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States are modernizing the use of equitable remedies for state law. Their authority to do so is widely accepted. But one thing stands in the way--the federal courts. Bound by "traditional equitable principles," federal courts dismiss state law claims seeking equitable remedies, even when state law makes the litigant's desired remedy available. Problematically, it is not clear where those traditional equitable principles come from, nor why or how they supplant state law--the very inquiries that the renowned Erie case requires. This Article examines what happens when traditional equitable principles face off against contemporary state law remedies. The resolution offered here preserves state law's remedial design while also accounting for traditional understandings of the federal judicial role in awarding equitable remedies. This Article argues that the traditional principles of equity should be understood as limitations on federal court subject matter jurisdiction. In fact, these principles historically served a jurisdictional function and continue to operate precisely like jurisdictional limits in operation and purpose but lack the formal classification. While federal courts frequently reference their "equitable jurisdiction," there has been no attempt to doctrinally justify traditional equitable principles as jurisdictional and entitled to the treatment that comes with the label. This Article provides that justification. To the extent that state remedial law exceeds the bounds of federal court jurisdiction, therefore, such cases should be adjudicated by state courts with the authority to act beyond equity's traditional limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 6 years, we have offered an integrated weekly laboratory focusing on research methods as part of our general psychology course. Through self-report measures and controlled comparisons, we found that laboratory projects significantly increase students' knowledge and comfort level with scientific approaches and concepts, sustain interest in psychology, and increase critical thinking about psychological research. Implementing a laboratory component in the introductory course increases students' scientific literacy, reinforces psychology's claim to scientific status, encourages active learning, promotes quantitative reasoning, and benefits multiple constituencies. (Contains 3 tables and 3 notes.)

Discusses the progress and challenges of a new reformed calculus sequence for science, engineering, and mathematics students developed by the Institute of Technology Centre for Educational Programs and School of Mathematics at the University of Minnesota. Compares achievement and retention of Initiative students with a control group from a standard calculus sequence. Discusses student attitudes towards the usefulness of the Initiative's curriculum, pedagogy, and its influence on learning. (Author/ASK)

NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling during hypertension produced by chronic angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion. These effects are thought to be mediated largely through superoxide anion ([O.sup-.sub.2]) scavenging of nitric oxide (NO). Little is known about the role of ROS in acute vasoconstrictor responses to agonists. We investigated renal blood flow (RBF) reactivity to ANG II (4 ng), norepinephrine (NE, 20 ng), and [[alpha].sub.1]-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE, 200 ng) injected into the renal artery (ira) of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The NOX inhibitor apocynin (1-4 mg*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1] ira, 2 min) or the superoxide dismutase mimetic Tempol (1.5-5 mg*[kg.sub.-1]*[min.sup.-1] ira, 2 min) rapidly increased resting RBF by 8 [+ or -] 1% (P < 0.001) or 3 [+ or -] 1% (P < 0.05), respectively. During NO synthase (NOS) inhibition ([N.sup.[omega]]-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 25 mg/kg iv), the vasodilation tended to increase (apocynin 13 [+ or -] 4%, Tempol 10 [+ or -] 1%). During control conditions, both ANG II and NE reduced RBF by 24 [+ or -] 4%. Apocynin dose dependently reduced the constriction by up to 44% (P < 0.05). Similarly, Tempol blocked the acute actions of ANG II and NE by up to 48-49% (P < 0.05). In other animals, apocynin (4 mg*[kg.sup.-1]*[min.sup.-1] ira) attenuated vasoconstriction to ANG II, NE, and PE by 46-62% (P < 0.01). During NOS inhibition, apocynin reduced the reactivity to ANG II and NE by 60-72% (P < 0.01), and Tempol reduced it by 58-66% (P < 0.001). We conclude that NOX-derived ROS substantially contribute to basal RBF as well as to signaling of acute renal vasoconstrictor responses to ANG II, NE, and PE in normal rats. These effects are due to [O.sup.-.sub.2] rather than [H.sub.2][O.sub.2], occur rapidly, and are independent of scavenging of NO. hemodynamics; vascular smooth muscle; renal vascular resistance; afferent arteriole; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; redox signaling

It has been hypothesized that a decrease in the synthesis of new neurons in the adult hippocampus might be linked to major depressive disorder (MDD). This hypothesis arose after it [...]

