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Background: Stressful situation are among the challenging experiences especially in clinical setting. The aim of this study was to compare the level of work-related stress among nurses working in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), General ward and Emergency setting. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at different private tertiary hospitals of Karachi in 2017-2018. Two stage sampling technique including quota and convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. A total of 225 participants were recruited. Pre-validated questionnaire was used which contained different stress related categories. Midwives, nursing assistants, part time nurses and nurses employed at management positions were excluded from the study. Data were presented as frequency and percentage and mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test was used for examine association of categorical variables. The SPSS used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 26.5±2.4 years. Stress among nurses working in emergency department was found to be highest in all categories. Management related stress was 77.3% and 69.3% due to criticism by supervisor and inadequate support by supervisor, respectively. Patient related stress was 72% and 64% due to health risk posed by patient contact and communication about death to patient. About 81.3% of the nurses of emergency department reported high level of stress due to covering work for another employee followed by 66.7% related to working overtime. Moreover, 86.7% and 62.7% of participants had high level of stress due to inadequate salary and lack of recognition. Conclusion: The study concludes that the level of stress varies within different departments in the hospitals. There are several work-related stressors that found more in Emergency department than ICU or General ward.

Background: Gestational diabetes is a condition due to glucose intolerance that occurs in the few of the mothers during gestation. The pathophysiology originates as a result of increased placental hormones which have strong diabetogenic effect. It is strongly associated with multiple problems in mother and the baby and can even leads to unexplained fetal deaths in the end trimesters. So it is important to diagnose and treat females who are at greater risk than the others for developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Objective: To access the high risk factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus in 75 GDM diagnosed females Methods: After screening and diagnoses 75 GDM patients (Diabetic, Group B) and 25 normal healthy patients (Control, Group A) in Lyari General and Mamji Hospital were enrolled in the study. Their detailed history was taken regarding occupation, parity, history of abortions, still births, preterm births and family history of diabetes. Parameters including age, weight, fasting and random blood sugar level and glycated hemoglobin were recorded in a predesigned data form. The results were evaluated using SPSS 16. Results: Statistically significant difference was found between the mothers of diabetic and normal control group as regards the weight, age (p-value=0.01 and p=0.03) and family history of diabetes (p-value=0.00). Non-significant differences were found in the maternal occupation, parity, abortions, still births and pre-term births between the two groups Conclusion: Advance maternal age, weight and familial association of diabetes are the risk factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes. KEY WORDS: Diabetes, Gestational, Risk Factors, Glucose intolerance, Pregnancy trimester

Objective of Study: The objective of this study is to have an insight on student’s attitudes regarding histology’s clinical relevance in public and private sector medical college. Methodology: A cross sectional survey for attitude analysis towards histology’s clinical importance was carried out among 200 third year medical students from private and public sector medical college. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis questionnaire was employed to find the attitude score. Results: Students of both public and private sector medical college show scepticism towards the clinical importance of histology. There was no marked difference in the attitudes of students of public and private sector medical college. Most data remained on the borderline of the attitude scale employed. Conclusion: This study provided useful information for the teachers that students do not appreciate the clinical importance of histology much. Teachers need to devise strategies and to work on the students helping them comprehend the importance of histology.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal discomfort is one of the most prevalent muscular pain condition hindering normal activities reported by physical therapists and health care professionals generally engaged in handling and mobilizing patients. The study was conducted to find the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and level of functional limitations in physiotherapists. Method: This research was questionnaire based cross sectional study conducted in Karachi city from January to April 2019.Data collection was completed from registered physical therapists employed in different institutions. Two questionnaires were filled by the physiotherapists. Questionnaire 01, including thirteen questions on functional activities of daily life which are potentially related to functional areas of Neck Disability Index (NDI). Questionnaire 02 was based on 1987 version of Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Results: Participation of 80 physical therapists in the study.75% was directly involved with patient handling and 25% were teachers. A total of 35% therapists reported 7 days symptoms prevalence with a higher prevalence in cervical (77.1%), lower back (68.6%) and upper back (51.4%). Similarly 65% workers showed previous 12 month symptoms with higher prevalence in neck (72.3%). Gender prevalence of 7days and 12 months was high in female therapist. Conclusion: It has been concluded that 12 month prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was 65%, whereas 7 days was 35% and level of functional limitation from activities was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]