrogen applications and interaction. The grain yield of triticale was most of all affected by cultivars (70.8%) and then by nitrogen doses (23.5%) and interaction (5.7%). On the other hand, the study showed that plant height, number of spikes per m², number of grain of ears and grain yield increased depending on the increasing nitrogen doses of the cultivars. The highest performance of grain yield of both cultivars were associated with nitrogen N3 (120 kg/ha) fertilization in regression and AMMI analysis. The results showed that 80 kg/ha N application can be recommended in triticale traits and grain yield with Esin (new) cultivar. Further more, we found that the GGE biplot method generated highly useful results with high visual quality in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On November 11, 2019, a M$_{\mathrm{w}}$ 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower Rhône Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE–SW La Rouvière normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E–W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional Cévenne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised. Method: The study was carried out with 80 patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, 26 patients diagnosed with bipolar II disorder and 42 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder attending the out- and in-patient psychiatry departments of three university hospitals and one training hospital and 116 healthy volunteers consisting of university students. Mean duration of illness was 15.1 years for the bipolar disorder group and 9.3 years for the major depressive disorder group. For concurrent validity, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire was used. In the statistical analysis, internal consistency coefficient, item-total score correlation coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, correlation with concurrent scale and ROC curve were calculated. Results: Translation into Turkish and back-translation into English of Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised were performed and thus the semantic harmony of the scale was obtained. In the internal consistency, Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.914 and item-total score correlations were between 0.235-0.743. Unlike the rest, the coefficient of item #23 was found as 0.110. In factor analysis, six factors were obtained; however, a two-factor solution representing 44.5% of the total variance was accepted whereas the first factor represents overactivity and being expansive, where the second factor represents impulsivity and risky behaviors. Correlation of Hypomania Checklist-32-R with Mood Disorder Questionnaire was r=0.379. In the ROC analysis, the cutoff point of the scale was calculated as 14 with a sensitivity of 71.0 and specificity of 69.8. The scale discriminates well between the bipolar group, depressive and control groups. Conclusion: Hypomania Checklist-32-Revised developed for screening hypomania is reliable and valid in Turkish after exclusion of item #23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the level of alexithymia and difficulties in emotion regulation can predict pathological gambling. The research also examines the mediating role of emotional dysregulation in the relationship between alexithymia and pathological gambling. Method: The sample consists of 246 male gamblers. The average age was 33.30 years with a standard deviation of 11.62. In addition to the sociodemographic form, The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were used to collect data. Results: Regression analyses revealed that the amount of money bet on gambling, total score of TAS-20, and DERS significantly predicted pathological gambling. Furthermore, difficulties in emotion regulation have a partial mediator role in the relationship between alexithymia and pathological gambling. Conclusion: It is argued that individuals with high levels of alexithymia become prone to addictive behavior via emotional dysregulation. In addition to the alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation also play an important role in pathological gambling. In this context, this study contributes to relevant literature by discussing alexithymia, emotion regulation, and pathological gambling in relation with one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Temperament and personality in bipolar-I (BP-I) patients have been studied but temperament and personality in BP-I patients comorbid with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been studied before. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ADHD on the temperament and personality of BP-I patients in remission. Methods: Patients with a BP-I disorder diagnosis (n=121, female 71, male 50) were matched with control group with no known psychiatric illness (n=100, female 55, male 45) according to age, sex, education were recruited from consecutive admissions. After the sociodemographic form, SCID-I for childhood and adult ADHD and the other axis-I diagnoses according to DSM-IV criteria and SCID-II have been applied to all patients and control group. All patients were interviewed for the presence and history of current adult and childhood ADHD diagnosis. The subjects also completed the Adult ADD/ADHD DSM-IV Based Diagnostic and Screening Rating Scale Turkish version and the Turkish version of TEMPS-A Scale. Results: Adult ADHD diagnosis were observed in bipolar I patients with 21.7% (n=26) and in control group with 7% (n=7). Tempera-ment measurements revealed depressive type was found more commonly in the pure BP-I and the comorbid BP-I with adult ADHD group compared to the pure control group. There was no severe depressive temperament in the pure control group. When BP-I and the comorbid BP-I with adult ADHD group were analysed separately for the depressive