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Background: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries are a notable adverse outcome of vaginal deliveries, with incidence rates ranging from 0.25% to 6%. Key risk factors for these injuries include primiparity and operative vaginal deliveries. In recent decades, the use of episiotomy as a preventive measure for obstetric anal sphincter injuries has been subject to extensive scrutiny. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during vaginal deliveries or vacuum-assisted deliveries within the context of selective use. Methods: Retrospective study of all nulliparous women with a singleton gestation who underwent term vaginal delivery or vacuum-assisted delivery. A propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio was employed to adjust for confounders. Primary outcome was obstetric anal sphincter injury rate, and the secondary outcome was a composite neonatal outcome (umbilical artery pH < 7.1, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and 5-min Apgar score < 7). Results: The study cohort comprised 22,738 deliveries: 77.0% vaginal deliveries (17,518/22,738) and 23.0% vacuum-assisted deliveries (5,220/22,738) with episiotomy rates of 38.5% (6,751/17,518) and 75.8% (3,959/5,220), respectively. Separate analyses were conducted for the matched vaginal delivery group (n = 13,500) and the matched vacuum-assisted delivery group (n = 2,518). No significant differences in obstetric anal sphincter injury rates were observed in the vaginal delivery (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.78–1.69) or vacuum-assisted delivery (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.31–1.05) groups. However, in the vacuum-assisted delivery group, episiotomy demonstrated a borderline protective effect against obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Further adjustment for the duration of the second stage of labor duration in vacuum-assisted deliveries revealed a significant protective effect of episiotomy against obstetric anal sphincter injuries, with a number needed to treat of 28 (95% CI 15—224) in cases of prolonged second stages of labor. Episiotomy in vaginal deliveries was associated with a higher rate of composite neonatal outcome (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.45), while vacuum-assisted deliveries showed no such association (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.86–1.44). Conclusions: In context of selective use, mediolateral episiotomy has no significant protective effect on obstetric anal sphincter injuries in women undergoing vaginal delivery. However, there is a possible benefit in vacuum-assisted delivery, especially when considering the duration of the second stage of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: High birth weight increases the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Macrosomia is a well-known complication in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational diabetes is a risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injury. We hypothesized that women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PubMed and Embase databases. Studies including numbers on women with and without gestational diabetes and with and without obstetric anal sphincter injury were included. Studies were assessed using the SIGN-methodology checklist to evaluate the quality and risk of bias. Extracted data was analyzed using RevMan 5.4 and the statistical software R. Results: Twelve cohort studies were included for the meta-analyses. Overall, we found a slightly increased prevalence of obstetric anal sphincter injury among the women with gestational diabetes of 2.40% (95% CI; 2.37–2.43) compared to 2.31% (95% CI; 2.30–2.32) in women without diabetes. The meta-analysis revealed increased risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury in the gestational diabetes-group (RR 1.24 [95% CI; 1.12–1.37]) with a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). Primiparous women with gestational diabetes had an increased risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury 6.65% (95% CI; 6.18–7.14) compared to 4.98% (95% CI; 4.89–5.08) in the control group, whereas the risk was not significantly increased in multiparous women. Conclusions: The risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury is increased in primiparous women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared to women without gestational diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: The objective was to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) and assess the predictive power of clinical risk factors for OASIs, both individually and collectively, using a US population-based birth registry. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using birth data from the National Vital Statistics System from 2016 to 2021. All vaginal births were included, excluding those with unspecified delivery route or perineal laceration status. Logistic regression models assessed the relationship between potential clinical predictors, determined a priori based on existing literature and inclusion in the registry data, and OASIs. The pseudo-R2 (pR2), which indicates the proportion of variability in OASIs explained by the model out of 100%, was used to compare the predictive strength of different clinical factors. Results: A total of 15,413,957 vaginal births were analyzed. The overall incidence of OASIs was 1.1%. The factors that exhibited the highest predictive capability for OASIs were vaginal parity (pR2 5.8%) and operative birth (pR2 4.8%), followed by infant weight (pR2 1.5%); all other factors had a pR2 of 0.5% or lower. The final multivariable logistic regression model had a pR2 of 11.8%. Conclusion: Vaginal parity and operative birth are among the most predictive clinical risk factors for OASIs, each accounting for approximately 5% of the variation in OASI outcomes. However, a significant portion of OASI occurrences remains unexplained by clinical risk factors alone. Future research focusing on the mechanisms of OASIs will be crucial for identifying high-risk patients and developing targeted interventions to reduce the risk of OASIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs), third- and fourth-degree lacerations, represent a severe obstetric complication. Previous studies reported a higher incidence of OASIs in Asian women in non-Asian countries. This study was aimed at establishing a different OASIs prevalence among the racial/ethnic groups in Southern European centers. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study that included pregnant women who had vaginal singleton delivery between January 2019 and September 2022 in two Italian University hospitals, Naples and Novara, was conducted. We excluded cesarean sections, nonvertex presentation, preterm delivery, multiple pregnancies, congenital malformations, or stillbirths. Statistical analysis with an independent association of ethnicity to the risk of OASIs using clinical characteristics-adjusted multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: A total of 3,049 pregnant women were included. 2.33% (71 patients) had an OASI. The median age was 31 years (IQR 7.00) and median gestational age was 39 weeks (IQR 1.40). Mean birth weight was 3,300 g (IQR 580.00). 1' and 5' Apgar scores were 9 and 9. The univariate logistic regression was not statistically significant. Multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for baseline clinical characteristics showed an OR 2.540 (p value 0.01) for OASIs in Asian women. Primiparous and secondiparous were protective factors for OASIs with OR 0.224 (p value < 0.001) and OR 0.209 (p value 0.01). Conclusions: Our results confirm racial/ethnic disparities regarding OASIs, with an elevated risk for Asian women in Southern Europe. Prevention strategies and obstetric care in developed countries should be modulated to offset the risk of OASIs in this population. Additional research is needed to explain the specific mechanisms of these disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes our experience with native tissue repair of the visceral pelvic fascia, the perineum, and anal sphincters in women. We propose that complex repair of the pelvic floor should consider vaginal support in all three anatomical Delancey's levels, together with more caudal structures—the external and internal anal sphincters. Original illustrations were created to facilitate the understanding of the complex anatomy of common multi‐level defects. As the integrity of connective tissue adds to various aspects of the delicate function of the female pelvic floor, it is complete and as perfect as possible repair is a common goal of both gynecologists and colorectal specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Design Setting Population Methods Main Outcome Measures Results Conclusions To study experiences of women who gave birth in maternity units that have implemented a ‘care bundle’ quality improvement initiative to reduce obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) and associated morbidity.Postnatal electronic questionnaire.Twenty‐nine maternity units across England, Scotland and Wales.Women with live vaginal births.Descriptive statistics for quantitative results. Analysis of free‐text responses informed by framework method.Experience with components of the care bundle: information provision, manual perineal protection (MPP) and post‐birth rectal examination.In this study, 1208 women completed the survey: 684 (56.6%) said they received antenatal information about perineal health, 377 (31.2%) recalled MPP, and 664 (55.0%) recalled rectal examination. Of the 684 women who said they received antenatal information, 595 (87.0%) agreed that the information was easy to understand, and 423 (61.8%) agreed that it helped them to make their own choices to reduce their OASI risk. One hundred and fifty‐four (22.5%) agreed that the information made them fearful about giving birth vaginally. Of the 377 women who recalled MPP, 203 (53.9%) felt it provided them with support, and another 97 (25.7%) did not mind the sensation. Of the 664 women who recalled rectal examination, 281 (42.3%) did not mind the exam, and another 335 (50.5%) felt it was uncomfortable but understood its importance. Free‐text responses aligned with quantitative results.Many women did not recall MPP or rectal examination. The reported experiences for those who recalled these components do not support concerns that the OASI care bundle has negative effects on women's experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence and secular trends of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) in vacuum and forceps deliveries in Norway, both with and without episiotomy. Design: Population‐based real‐world data collected during 2001–2018. Setting: Medical Birth Registry Norway. Population or Sample: Nulliparous women with singleton foetuses in a cephalic presentation delivered by either vacuum or forceps (n = 70 783). Methods: Logistic regression analyses were applied to the OASIS prevalence in six 3‐year time periods. Both crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. Main Outcome Measures: OASIS prevalence. Results: The OASIS prevalence in vacuum and forceps deliveries decreased from 14.8% during 2001–2003 to 5.2% during 2016–2018. The overall reduction between the first and last 3‐year time period was 61% (aOR = 0.39, 95% CIs = 0.35–0.43). The only exception to this decreasing trend in OASIS was found in forceps deliveries performed without an episiotomy. The OASIS prevalence was approximately twofold higher in forceps compared to vacuum deliveries (aOR = 1.92, 95% CIs = 1.79–2.05). Performing either a mediolateral or lateral episiotomy was associated with a 45% decrease in the prevalence of OASIS relative to no episiotomy (aOR = 0.55, 95% CIs = 0.52–0.58). Conclusions: Opting for vacuum rather than forceps delivery in conjunction with a mediolateral or lateral episiotomy could significantly lower the OASIS prevalence in nulliparous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Guidelines recommend episiotomy for instrumental vaginal delivery with an optimal incision angle of 60° to protect the anal sphincter. The "Episiometer" is a new device promising a 60° incision angle. We compared the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) and post-repair suture angle of episiotomies made with conventional "eyeballing" versus Episiometer guided during instrumental delivery. Methods: We conducted this randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care teaching institute in southern India after ethical committee approval, trial registration, and informed consent. We randomized (block) 328 pregnant women aged 18 years and above with term, singleton fetuses delivered by instruments into Episiometer-guided (164) or conventional episiotomy (164) groups (allocation concealed). We compared the OASI (identified clinically) and the suture angle measured from the midline (assessor blinded) in the two groups. We followed up on the subjects at 6 and 12 weeks to assess perineal pain and fecal/flatus incontinence. Results: The incidence of OASI of 0.61% in the Episiometer group was significantly lower compared with 4.88% in the eyeballing group (Chi-squared = 5.6; p = 0.02; adjusted risk ratio = 5.9; CI 0.7–46.1; p = 0.09). A significantly higher proportion of subjects (59.1%) in the Episometer group had a post-suture angle between 36 and 40° compared with 36.6% in the eyeballing group (Chi-squared = 21.8, p < 0.001). We found no significant difference