Vascular endothelin (ET) type B (E[T.sub.B]) receptors exert dilator and constrictor actions in a complex interaction with E[T.sub.A] receptors. We aimed to clarify the presence and relative importance of nitric oxide (NO) and other mechanisms underlying the dilator effects of E[T.sub.B] receptors in rat kidneys. Complete inhibition of NO production with [N.sup.[omega]]-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (I-NAME, 25 mg/kg iv) enhanced the renal vasoconstriction elicited by ET-1 injected into the renal artery flom -15 to -30%. Additional infusion of the NO donor nitroprusside (NP) into the renal artery did not reverse this effect (-29%) hut effectively buffered ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction. Similarly, ET-1 responses were enhanced after a smaller intrarenal dose of L-NAME (-22 vs. -15%) and were unaffected by subsequent NP infusion (21%). These results indicate that the responsiveness to ET-1 is buffered by E[T.sub.B] receptor-stimulated phasic release of NO, rather than its static mean level. Infusion of the E[T.sub.B] receptor antagonist BQ-788 into the renal artery further enhanced the ET-1 constrictor response to NP + L-NAME (-92 vs. -49%), revealing an NO-independent dilator component. In controls, vasoconstriction to ET-1 was unaffected by vehicle (-27 vs. -20%) and markedly enhanced by BQ-788 (-70%). The same pattern was observed when indomethacin (Indo) was used to inhibit cyclooxygenase (-20% for control, -22% with Indo, and -56% with E[T.sub.B] antagonist) or methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)-hexanamide (MS-PPOH) or miconazolc + Indo was used to inhibit epoxygenase alone (-10% for control, -11% with MS-PPOH, and -35% with E[T.sub.B] antagonist) or in combination (-14% for control, -20% with Indo + miconazole, and -43% with ETB antagonist). We conclude that phasic release of NO, but not its static level, mediates part of the dilator effect of E[T.sub.B] receptors and that an NO-independent mechanism, distinct from prostanoids and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, perhaps E[T.sub.B] receptor clearance of ET-1, plays a major buffering role. renal hemodynamics; endothelial cell; cyclooxygenase; epoxygenase; angiotensin II; dopamine; nitric oxide; endothelin

Just, Armin, Andrea J. M. Olson, and William J. Arendshorst. Dual constrictor and dilator actions of [ET.sub.B] receptors in the rat renal microcirculation: interactions with [ET.sub.A] receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286: F660-F668, 2004. First published December 16, 2003; 10.1152/ajprenal.00368.2003.--The vascular actions of endothelin-1 (ET-1) reflect the combination of vasoconstrictor [ET.sub.A] and [ET.sub.B] receptors on smooth muscle cells and vasodilator [ET.sub.B] receptors on endothelial cells. The present study investigated the contribution of ET receptor subtypes using a comprehensive battery of agonists and antagonists infused directly into the renal artery of anesthetized rats to evaluate the actions of each receptor class alone and their interactions. ET-1 (5 pmol) reduced renal blood flow (RBF) 25 [+ or -] 1%. [ET.sub.A] antagonist BQ-123 attenuated this response to a 15 [+ or -] 1% decrease in RBF (P < 0.01), indicating net constriction by [ET.sub.B] receptors. Combined receptor blockade (BQ-123 + BQ-788) resulted in a renal vasoconstriction of 7 [+ or -] 1% (P = 0.001 vs. BQ-123), supporting a constrictor action of [ET.sub.B] receptors. In marked contrast, the [ET.sub.B] antagonist BQ-788 enhanced the ET-1 RBF response to 60 [+ or -] 5% (P < 0.001), suggesting [ET.sub.B]-mediated net dilation. Consistent with [ET.sub.A] blockade, the [ET.sub.B] agonist sarafotoxin 6C (S6C) produced vasoconstriction, reducing RBF by 23 [+ or -] 5%. Dose-response curves for ET-1 and S6C showed similar degrees of constriction between 0.2 and 100 pmol. Both antagonists (BQ-123, BQ-788) were equally effective at threefold lower than the standard doses, suggesting complete inhibition. We conclude that [ET.sub.B] receptors alone exert a net constrictor effect but cause a net dilator influence when costimulated with [ET.sub.A]receptors. Such opposing actions indicate more complex than additive interaction between receptor subtypes. Model analysis suggests [ET.sub.A]-mediated constriction is appreciably greater without than with costimulation of [ET.sub.B] receptors. Possible explanations include ET-1 clearance by [ET.sub.B] receptors and/or a dilator [ET.sub.B] receptor function that counteracts constriction. vascular smooth muscle cells; endothelial cells; renal vascular resistance; nitric oxide