temperament, there were no difference between the pure BP-I and the comorbid BP-I with adult ADHD group. The the comorbid BP-I with adult ADHD group were observed to have moderate/severe episodes, earlier and longer maintenance treatment periods. All three groups differ in terms of personality disorder. Antisocial personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder were observed only in the comorbid BP-I with adult ADHD group. Conclusion: BP-I disorder comorbid with adult ADHD has significant clinical implications which may relate to a personality disorder. This may be due to the influence of ADHD on BP-I disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTraditional mindfulness-based stress reduction programs are resource intensive for providers and time- and cost-intensive for participants, but the use of mobile technologies may be particularly convenient and cost-effective for populations that are busy, less affluent, or geographically distant from skilled providers. Women in southern Louisiana live in a vulnerable, disaster-prone region and are highly stressed, making a mobile program particularly suited to this population. ObjectiveThis study aimed to (1) assess the feasibility and acceptability of a mobile mindfulness app in real-world conditions in a pilot study of a community sample of women residing in southern Louisiana, (2) describe predictors of app usage, and (3) assess the effect of the app on secondary health outcomes. MethodsWomen were recruited from an oil spill study on health. A total of 236 women completed a baseline survey, were offered the mobile mindfulness program, and completed a follow-up survey. Subjects were asked to download and use the app for at least 30 days for 10 min. All study procedures were completed on the web. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of the app and characteristics of app utilization. Secondary outcomes included mindfulness, depression, perceived stress, sleep quality, physical activity, BMI, and healthy eating. ResultsOverall, 74.2% (236/318) of subjects completed the follow-up survey, and 13.5% (43/318) used the app. The main barrier to app usage was lack of time, cited by 37% (16/43) of users and 48.7% (94/193) of nonusers of the app. Women who chose to use the app were more highly educated (16/43, 63% had a college education vs 65/193, 33.7% of nonparticipants; PUS $50,000 per year vs 77/193, 43.0% of nonparticipants), and were employed (34/43, 79% vs 122/193, 63.2% of nonparticipants; P=.047). Those who engaged with the app did so at high levels, with 72% (31/43) of participants self-reporting the completion of some or all sessions and 74% (32/43) reporting high levels of satisfaction with the app. Participation with the app had a beneficial impact on depression (odds ratio [OR] 0.3, 95% CI 0.11-0.81), sleep quality (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02-0.96), sleep duration (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.07-0.86), sleep latency (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.11-0.81), and physical activity (2.8 95% CI 1.0-7.8), but mindfulness scores did not change from baseline to follow-up. ConclusionsThe Headspace mobile mindfulness app was easy and cost-effective to implement and acceptable to those who participated, but few women elected to try it. The unique characteristics of this southern Louisiana population suggest that more intense promotion of the benefits of mindfulness training is needed, perhaps in conjunction with some therapist or researcher support. Several short-term benefits of the app were identified, particularly for depression and sleep.

Abstract: The removal of bilateral olfactory bulbs (OBs) can result in serious behavioral, neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and neuroimmune alterations in depressed patients. However, there is little information on how olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) leads to depression. Habenular nuclei and their connections are important in the regulation of psychomotor and psychosocial behaviors through afferent impulses of the olfactory system. Therefore, we investigated whether OB lesions lead to habenular degeneration. We used a sample of 50 rats (25 female and 25 male) for this study. Of these rats, five male and five female rats were taken as the control group. The remaining 40 rats (20 male and 20 female rats) constituted the study group, and frontal burr holes were performed at the OB level on these rats. OB cauterization was applied to 10 male and 10 female rats (n =10, 10; study group 1), mechanical OBX was applied to five male and five female rats (n =5, 5; study group 2), and no procedure was performed on the remaining 10 rats (n =5, 5). The psychomotor movements; pregnancy rates; and sexual, feeding, maternal, social, and grooming behaviors for both study groups were observed daily for 3 months. Their OBs, olfactory cortices, and habenular complexes were examined using stereological methods. All of the animals in the study groups, especially in the cauterization group, demonstrated anorexia, nutritional disorders, weight loss, psychomotor retardation, sexual aversion, decreased grooming behavior, and reduced social interaction similar to depression symptoms. As compared to the control group, the pregnancy rates, number of offspring per mother rat, and birth weights in the study groups were lower, whereas the number of stillbirths was higher. Gross anatomical examinations revealed that the OBs of all of the animals in the study groups were atrophied. Histopathological examinations detected prominent neuronal loss due to apoptosis in the habenular structures in the study groups. We detected a relationship between a decreased healthy neuronal density of the habenula and depressive symptomatology in rats with OBX. We suggest that olfaction disorders might cause neuropsychiatric disorders by affecting neuronal degeneration in habenular nuclei. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry / Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Assaults on health professionals have been an area of burgeoning clinical and political interest in recent years. There is now a body of literature suggesting that violence towards psychiatrists is more common than to other doctors. Thus far the vast majority of research in this area has been conducted in Western European and North American clinical settings. For the first time, this study examines this issue in the context of Turkish psychiatric settings.Objective: (i) The study aims to detect the prevalence of verbal and physical assaults towards psychiatrists in Turkey. (ii) It aims to compare the experience of verbal and physical assaults according to the gender and training experience of psychiatrists. (iii) The paper intends to investigate how psychiatrists reacted to and appraised the experience of violence.Methods: A questionnaire was prepared to evaluate violence towards psychiatrists (adapted from the Overt Agression Scale). The questionaire was administered to psychiatric specialists and residents working in state hospitals, research and training hospitals, mental health hospitals and university psychiatry clinics. A response rate of 93% was achieved with 186 out of 200 psychiatrsits approached completing the study questionnaire.Results: Of all the psychiatrists who responded, 71% reported having experienced verbal or physical assaults during their professional life (verbal assaults only (19.9%), physical assaults only (2.7%) and both (48.4%)). Of these, 26% suffered injury to at least a mild degree. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of gender and workplace. In spite of the extremely high rates of aggression and violence towards psychiatrists, roughly 50% perceived these acts a normal part of their job and only 5% formally reported the violent incident.Conclusion: The majority of psychiatrists described having been victims of verbal and physical assaults although half perceived aggression and violence as a normal part of their job. Levels of reporting of violence were very low in the context of this study. Studies such as this provide evidence to inform the development of improved management of violence and may encourage psychiatrists to report violence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Dusunen Adam: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) in males and females is almost equal. The onset of BD in females typically occurs during the reproductive years, complicating its treatment. Although it was once believed that pregnancy prevents recurrence, studies have shown that recurrence is common and severe during pregnancy. On the other hand, the effects of pharmacological treatment on obstetrical outcome are not well known and some of these agents are considered teratogenic. Thus, the decision to treat pregnant patients with psychotropic agents requires solving an ethical dilemma. Risk-benefit decisions should be made while considering both the risk of relapse of BD and its morbidity, and the risk of fetal exposure to psychotropic medications. Moreover, the risk of recurrence increases dramatically in the postpartum period. It is well known that all of the psychotropic medications studied enter the breast milk. Thus, their effects on infants should be considered while prescribing for a breastfeeding mother. The aim of this review was to discuss the safety profiles of the treatment options for pregnant and breastfeeding BD patients. Firstly, each medication's effects on organ dysgenesis, neonatal toxicity, and neurobehavioral development, and their associated adverse events during pregnancy and the postpartum period are discussed, with a focus on the emerging literature. Given this background, practical suggestions on tailoring treatment in BD patients, from preconception to breastfeeding are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder is a severe mental illness that afflicts approximately 1% of the world's population, and is characterized by mood swings from elation to depression. Although the etiology of bipolar disorder remains unclear, heritable factors have been shown to be involved. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest a genetic etiology. Molecular genetic studies also support a genetic component. Many chromosomal regions have been implicated by these molecular genetic studies, but no single susceptibility gene has been identified. These findings show that bipolar disorder has a complex genetic etiology in which multiple unidentified genes and environmental factors play an important role in its pathogenesis. Herein, molecular genetic studies of bipolar disorder are reviewed based on a search of Medline using the key words, bipolar, genetic, and chromosome. Studies with positive results for bipolar disorder were selected first. The findings from these molecular genetic studies are reviewed systematically, chromosome by chromosome. Causes of the differences between the reported findings and of non-replication are discussed. Finally, important factors for designing a genetic study of bipolar disorder are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the attitudes and behaviors of psychiatrists and psychiatry residents towards pharmaceutical representatives and their promotional activities, and to evaluate the effect of the duration of residency and type of the training institution on these attitudes and behaviors. Method: A validated questionnaire for assessing the attitudes and behaviors of physicians towards the pharmaceutical industry was administered to psychiatrists and psychiatry residents at regional meetings. Of the 1973 participants, 348 responded. Results: Although there was significant interaction between psychiatrists