in the perineal pain or Wexner score during follow-up. Conclusion: The Episiometer-guided episiotomy during instrumental delivery resulted in a significantly higher suture angle and lower obstetric anal sphincter injuries than with conventional eyeballing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASI) are associated with significant morbidity. Data regarding induction of labor (IOL) and risk of OASI is conflicting. The objective of this study is to evaluate if IOL increases the odds of OASI when compared to spontaneous labor. Methods: This is a retrospective case–control study in women with term, singleton pregnancies, who had a vaginal delivery at a single, academic center in an urban setting from October 2015 to December 2021. Individuals with the primary outcome, OASI, were identified and matched with controls (no OASI) by delivery date. Results: 303 OASI individuals were identified and matched with 1106 controls. Women with OASI were more likely to be White or Asian, have commercial insurance, and have a previous cesarean delivery (CD). IOL increased the likelihood of OASI by 49% compared to spontaneous labor (OR 1.49, 95% CI [1.138, 1.949]). IOL was no longer significant when adjusting for confounding variables and known risk factors. Conclusion: IOL was not associated with OASI when accounting for known antepartum and intrapartum risk factors. Further investigation of modifiable and non-modifiable risks during labor is imperative to decrease the risk of OASI and associated pelvic floor disorders.

Aim Method Results Conclusion Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) are associated with devastating consequences, mainly faecal incontinence. A timely and correct repair is necessary to reduce the risk of maternal morbidity. The aim was to explore the experience and practice of on‐call general surgeons in the acute repair of OASIs.A cross‐sectional, observational questionnaire study was performed. Registrars and consultants participating in an emergency general surgical rota in the UK were included. A 33‐item questionnaire was disseminated over a 9‐month period from April 2023. A descriptive, thematic analysis of the data was undertaken.In all, 310 responses were analysed. 42.3% of colorectal respondents (of which 29% were pelvic floor specialists), 24.3% of general surgeons, 16.7% of hepato‐biliary surgeons and 13.7% of upper gastrointestinal surgeons were contacted to assist with an acute repair. Of those contacted, 52.3% typically assisted with a 3C or 4 tear, 54.2% received no training and 95.5% performed less than three acute repairs in the previous year. 57.6% of all respondents were not confident at all in the repair of these injuries, 55% highlighted a lack of experience and 36% mentioned a curricular gap.Surgeons may be called to assist with an acute OASI repair, particularly in cases of severe anatomical disruption. This occurs infrequently. There is a lack of consensus as to who is responsible for these injuries. Obstetricians have structured training in both the recognition and repair of these injuries. This paper serves to highlight the lack of training for surgeons who report doing this surgery despite lacking the required competences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether women undergoing their first vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section (secundiparous) are at increased risk for obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) compared with primiparous women. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 85 428 women who delivered vaginally over a 10‐year period in a single tertiary medical center. Incidence of OASI, risk factors, and clinical characteristics were compared between primiparous women who delivered vaginally and secundiparous women who underwent their first vaginal birth after cesarean section (VBAC). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between VBAC and OASI. Results: Overall, 36 250 primiparous and 1602 secundiparous women were enrolled, 309 of whom had OASI. The rates of OASI were similar among secundiparous women who had VBAC and primiparous women who underwent vaginal delivery (15 [0.94%] vs 294 [0.81%], P = 0.58). The proportions of third‐ and fourth‐degree tears were also similar among secundiparous and primiparous women who experienced OASI (87% vs 91.5%, and 13% vs 8.5%, respectively, P = 0.68). Furthermore, the rates of OASI were similar in both study groups, although secundiparous women who underwent VBAC had higher rates of birth weights exceeding 3500 g (414 [25.8%] vs 8284 [22.8%], P = 0.016), and higher rates of vacuum‐assisted deliveries (338 [21%] vs 6224 [17.2%], P < 0.001). A multivariate logistic regression analysis failed to establish a statistically significant association between VBAC and OASI (odds ratio 0.672, 95% confidence interval 0.281–1.61, P = 0.37). Conclusions: No increased risk for OASI was found in secundiparous women who underwent VBAC compared with primiparous women at their first vaginal birth. Synopsis: Vaginal birth after cesarean section was not found to be associated with an increased risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: The objective was to implement an evidence-based peri-partum care bundle for women sustaining obstetric anal sphincter injuries and to evaluate compliance with recommendations for antibiotics use, repair in the operating room, and follow-up before and after implementation. Methods: This project was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board and determined to be exempt. A clinical care bundle containing education and standardized orders in the electronic medical record was implemented. Characteristics of pre- (October 2017 to September 2019) and post-intervention (October 2019 to August 2021) cohorts were compared and compliance with recommendations for antibiotics use, surgical repair location, and follow-up were evaluated. Chi-squared, Fisher's exact, ANOVA F, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed, as indicated. Significance level was p < 0.05. Results: A total of 185 cases were identified. Seventy-five percent of women were nulliparous. Mean gestational age was 39 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention groups did not differ in age, BMI, race, parity, gestational age, comorbidities, birthweight, or delivery type. Ninety-eight cases were identified pre-implementation. Eighty-six (88%) had third-degree lacerations. Post-implementation, 87 cases were identified. Seventy (80%) had third-degree lacerations (p = 0.17). Recommended antibiotic-type use improved from 35% pre-implementation to 93% post-implementation (p < 0.001). Repair in the operating room was similar pre-implementation and post-implementation (16.0% vs 12.6%, p = 0.48). Post-partum follow-up within 2 weeks improved