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Given the uncertainty surrounding the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the precautionary principle and constitution provide that consumers should have the right to access adequate information on the presence of transgenics through food labelling. This article discusses the implications of proposed modifications to GM food labelling in Brazil. Current labelling legislation and the government agencies involved in labelling do not guarantee that food products not bearing GMO labels are free of transgenics. The approval of Chamber of Deputies Bill No. 34/2015 goes against the Consumer Protection Code by undermining consumer autonomy and choice. In addition, it is likely to weaken the country's biosurveillance capabilities to identify and seize products that have a harmful effect on the health of humans, animals and the environment. The proposed changes constitute a retrograde step in the regulation of food labelling in Brazil and violate the individual and collective rights enshrined in the Federal Constitution, Consumer Protection Code, and international agreements signed by Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Disease resistance gene pyramiding is a widely used strategy to enhance resistance durability. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was applied to pyramide the alleles Run1 and Ren3, which confer resistance against grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). Two F1 full-sibs carrying Run1 and Ren3 in heterozygosity were selfed to develop the breeding populations used in the analysis. From the 637 genotyped plants, 313 (50.6%) had the Run1 and Ren3 pyramided. Seven (1.1%) of them exhibited the two resistance alleles in homozygosity. Plants without any resistance alleles had the highest disease severity (X̅ = 7.3), while the ones with the Run1 allele both in homozygosity and heterozygosity were highly resistant (X̅ = 1.5). Similar level of resistance was observed in the plants containing Run1 and Ren3 pyramided (X̅ = 1.3). Plants containing Run1 and Ren3 pyramided in homozygosity are important genetic resources for grape breeding programs in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]