More than 40 years after American Sign Language (ASL) and interpreter education were first offered as programs of study in higher education, little is known about the level of ASL proficiency of graduates from baccalaureate degree programs in interpreting and what level of ASL proficiency may be associated with passing the performance portion of the National Interpreter Certification (NIC) examination. With this in mind, we posed three questions: 1) What is the distribution of ASL Proficiency Interview (ASLPI) ratings of a national sample of novice interpreters relatively near the time of graduation from baccalaureate degree programs in interpreting? 2) What is the distribution of ASLPI ratings of a national sample of novice interpreters relatively near the time of taking the NIC Performance Exam? 3) What is the relationship between ASLPI ratings and passing/not passing the NIC Performance Exam? Results showed that relatively closer to IEP graduation (N = 134), about 56% of ASLPI proficiency levels were at or below Level 2+, and 44% were at or above Level 3. For ASLPI proficiency levels obtained relatively closer to taking the NIC Performance Exam (N = 154), about 30% were at or below Level 2+, and 70% of ratings were at or above Level 3. Results showed that all those who passed the NIC Performance Exam and who had a rating for the ASLPI taken relatively closer to taking the NIC Performance Exam (N = 27) obtained an ASLPI proficiency level of 3 or higher. However, it is essential to note that approximately 75% of participants who obtained a proficiency level of 3 or higher did not pass the NIC Performance Exam the first time they took it. Additionally, the higher the ASLPI level, the higher the proportion of people passing the NIC Performance Exam. This study has implications for further research regarding ASL proficiency for students entering and exiting IEPs and preparing for national credentialing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were collected from 4,011 male and female university students, faculty, and staff regarding responses to unwanted sexual attention. Women and undergraduate students reported the highest incidence of unwanted sexual attention; most harassers were peers. Ignoring the behavior was the most common response, followed by avoiding the harasser and talking to others about the harassment. Harassment severity was the strongest predictor of responses, with more direct responses being made to more severe harassment. Bivariate correlational analyses suggested that unwanted sexual attention was rated as more distressing by women than by men, by faculty/staff than by students, by individuals with less tolerant attitudes toward harassment, and when the harasser was in a position of authority or when the harassment was of longer duration. In path analyses, only the relations between attitudes and responses were mediated by differences in perceived severity. The gender and status (i.e., student vs. faculty/staff) of the harassee, the duration of the harassment, and whether the harasser was in a position of authority had direct effects on responses not attributable to perceived severity. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.

Separation of powers principles find their way into countless United States Supreme Court opinions, providing justifications for a variety of rules--from the nondelegation doctrine to standing. Predictably, they are also found in cases where the Court defines the amount of power the legislative branch should have over the judicial branch and over adjudications as a whole. The Court's decisions detailing Congress's power to control the federal judiciary by stripping jurisdiction and Congress's power to control adjudications through delegations to legislative courts both rely heavily on separation of powers principles. Curiously, however, the rules come out seemingly opposite. On the one hand, the Court holds that separation of powers requires that Congress have wide, perhaps limitless, latitude to assign or withdraw jurisdiction from Article III courts. On the other, the Court holds that separation of powers prohibits Congress from assigning jurisdiction over certain claims to non-Article III courts. This article examines the puzzling divergence of those rules, with a focus on the distinct separation of powers principles the Court uses to justify them. Finding that the principles applied in the two rules are logically inconsistent, this article asks how the Court found itself in such a logical bind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite federal laws that mandate equal access and communication in all healthcare settings for deaf people, consistent provision of quality interpreting in healthcare settings is still not a reality, as recognized by deaf people and American Sign Language (ASL)-English interpreters. The purpose of this study was to better understand the work of ASL interpreters employed in healthcare settings, which can then inform on training and credentialing of interpreters, with the ultimate aim of improving the quality of healthcare and communication access for deaf people. Based on job analysis, researchers designed an online survey with 167 task statements representing 44 categories. American Sign Language interpreters (N = 339) rated the importance of, and frequency with which they performed, each of the 167 tasks. Categories with the highest average importance ratings included language and interpreting, situation assessment, ethical and professional decision making, manage the discourse, monitor, manage and/or coordinate appointments. Categories with the highest average frequency ratings included the following: dress appropriately, adapt to a variety of physical settings and locations, adapt to working with variety of providers in variety of roles, deal with uncertain and unpredictable work situations, and demonstrate cultural adaptability. To achieve health equity for the deaf community, the training and credentialing of interpreters needs to be systematically addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many providers recognize the importance of creating culturally competent services for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults. Although multiple resources list steps to make professional practices more LGBT-welcoming, these resources provide no empirical data to support their recommendations. LGBT older adults (N = 327) were asked to describe what signals that a provider is LGBT-welcoming. Six of the top 10 signals related to provider behavior and suggest the importance of staff training; the balance included display of signage and rainbow flags, use of inclusive language on forms and the presence of LGBT-identified staff. Results provide evidence-based recommendations for working with LGBT older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For 6 years, we have offered an integrated weekly laboratory focusing on research methods as part of our general psychology course. Through self-report measures and controlled comparisons, we found that laboratory projects significantly increase students' knowledge and comfort level with scientific approaches and concepts, sustain interest in psychology, and increase critical thinking about psychological research. Implementing a laboratory component in the introductory course increases students' scientific literacy, reinforces psychology's claim to scientific status, encourages active learning, promotes quantitative reasoning, and benefits multiple constituencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at designing online initiatives that create a credible path for generating value for the organization. The authors define a strategy by four main tasks: understanding organizational goals--solutions need to support the overall mission; addressing the audience--an organization relates to different audiences in different ways; establishing value and defining your goals. The authors argue that when creating and presenting a strategy, one needs to demonstrate an understanding of the business, offer a rationale for the strategy, and submit a compelling vision for the future of the online venture.