from 16.3% pre-implementation to 52.8% post-implementation and mean time to follow-up was shorter post-implementation than pre-implementation (18 vs 33 days; both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Implementation of an evidence-based peri-partum care bundle resulted in standardization of care in accordance with established recommendations. Compliance with recommendations for surgical repair in the operating room remained unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity and maternal age are increasing among pregnant patients. The understood effect of body mass index (BMI), advanced maternal age (AMA), and second stage of labor on obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) at delivery is varied. The objective of this study was to assess whether incorporating BMI, second stage of labor length, and AMA into a model for predicting OASIS among forceps‐assisted vaginal deliveries (FAVD) had a higher predictivity value compared to models without these additions. Method: This was an IRB‐approved retrospective cohort study of singleton gestations who underwent a FAVD between 2017 and 2021. The primary outcome was prediction of OASIS via established models versus models including the addition of new predictive factors. Results: A total of 979 patients met inclusionary criteria and were included in the final analysis. 20.4% of patients had an OASIS laceration, 11.3% of neonates had NICU admissions, 23.7% had a composite all neonatal outcome, and 8% had a composite subgaleal/cephalohematoma outcome. Comparisons of known factors that predict OASIS (nulliparity, race, episiotomy status) to known factors with additional predictors (BMI, AMA, and length of second stage in labor) were explored. After comparing each model's AUC to one another (a total of 3 comparisons made), there was no statistically significant difference between the models (all P > 0.62). Conclusion: Including BMI, AMA, and second stage of labor length does not improve the predictivity of OASIS in patients with successful FAVD. These factors should not impact a provider's decision to perform a FAVD when solely considering increased odds of OASIS. Synopsis: We attempted to improve established models predicting OASIS in FAVDs. However, we did not find a significant difference in predictive ability when including additional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether perineal wound complications in the first birth, alone or in conjunction with obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), is associated with an increased risk of OASI in the second birth. Design: Nationwide population‐based cohort study. Setting: Sweden. Population: Women (n = 411 317) with first and second singleton vaginal births in Sweden, 2001–2019. Methods: Data on diagnostic codes and surgical procedures were retrieved from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Swedish Patient Register. A perineal wound complication was defined as wound infection, dehiscence or perineal haematoma within 2 months of childbirth. Main outcome measures: Associations between wound complications in the first birth and OASI in the second birth were investigated with logistic regression and presented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: In total, 2619 (0.6%) women had a wound complication in the first birth, and 5318 (1.3%) had an OASI in the second birth. Women with a wound complication but no OASI in the first birth had more than doubled odds of OASI in the second birth (aOR 2.73, 95% CI 2.11–3.53). Women with OASI and a wound complication in the first birth had almost tenfold odds (aOR 9.97, 95% CI 6.53–15.24) of recurrent OASI. Conclusions: Perineal wound complication in the first birth increases the likelihood of OASI in a subsequent birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childbirth related perineal trauma is extremely common after vaginal birth. Limited evidence suggests that subsequent complications such as wound infection or dehiscence occur frequently, yet interventions aimed at improving outcomes in this large group of women remain scarce. Here, we review the different types of tear after childbirth, their prevalence, risk factors, complications and best management, as well as exploring the evidence underlying current recommendations and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASI) are associated with significant morbidity. Data regarding induction of labor (IOL) and risk of OASI is conflicting. The objective of this study is to evaluate if IOL increases the odds of OASI when compared to spontaneous labor. Methods: This is a retrospective case–control study in women with term, singleton pregnancies, who had a vaginal delivery at a single, academic center in an urban setting from October 2015 to December 2021. Individuals with the primary outcome, OASI, were identified and matched with controls (no OASI) by delivery date. Results: 303 OASI individuals were identified and matched with 1106 controls. Women with OASI were more likely to be White or Asian, have commercial insurance, and have a previous cesarean delivery (CD). IOL increased the likelihood of OASI by 49% compared to spontaneous labor (OR 1.49, 95% CI [1.138, 1.949]). IOL was no longer significant when adjusting for confounding variables and known risk factors. Conclusion: IOL was not associated with OASI when accounting for known antepartum and intrapartum risk factors. Further investigation of modifiable and non-modifiable risks during labor is imperative to decrease the risk of OASI and associated pelvic floor disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Search Strategy Selection Criteria Data Collection and Analysis Main Results Conclusions Approximately 50% women who give birth after obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) develop anal incontinence (AI) over their lifetime.To evaluate current evidence for a protective benefit of planned caesarean section (CS) to prevent AI after OASI.MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase 1974–2024, CINAHL and Cochrane to 7 February 2024 (PROSPERO CRD42022372442).All studies reporting outcomes after OASI and a subsequent birth, by any mode.Eighty‐six of 2646 screened studies met inclusion criteria, with nine studies suitable to meta‐analyse the primary outcome of ‘adjusted AI’ after OASI and subsequent birth. Subgroups: short‐term AI, long‐term AI, AI in asymptomatic women. Secondary outcomes: total AI, quality of life, satisfaction/regret, solid/liquid/flatal incontinence, faecal urgency, AI in women with and without subsequent birth, change in AI pre‐ to post‐ subsequent birth.There was no evidence of a difference in adjusted AI after subsequent vaginal birth compared with CS after OASI across all time periods (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.72–1.20; 