and pharmaceutical representatives, 50.7% of psychiatrists reported that they thought these interactions had no impact on their prescribing practices. First- and second-year residents agreed more than the other residents and the specialist that pharmaceutical representatives provided accurate information and had no effect on physician prescribing practices. First- and second-years residents agreed less than older residents that pharmaceutical representatives used marketing techniques . The psychiatrists regarded most of the pharmaceutical promotions as appropriate. State hospital staff agreed more than the university hospital staff that the pharmaceutical industry should support educational meetings in their institutions. Conclusion: There was intense interaction–characterized by undefined boundaries–between psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical industry. Most physicians were not provided any guidelines concerning their interactions with pharmaceutical representatives and there was general concern about the necessity of restricting these interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In binary regression the risk factor X has been treated in the literature as a non-stochastic variable. In most situations, however, X is stochastic. We present solutions applicable to such situations. We show that our solutions are more precise than those obtained by treating X as non-stochastic when, in fact, it is stochastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine brainstem volumes, number of plaques, and surface areas in the occipital lobes of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), and to investigate whether there is any correlation between brainstem volume and the number/surface areas of plaque in the occipital lobes. Material and Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained on 14 relapsing‐remitting (RR) and 13 secondary progressive (SP) MS patients and 26 female control subjects. The Cavalieri method was used by modern design stereology to measure brainstem volume. The point‐counting grid was used to evaluate sclerotic plaque surface areas in the occipital lobe. The number of plaques in the imaging section was calculated. Results: Brainstem volumes for RR and SP with multiple sclerosis and control subjects were 3647 mm 3 , 3515 mm 3 , and 4517 mm 3 , respectively. Mean number of plaques in the right‐left occipital lobe was found to be 2.7–3.4 in RR‐MS and 5.2–2.8 in SP‐MS. Mean plaque surface area in the right‐left occipital lobe was determined to be 58.52–88.24 mm 2 in RR MS and 124.3–64.82 mm 2 in SP MS. Brainstem volumes were significantly reduced in both groups of patients with MS compared to controls ( P <0.01). Conclusion: Magnetic‐resonance‐estimated volume and surface area values in multiple sclerosis may facilitate our understanding of the clinical situation of patients and provide a simple index for evaluating therapeutic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routine semen examination remains an important tool for the diagnosis and treatment in human subfertility. Of all semen parameters, sperm morphology seems to be one of the most powerful indicators of a man's fertilizing potential in vitro and in vivo. Lack of standardization of sperm morphology assessments remains the main reason for the usefulness of this parameter. The aim of this study was to analyze the agreement between the wet-stained preparations versus those stained with modified Diff-Quik for sperm morphology. A total of 100 unselected semen samples from infertile couples were analyzed. Sperm morphology was evaluated with unstained specimens and following modified Diff-Quik staining according to the strict (Kruger classification) criteria by two different examiners (intralaboratory blind assessment). Mean percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa were identical on wet and stained preparation slides (4.79 vs. 4.61, p >.05). Wide divergence of results was found with respect to the percentage of sperm with head and midpiece defects with the two different preparations (p >.001). The percentage of sperm tail defects was similar in both methods (p >.05). Simple linear regression analysis between the two methods revealed very good correlation for the morphologically normal spermatozoa (r = .83), but poor correlation for the sperm head, midpiece, and tail defects (r = .25, .25, and .28, respectively). Wet preparation is suitable only for the morphologically normal spermatozoa, but to determine the percentage of the defective spermatozoa, staining the smear is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peritoneal environment in endometriosis is known to have growth-promoting effects on endometrial cells. To investigate whether follicular fluid, a contributor to the peritoneal fluid, stimulates endometrial cell proliferation, we incubated endometrial stromal cells in culture with various dilutions of follicular fluid obtained from women with or without endometriosis undergoing oocyte retrieval for in-vitro fertilization. Cell proliferation assays were performed using follicular fluid from 28 women (without endometriosis, n = 13; with endometriosis, n = 15) in eight different endometrial stromal cell culture set-ups. Cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method. Maximum cell proliferation was detected when endometrial cells were incubated with 50% dilution of follicular fluid for 48 h. Follicular fluid from women with endometriosis induced significantly higher cell proliferation than follicular fluid from women without endometriosis (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that follicular fluid contents may contribute to the growth-promoting factors in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction of genetic monogerm seed and the advancement of agricultural techniques raised the possibility of