The article presents an in-depth exploration into the business management justification of web site resources in health care services. The impact and potential influence of web sites on patient attraction is emphasized, but logistical questions on promoting and maintaining its management are also raised. Several steps are offered to quantitatively address metrics and marketing strategies to effectively engage positive returns of investment on hospital electronic resources by establishing clear goals and aims.

The ingestion of ethanol during pregnancy has a number of deleterious consequences for the unborn offspring, producing structural and functional deficits that affect the brain and many other organs into adulthood. The hippocampus is a brain area that is particularly sensitive to ethanol's adverse effects. In a previous study we showed that voluntary exercise can ameliorate deficits in long-term potentiation and behavior that occur following prenatal ethanol exposure (Eur J Neurosci, 2005, 21, 1719-1726). In the present study, we investigated the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on neurogenesis in adulthood, and tested the hypothesis that voluntary exercise would ameliorate any deficits observed. Sprague-Dawley females were administered one of three diets throughout gestation: (i) ethanol (E), a liquid diet containing 36.5% ethanol-derived calories; (ii) pair-fed (PF), a liquid control diet, with maltose-dextrin isocalorically substituted for ethanol, in the amount consumed by an E partner (g/kg body wt/day of gestation); and (iii) ad-libitum-fed control (C), normal laboratory chow and water, ad libitum. The offspring were housed individually at postnatal day (PND) 35, and at PND 50 were randomly assigned to cages either with or without an exercise wheel. BrdU (200 mg/kg, I.P.) was injected on PND 57, and animals terminated either 24 h (proliferation) or 4 weeks (neurogenesis) later. Our results demonstrate that prenatal ethanol exposure significantly decreases both cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Animals in the PF condition also showed reduced neurogenesis. In contrast, all animals that engaged in voluntary exercise showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and neurogenesis. These results indicate that prenatal ethanol exposure can suppress both cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and that these effects may be, at least in part, nutritionally mediated. Importantly, voluntary exercise appears to have beneficial effects for these long-lasting deficits in hippocampal volume and cell number that have been observed in animals exposed to ethanol in utero. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental enrichment (EE) and voluntary exercise (VEx) have consistently been shown to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning ability. Although it appears that these two manipulations are equivalent in this regard, evidence exists that EE and VEx affect different phases of the neurogenic process in distinct ways. We review the data suggesting that EE increases the likelihood of survival of new cells, whereas VEx increases the level of proliferation of progenitor cells. We then outline the factors that may mediate these relationships. Finally, we provide a model showing that VEx leads to the convergence of key somatic and cerebral factors in the dentate gyrus (DG) to induce cell proliferation. Although insufficient evidence exists to provide a similar model for EE, we suggest that EE-induced cell survival in the DG involves cortical restructuring as a means of promoting survival. We conclude that EE and VEx lead to an increase in overall hippocampal neurogenesis via dissociable pathways, and should therefore, be considered distinct interventions with regard to hippocampal plasticity and associated behaviors. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular endothelin (ET) type B (ETB) receptors exert dilator and constrictor actions in a complex interaction with ETA receptors. We aimed to clarify the presence and relative importance of nitric oxide (NO) and other mechanisms underlying the dilator effects of ETB receptors in rat kidneys. Complete inhibition of NO production with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 25 mg/kg iv) enhanced the renal vasoconstriction elicited by ET-1 injected into the renal artery from -15 to -30%. Additional infusion of the NO donor nitroprusside (NP) into the renal artery did not reverse this effect (-29%) but effectively buffered ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction. Similarly, ET-1 responses were enhanced after a smaller intrarenal dose of L-NAME (-22 vs. -15%) and were unaffected by subsequent NP infusion (-21%). These results indicate