9 studies, 2104 participants, I2 = 0% p = 0.58), for subgroup analyses or secondary outcomes. There was no evidence of a difference in AI in women with or without subsequent birth (OR = 1.00 95% CI 0.65–1.54; 10 studies, 970 participants, I2 = 35% p = 0.99), or pre‐ to post‐ subsequent birth (OR = 0.79 95% CI 0.51–1.25; 13 studies, 5496 participants, I2 = 73% p = 0.31).Due to low evidence quality, we are unable to determine whether planned caesarean is protective against AI after OASI. Higher quality evidence is required to guide personalised decision‐making for asymptomatic women and to determine the effect of subsequent birth mode on long‐term AI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is a major complication associated with vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery (VAVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors related to vacuum extraction that are associated with OASI. Methods: This was a case–control study performed at a tertiary university teaching hospital. Included were patients aged 18–45 years who had a singleton pregnancy resulting in a live, term, VAVD. The study group consisted of women diagnosed with OASI following vacuum extraction. The control group included women following VAVD without OASI. Matching at a ratio of 1:2 was performed. Groups were compared regarding demographic, obstetric. and labor-related parameters, specifically focusing on variables related to the vacuum procedure itself. Results: One hundred and ten patients within the study group and 212 within the control group were included in the final analysis. Patients in the OASI group were more likely to undergo induction of labor, use of oxytocin during labor, increased second stage of labor, higher likelihood of the operator being a resident, increased number of pulls, procedure lasting under 10 min, occipito-posterior head position at vacuum initiation, episiotomy, increased neonatal head circumference, and birthweight. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that increased week of gestation (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.25–2.22, p < 0.001), unsupervised resident performing the procedure (OR 4.63, 95% CI 2.17–9.90), p < 0.001), indication of VAVD being fetal distress (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.04–7.10, p = 0.041), and length of procedure under 10 min (OR 4.75, 95% CI 1.53–14.68, p = 0.007) were associated with OASI. Increased maternal age was associated with lower risk of OASI (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.84–0.98, p = 0.012). Conclusions: When performing VAVD, increased week of gestation, unsupervised resident performing the procedure, fetal distress as vacuum indication, and vacuum procedure under 10 min were associated with OASI. In contrast, increased maternal age was shown to be a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate changes in the elastic properties of levator ani muscle (LAM) and external anal sphincter (EAS) during pregnancy using shear wave elastography (SWE). Our secondary objective was to examine the association between the elastic properties of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and perineal tears at childbirth. Methods: This was a prospective monocentric study, including nulliparous women. Three visits were planned (14–18, 24–28, and 34–38 weeks) with a SWE assessment of the LAM and EAS at rest and during Valsalva maneuver. Then, we collected data about the delivery's characteristics. Assessments were performed using an Aixplorer V12® device (SL 18–5 linear probe) using a transperineal approach, reporting the shear modulus in kPa. We looked for changes in PFM's elastic properties during pregnancy using one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. We compared the mean shear modulus in late pregnancy for each muscle and condition between women with an intact perineum at delivery and those with a perineal tear using Student's t test. Results: Forty-seven women were considered. Forty-five women had vaginal delivery of which 38 (84.4%) had perineal tears. We did not report any significant changes in the elastic properties of PFM during pregnancy. Women with an intact perineum at delivery had a stiffer EAS at Valsalva maneuver in late pregnancy (27.0 kPa vs. 18.2 kPa; p < 0.005). Conclusions: There were no significant changes in the elastic properties of the PFM in pregnancy. Stiffer EAS in late pregnancy appears to be associated with a lower incidence of perineal tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A mediolateral episiotomy is recommended when indicated at a 60° angle at crowning, to avoid obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) by episiotomies angled too close or distant to the anus. This study surveyed obstetricians in India regarding the recommended episiotomy angle and their ability to correctly draw the angle. Methods: Workshops were conducted in India to share knowledge in the prevention and repair of OASIs. A questionnaire was distributed prior to the workshop. Participants were asked to describe the recommended episiotomy angle and to draw this on a paper replica of the perineum. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the inter-rater reliability between the angle stated and drawn. A 2° difference was deemed acceptable. Standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated to measure the range of error of each measurement. Results: One hundred and forty doctors participated. 47.9% described the angle of an episiotomy to be 60°. Only 2.2% drew an angle of 60°, but 8.7% (n = 12) drew between 58 and 62°. Only 5.8% (n = 6) of doctors correctly drew the episiotomy angle they described. There was poor agreement ICC = 0.18 (− 0.01 to 0.36) with a SEM of ± 12.2° Conclusions: Knowledge surrounding the recommended episiotomy angle is lacking. Doctors are failing to estimate their desired episiotomy angle. This highlights the need for national guidelines, the creation and validation of structured training programmes to improve accuracy, or using fixed-angle devices such as the EPISCISSORS-60 or other proven measurement aids to minimise preventable harm due to human error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) complicate 5.8% of vaginal deliveries. Our objective was to assess if the primary delivery provider, a nurse-midwife versus physician obstetrician, is associated with OASIs. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the Consortium of Safe Labor, a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Included were nulliparous women with singleton, vaginal delivery at ≥37 weeks from 2002 to 2008. Women were excluded if delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia or from sites without midwife deliveries. Student's t-tests, chi-squared analysis, and Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score-matching analyses were performed. Results: Of 228,668 births at 19 sites, 2735 births from 3 sites met the inclusion criteria: 1551 physician and 1184 midwife births. Of all births, 4.2% (n = 116) were complicated by OASIs. Physician patients were older, more often White, privately insured, with higher BMI, more medical co-morbidities, and labor inductions/augmentations. Midwife patients had higher fetal gestational age and infant birth weights (all p < 0.05). OASIs were more common in physician compared to midwife births (5.9% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.0001). This difference persisted in multivariable logistic regression. OASIs were 2.4 (95%CI 1.5–3.9) times more likely with physician delivery when controlling for maternal heart disease, episiotomy, increasing maternal age, decreasing maternal BMI, non-White race, and increasing birthweight. The AUC was 0.78. With propensity score matching, OASI rates remained higher amongst physician births (6.6% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.0001; aOR 3.8 (95%CI 2.0–7.1)). Conclusion: OASIs were more common in physician compared to midwife deliveries even when controlling for other associated factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) complicate 5.8% of vaginal deliveries. Our objective was to assess if the primary delivery provider, a nurse-midwife versus physician obstetrician, is associated with OASIs. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the Consortium of Safe Labor, a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Included were nulliparous women with singleton, vaginal delivery at ≥37 weeks from 2002 to 2008. Women were excluded if delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia or from sites without midwife deliveries. Student’s t-tests, chi-squared analysis, and Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score-matching analyses were performed. Results: Of 228,668 births at 19 sites, 2735 births from 3 sites met the inclusion criteria: 1551 physician and 1184 midwife births. Of all births, 4.2% (n = 116) were complicated by OASIs. Physician patients were older, more often White, privately insured, with higher BMI, more medical co-morbidities, and labor inductions/augmentations. Midwife patients had higher fetal gestational age and infant birth weights (all p < 0.05). OASIs were more common in physician compared to midwife births (5.9% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.0001). This difference persisted in multivariable logistic regression. OASIs were 2.4 (95%CI 1.5–3.9) times more likely with physician delivery when controlling for maternal heart disease, episiotomy, increasing maternal age, decreasing maternal BMI, non-White race, and increasing birthweight. The AUC was 0.78. With propensity score matching, OASI rates remained higher amongst physician births (6.6% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.0001; aOR 3.8 (95%CI 2.0–7.1)). Conclusion: OASIs were more common in physician compared to midwife deliveries even when controlling for other associated factors.

Objective To identify risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) for primiparous women who gave birth vaginally and to compare recovery by OASIS status in three domains as follows: (1) physical health and functioning, (2) mental health, and (3) healthcare utilization. Study Design This secondary analysis used data from 2,013 vaginal births in the First Baby Study, a prospective cohort study of women with first births between 2009 and 2011. Interview data at multiple time points were linked to birth certificate and hospital discharge data. The key exposure of interest was OASIS (3rd or 4th degree perineal laceration, identified in the hospital discharge data; n = 174) versus no OASIS (n = 1,839). We used multivariable logistic regression models to examine the association between OASIS and a range of outcomes including physical health and functioning, depression, and health care utilization, assessed at 1 month and 6 months postpartum. Results Eight percent of women had OASIS. In adjusted models, there were no differences in general physical health and functioning measures by OASIS (such as fatigue and overall self-rated health), but women with OASIS had higher rates of reporting perineal pain (p < 0.001), accidental stool loss (p = 0.001), and bowel problems (p < 0.001) at 1-month postpartum. By 6-month postpartum, there were no differences in reported physical health and functioning. There were no differences in probable depression at 1- or 6-month postpartum. Women with OASIS were more likely to attend a comprehensive postpartum visit, but there were no other differences in health care utilization by OASIS. Conclusion Women with OASIS were at increased risk of accidental stool loss, bowel problems, and perineal pain in the immediate postpartum period. Women who had OASIS had similar physical functioning across a range of general health outcomes to women who gave birth vaginally without OASIS. Key Points Higher risk of bowel problems and accidental stool loss 1-month postpartum with OASIS. Higher risk of perineal pain 1-month postpartum with OASIS. No differences in health outcomes at 6-months postpartum by OASIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rate of OASIS was compared in a big cohort of primiparae with "hands on" technique to protect the perineum in water and bed deliveries. • Secondary outcomes were the rate of OASIS in association with birth weight, episiotomies, and oxytocin during labor. • "Hands on" delivery in water without the use of oxytocin results in the lowest rates of obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Obstetric anal sphincter injuries are feared perineal injuries that are associated with increased pelvic floor disorders. The knowledge of influencing factors as the mode of delivery is therefore important. The aim of this study is to compare the rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in primiparae after water and bed deliveries. In this retrospective cohort study 3907 primiparae gave birth in water or on a bed in a Swiss teaching hospital. The diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injuries was confirmed by a consultant of obstetrics and gynecology and treated by them. The rates of these injuries after water and bed births were compared. Subgroup analysis was performed to detect possible associative factors, such as birth weight, episiotomy, use of oxytocin in first and second stage of labor. 1844 (47.2 %) of the primiparae had a water delivery and 2063 (52.8 %) a bed delivery. 