eliminating costly thinning operations in sugar beet farming. However, this requires high and uniform seedling emergence to provide prerequisite plant populations in the field. This work investigated the minimum levels of seedling emergence for non-thinned sugar beet farming. The experiment was carried out in a loamy soil to investigate the effects of three levels of emergence (60, 50 and 35%) and two intra-row spacings (8 and 15cm) with or without thinning using seed source of graded viability of cv Eva in 1992 and 1993 under field conditions in Eastern Anatolia. Plant population throughout the growing period was monitored and data were taken of yield and quality parameters. On average, 60, 50 and 35% emergence levels were achieved using seed source of 90, 72 and 54% viability range, which resulted in different levels of plant stands depending on intra-row spacing and thinning, Plant density at harvest ranged between 49 500 and 124 500 ha-1 on average depending on initial establishment, intra-row spacing and thinning. Root yield and sugar yield were the highest at plant stands between 90000 and 100000 ha-1, below or above of which declined. Impurity contents (e.g. Na, K and a-amino N contents) and extractable sugar content decreased but sugar content and clear juice purity enhanced as plant stands at harvest increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local environment of peritoneal fluid (PF) surrounding the endometriotic implant is immunologically dynamic and links the reproductive and immune systems. Peritoneal fluid contains a variety of free floating cells, including macrophages, mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells. Macrophages are attracted to the peritoneal environment more abundantly than any other cell type. These scavengers promote cellular growth and viability through secretion of growth factors and cytokines. It is now becoming evident that cytokines play an important role in reproduction at various levels, including gamete function, fertilization and embryo development, implantation and postimplantation survival of the conceptus. Peritoneal fluid has been shown to affect negatively ovum capture by the fimbria, sperm survival, spermatozoon-oocyte interaction and embryonic development. We have recently identified the presence of two pro-inflammatory chemoattractant cytokines for monocyte/macrophages (MCP-1) and for granulocytes (interleukin-8, IL-8) in the PF. Concentrations of both IL-8 and MCP-1 are not only elevated in PF of women with endometriosis compared to those without endometriosis, but they are related to the severity of the disease. Over the past 70 years, at least a dozen theories have been proposed to explain the histogenesis and aetiology of endometriosis. It appears that the aetiology is multifactorial, and today a composite theory of retrograde menstruation with implantation of endometrial fragments in conjunction with peritoneal factors to stimulate cell growth is the most widely accepted explanation for peritoneal endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abdomino-pelvic adhesions arise from infection, endometriosis, or peritoneal injury during surgery, and represent a significant source of morbidity in women of reproductive age. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays a role in the chemotaxis of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts in a murine wound repair model. To evaluate the role of MCP-1 in intraperitoneal adhesion formation, we investigated peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels of women undergoing laparoscopy. Patients without endometriosis were divided into two groups: normal fertile women undergoing bilateral tubal ligation without intraperitoneal adhesions (n=14) and women with pelvic adhesions (n=8). Patients with endometriosis were arranged into two groups: women with (n=17) and without (n=17) adhesions. Peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peritoneal biopsy samples were immunostained for the detection of MCP-1 protein and macrophages, and were also processed for the presence of MCP-1 mRNA expression. Among women without endometriosis, the median peritoneal fluid MCP-1 level was 144 pg/ml (range 54-261) in women without adhesions and was 336 pg/ml (range 130-2494) in women with adhesions (P=0.01). There was a significant correlation between adhesion scores and MCP-1 levels (r=0.50; P=0.018). Among women with endometriosis, peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels significantly correlated with the stage of the disease. The presence or absence of adhesions did not significantly affect the peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels in this group of women. In summary, we have found that women with adhesions have elevated peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels. However, we were not able to show an incremental effect of adhesions on peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels of patients with endometriosis. Thus, we conclude that factors besides the intraperitoneal adhesions contribute to the elevated peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels in patients with endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a 43 kDa glycoprotein with a remarkable range of biological actions in different tissue systems. LIF improves the rate of fertilization of mouse oocytes in vitro and up-regulates aromatase enzyme. We postulated that LIF may be an important modulator of ovarian function and may also improve embryo quality in humans. Follicular fluid samples from patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (n = 123), from women undergoing ovarian stimulation (n = 4) and from women undergoing laparoscopy for tubal ligation during their follicular phase (n = 3) were used. Follicular fluid LIF, oestradiol, and progesterone were measured and embryo quality was