that the responsiveness to ET-1 is buffered by ETB receptor-stimulated phasic release of NO, rather than its static mean level. Infusion of the ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 into the renal artery further enhanced the ET-1 constrictor response to NP + L-NAME (-92 vs. -49%), revealing an NO-independent dilator component. In controls, vasoconstriction to ET-1 was unaffected by vehicle (-27 vs. -20%) and markedly enhanced by BQ-788 (-70%). The same pattern was observed when indomethacin (Indo) was used to inhibit cyclooxygenase (-20% for control, -22% with Indo, and -56% with ETB antagonist) or methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)-hexanamide (MS-PPOH) or miconazole + Indo was used to inhibit epoxygenase alone (-10% for control, -11% with MS-PPOH, and -35% with ETB antagonist) or in combination (-14% for control, -20% with Indo + miconazole, and -43% with ETB antagonist). We conclude that phasic release of NO, but not its static level, mediates part of the dilator effect of ETB receptors and that an NO-independent mechanism, distinct from prostanoids and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, perhaps ETB receptor clearance of ET-1, plays a major buffering role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vascular actions of endothelin-1 (ET-l) reflect the combination of vasoconstrictor ETA and ETB receptors on smooth muscle cells and vasodilator ETB receptors on endothelial cells. The present study investigated the contribution of ET receptor subtypes using a comprehensive battery of agonists and antagonists infused directly into the renal artery of anesthetized rats to evaluate the actions of each receptor class alone and their interactions. ET-1 (5 pmol) reduced renal blood flow (RBF) 25 ± 1%. ETA antagonist BQ-123 attenuated this response to a 15 ± 1% decrease in RBF (P < 0.01), indicating net constriction by ETB receptors. Combined receptor blockade (BQ-123+BQ-788) resulted in a renal vasoconstriction of 7 ± 1% (P = 0.001 vs. BQ-123), supporting a constrictor action of ETB receptors. In marked contrast, the ETB antagonist BQ-788 enhanced the ET-1 RBF response to 60 ± 5% (P < 0.001), suggesting ETB-mediated net dilation. Consistent with ETA blockade, the ETB agonist sarafotoxin 6C (S6C) produced vasoconstriction, reducing RBF by 23 ± 5%. Dose-response curves for ET-1 and S6C showed similar degrees of constriction between 0.2 and 100 pmol. Both antagonists (BQ-123, BQ-788) were equally effective at threefold lower than the standard doses, suggesting complete inhibition. We conclude that ETB receptors alone exert a net constrictor effect but cause a net dilator influence when costimulated with ETA receptors. Such opposing actions indicate more complex than additive interaction between receptor subtypes. Model analysis suggests ETA-mediated constriction is appreciably greater without than with costimulation of ETB receptors. Possible explanations include ET-1 clearance by ETB receptors and/or a dilator ETB receptor function that counteracts constriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the progress and challenges of a new reformed calculus sequence for science, engineering, and mathematics students developed by the Institute of Technology Centre for Educational Programs and School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota. The main objective of the Initiative is to enable undergraduates to better learn calculus and the critical thinking skills necessary to apply it in a variety of science and engineering problems. Changes in content and pedagogy are emphasized, including instructional teamwork and student-centred learning, involving students working cooperatively in small groups and exploring mathematical ideas using appropriate technologies. Achievement and retention of Initiative students are compared with a control group from the standard calculus sequence. Student attitudes about the usefulness of the Initiative's curriculum, pedagogy, and its influence on learning are discussed. Future implications including new uses of distributed learning are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A basis model is used to empirically estimate the impact of ethanol production on the South Dakota corn basis at the district and "state" levels. Monthly data are used to estimate basis as a function of futures prices, production, ethanol production, usage by cattle, diesel prices, storage availability, and unit train transportation. The results show the impact on basis varies by district from $0.04 to $0.27 per bushel, with a "state" impact of $0.24 in 2005. The additions of 40 and 100 MGY ethanol plants are projected to have a "state" impact of $0.03 and $0.08, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]