193 (4.94 %) were diagnosed with obstetric anal sphincter injuries, of which 68 (3.7 %) had a water delivery and 125 (6.1 %) a bed delivery, p < 0.001. Subgroup analysis revealed that, in the first and second stage of labor, the rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries with oxytocin was significantly lower in water than in bed deliveries; p = 0.025, p < 0.017, respectively. The rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in the birth weight or episiotomy subgroups did not reach significance. In a teaching hospital setting with standardized labor management, primiparae with a water delivery have the lowest risk for obstetric anal sphincter injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) occur in approximately 3%–6% of vaginal deliveries and are the leading risk factor for late‐onset faecal incontinence, which is an underdiagnosed pathology. The aim of this work was to use a validated scoring system to quantify the effect of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) on the severity of faecal incontinence symptoms after primary repair of major OASIS (Grade IIIb–IV). Method: A prospective cohort study was performed on all women who underwent primary repair of major OASIS over a 6‐year period. They were assessed with ultrasonography within 12 weeks. Two control groups (who did not have OASIS) were women who underwent elective caesarean section and primigravid women. Questionnaires were sent at least 12 months after delivery, or at first consultation for primigravids, which generated the main outcome measures: Cleveland Clinic faecal incontinence severity scores and the presence of IBS based on Rome III criteria. Results: There was a total of 211 patients included in the three groups and the mean follow‐up time was 26 months after sphincter repair. Ultrasonographic sphincter defects were detected in 37% but did not affect the faecal incontinence score (p = 0.47), except in patients with IBS. Within each group, patients with IBS had significantly worse faecal incontinence than those without. Women with both OASIS and IBS had the most severe faecal incontinence scores. Conclusion: OASIS has a limited negative effect on faecal incontinence, independent of whether residual ultrasonographic sphincter defects are present. However, the presence of IBS has a significant compounding effect on faecal incontinence in OASIS patients. The effect of IBS on faecal incontinence is also notable in caesarean section patients and primigravids, suggesting that IBS is an independent risk‐factor that should have its place in predelivery assessment and counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The role of colorectal surgeons in the management of acute obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is an ongoing debate. Their expertise in operating in the anorectal region lends itself to assisting in OASI repair. The aim of this study was to establish the current involvement and recommended management of acute OASI by colorectal surgeons. Method: An online survey of consultant colorectal surgeons was sent to members of the Pelvic Floor Society to assess current involvement in acute OASI management and repair. Results: Forty completed surveys were collated and analysed. Sixty‐five per cent of respondents had seen an acute OASI since being a consultant and 50% stated they were involved in the repair of OASI less than once per year. 37.5% felt that a de‐functioning stoma was still necessary sometimes. Many agreed with current guidelines for OASI repair in terms of antibiotics, laxatives and follow‐up. Conclusions: Colorectal surgeons have varied opinions on the management of OASI. We suggest that multidisciplinary training of obstetricians and colorectal surgeons could lead to more collaboration regarding the management of women with acute OASI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 36-year-old primigravida who gave birth to a 3200 g baby by vacuum-assisted (Kiwi OmniCup™) operative vaginal delivery with mediolateral episiotomy. A "y"-shaped perineal tear with a grade IIIC obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) was diagnosed and repaired. Two days after delivery, in the absence of suture dehiscence, she started experiencing complete anal incontinence. A decision was made in association with a proctologic surgeon for an early secondary repair. Before surgery, a Three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) was performed. The exam revealed a major defect of the external anal sphincter at the 11 o'clock position. This allowed for the reopening of only a circumscribed area of the perineal suture and repair of the sphincters using the end-to-end technique. The symptoms regressed completely, and follow-up TPUS demonstrated the gradual wound healing process. Anal incontinence, secondary to obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), has a severe negative impact on women's quality of life. TPUS is an effective method to detect sphincter defects and monitor the healing process. This report investigates the feasibility of identifying the sphincter tear in an incontinent puerperal patient without suture dehiscence in order to target early secondary repair while minimizing its extent. TPUS has proven a safe and effective tool to guide early secondary repair of symptomatic OASI complications while minimizing the invasiveness of the procedure. Multidisciplinary management is crucial to ensure the adequate standard of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate trends in the incidence of women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) over a 10‐year period comparing spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) and operative vaginal delivery (OVD). Methods: A retrospective study was performed in which all women who underwent vaginal delivery over a 10‐year period (n = 86 242, 2009–2018) at the Rotunda Hospital were reviewed. The overall incidence of OASIS was compared with incidence rates stratified by parity and type of vaginal birth. Results: The 10‐year vaginal delivery rate was 69% (n = 59 187) where 24 580 women (42%) were primiparous and 34 607 women (58%) were multiparous. SVD rate was 74% and OVD rate was 26%. The overall incidence of OASIS was 2.9%. The incidence of OASIS in OVD was 5.5% and the incidence in SVD was 2%. Of 498 multipara who sustained OASIS, 366 (73%) had an SVD without episiotomy compared with 14 (3%) who had an episiotomy. There was a significant reduction of OASIS over the 10‐year period in primipara who had an OVD but no reduction in the other groups. Conclusion: The primiparous OVD group had a significant reduction of OASIS. Continued education around perineal protection and episiotomy at SVD could positively impact further reduction in OASIS, particularly in the SVD groups. Synopsis: OASIS reduced significantly in primiparous operative vaginal deliveries, probably through education and technique, but no reduction occurred in other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: Perineal trauma during vaginal delivery is very common. Training in diagnosis and repair of trauma, including obstetric anal sphincter injuries, varies in the UK. We aimed to investigate the current knowledge and training received by obstetric physicians. Methods: A national, validated survey was conducted online, using Qualtrics. The National Trainees Committee distributed the survey. It was also sent directly to consultants via email. Results: A total of 302 physicians completed the survey and were included in the analysis. 