assessed. Granulosa-lutein cells were cultured for 3 days in Ham's F-12:Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Ovarian stromal cells, isolated by enzymatic dispersion of ovarian tissue, were also cultured in the same medium. Following experimental treatments, LIF mRNA and protein concentrations were quantified. The concentration of LIF was 0.8 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SEM) pg/ml in pre-human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) follicular fluid samples and 13.0 +/- 1.1 pg/ml in post-HCG follicular fluid samples (P < 0.05). LIF levels were undetectable in three follicular fluid samples obtained during unstimulated follicular phase. There was a correlation between follicular fluid LIF and follicular fluid oestradiol concentrations (r = 0.36; P = 0.0001) and the number of grade I embryos (r = 0.62; P = 0.01). LIF mRNA and the protein were expressed constitutively but in low amounts in the ovarian stromal cell cultures. The concentrations of LIF mRNA as well as protein were increased by interleukin (IL)-1alpha and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Purified granulosa-lutein cells expressed low amounts of LIF mRNA and protein which were not significantly increased by IL-1alpha or TNF alpha. Our findings suggest that HCG stimulates the expression of LIF in follicular fluid. Both granulosa-lutein and ovarian stromal cells express the LIF mRNA and produce the protein. Modulation of LIF in these cells may play an important role in the physiology of ovulation and early embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To revisit thoracic endometriosis cases in literature and compare symptoms, diagnosis, pathology, treatment and follow-up based on the catamenial or non-catamenial nature of the disease. A PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted using the key words: diaphragm endometriosis, thoracic endometriosis, thoracic endometriosis syndrome, catamenial pneumothorax. n/a 480 cases of thoracic endometriosis were included in this review. 61 presented with non-catamenial symptoms and 419 had catamenial symptoms. Patients were compared based on the presence of chest pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis, pneumothorax history, pneumothorax type, use and types of imaging techniques, pre- and postoperative medication, type of surgery, presence of endometriosis in pathological evaluation, location of thoracic endometriosis, follow-up period and recurrence. Types of surgeries evaluated in this review were laparoscopy (LS), laparotomy (LT), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), thoracotomy. A significantly higher number of patients presented with preoperative chest pain (79.7%), dyspnea (52.2%) and pneumothorax (78.9%) in the catamenial group (p <0.001). Pneumothorax occurred more frequently on the right side in both groups. 285 patients (68%) in the catamenial group received a positive imaging finding whereas this number was significantly less in the non-catamenial group (59%, p = 0.003). Majority of patients in both groups didn't receive any pre-/post-operative medication. VATS was the most common surgery in the catamenial group (56.6%). Whereas LT/LS was more frequently performed in the non-catamenial group (70.5%). Majority of the patients in both groups received a pathological finding of endometriosis Catamenial and non-catamenial nature of the disease caused a significant difference in presenting symptoms, preoperative evaluation, surgical and medical treatment and recurrence. Although most of patients presented with catamenial disease, majority of the non-catamenial patients also received a positive pathological finding. Therefore, it is important to keep thoracic endometriosis in mind when dealing with patients with non-catamenial symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate decompression of sacral nerves from aberrant vessels and fibrous tissue located on the plexus. Video presentation of two cases. Tertiary center specializing in advanced gynecologic surgery and neuropelveology. Case 1: A 43-year-old gravidity 1 parity 1 female patient presented with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and pudendal pain with dysuria. Gynecological examination revealed deep infiltrative endometriosis with rectovaginal nodule and partial obliteration of pouch of Douglas. She had a history of laparoscopic endometriosis surgery with left oophorectomy and was treated with intravascular coil embolization for pelvic congestion syndrome. Case 2: A 41-year-old gravidity 1 parity 1 female patient presented with chronic pelvic pain and left sided sciatic pain with chronic dysesthesia in the dermatome of sciatic nerve without any motor deficit of lower extremity. Gynecological examination revealed deep infiltrative endometriosis and full obliteration of pouch of Douglas. She had a history of multiple laparoscopic and laparotomic operations for endometriosis. Robot-assisted laparoscopic sacral nerve decompression and dissection of cul-de-sac with rectal nodule shaving (case1) and laparoscopic sacral nerve decompression and dissection of cul-de-sac (case 2). Patients were evaluated at 3rd and 6th month postoperatively. Both patients report significant pain reduction with visual analog scale score. Since lumbosacral plexus is located over the sacral bone, it can be compressed easily by an abnormal structure (abnormal vessels, fibrous tissue, tumor, etc.) located on the plexus. Deep infiltrative endometriosis may affect retroperitoneal tissue by causing fibrosis. An abnormal vessel, which is located on the sacral plexus may entrap the roots much easier with coexisting fibrosis. On six moths follow up the visual analog scale score of case 1 and 2 decreased from 10 to 4 and 10 to 3, respectively. Patients are still under surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]