3.9% of participants described their training in obstetric perineal trauma as "very poor" or "poor". 20.5% said they have not received training. 8.6% of physicians practising for more than 10 years had not had training for over 10 years. 70.5% responded "somewhat agree" or "strongly agree" when asked if they would like more training. Identification of first, second, third-, and fourth-degree tears from images and descriptions was very good (more than 80% correct for all categories). Classification of other perineal trauma was less consistent, with many incorrectly using the Sultan Classification. "Manual perineal support" and "Controlled or guided delivery" were the most frequently selected methods for the prevention of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI). Conclusions: Training experience for physicians in obstetric perineal trauma varies. Further improvement in training and education in perineal trauma, particularly in OASI, is needed for physicians. Perineal trauma that is not included in the Sultan Classification is often misclassified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "The monkey chased the weasel: is it irritable bowel syndrome or faecal incontinence we find following obstetric anal sphincter injuries?" explores the relationship between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fecal incontinence (FI) after repairing major obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). The study surveyed 82 women who had undergone OASIS repair, comparing them to two control groups. The authors found that patients who had undergone OASIS repair were less likely to have perfect continence compared to the control groups. However, the study did not have long-term follow-up, and the authors recommend further research to understand the relationship between IBS and OASIS. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction and hypothesis: The objective was to identify modifiable risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in primiparous women. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of primiparous women with a singleton vaginal delivery. Main outcome measures were incidence of OASI and odds ratios for possible risk factors: maternal age, body mass index and height, fetal birthweight and head circumference, gestational age, epidural analgesia, mediolateral episiotomy, and instrumental deliveries. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed using forward methods for variable selection. Results: Of 19,786 primiparous women with a singleton vaginal delivery, 369 sustained an OASI (1.9%). Risk factors were identified: vacuum extraction (adjusted OR 2.06, 95% CI, 1.59–2.65, p < 0.001), increased fetal weight (aOR 1.06, 95% CI, 1.02–1.11, p = 0.002, per 100-g increments); head circumference (aOR 1.24, 95% CI, 1.13–1.35, p < 0.001, per 1-cm increments); gestational week (aOR 1.11, 95% CI, 1.02–1.2, p = 0.012, per week). Protective factors: mediolateral episiotomy (aOR 0.75, 95% CI, 0.59–0.94, p = 0.013) particularly in vacuum deliveries (aOR 0.50, 95% CI, 0.29–0.97, p = 0.040); epidural analgesia (aOR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.48–0.84, p = 0.001); maternal height ≥157 cm (aOR 0.97, 95% CI, 0.96–0.98, p = 0.006, risk decreases by 2.6% per 1 cm increase in height). Conclusions: Mediolateral episiotomy was protective against OASI in both spontaneous and instrumental deliveries of primiparae. Increased fetal weight and large fetal head circumference, particularly in short women, were significant risk factors. These findings support the performance of ultrasound to acquire updated fetal measures before admission to the labor ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objective was to perform a systematic review of predictive factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) occurrence at first vaginal delivery, with the diagnosis made by ultrasound (US‐OASI). The secondary objective was to report on incidence rates of sonographic anal sphincter (AS) trauma, including trauma that was not clinically reported at childbirth, among the studies providing data for our primary objective. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Both observational cohort studies and interventional trials were eligible for inclusion. Study eligibility was assessed independently by two authors. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to pool effect estimates from studies reporting on similar predictive factors. Summary odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) is reported with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Results: A total of 2805 records were screened and 21 met the inclusion criteria (16 prospective cohort studies, three retrospective cohort studies and two interventional non‐randomized trials). Increasing gestational age at delivery (MD, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.04–0.64) weeks), shorter antepartum perineal body length (MD, −0.60 (95% CI, −1.09 to −0.11) cm), labor augmentation (OR, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.21–2.71)), instrumental delivery (OR, 2.13 (95% CI, 1.13–4.01)), in particular forceps extraction (OR, 3.56 (95% CI, 1.31–9.67)), shoulder dystocia (OR, 12.07 (95% CI, 1.06–137.60)), episiotomy use (OR, 1.85 (95% CI, 1.11–3.06)) and shorter episiotomy length (MD, −0.40 (95% CI, −0.75 to −0.05) cm) were associated with US‐OASI. When pooling incidence rates, 26% (95% CI, 20–32%) of women who had a first vaginal delivery had US‐OASI (20 studies; I2 = 88%). In studies reporting on both clinical and US‐OASI rates, 20% (95% CI, 14–28%) of women had AS trauma on ultrasound that was not reported clinically at childbirth (16 studies; I2 = 90%). No differences were found in maternal age, body mass index, weight, subpubic arch angle, induction of labor, epidural analgesia, episiotomy angle, duration of first/second/active‐second stages of labor, vacuum extraction, neonatal birth weight or head circumference between cases with and those without US‐OASI. Antenatal perineal massage and use of an intrapartum pelvic floor muscle dilator did not affect the odds of US‐OASI. Most (81%) studies were judged to be at high risk of bias in at least one domain and only four (19%) studies had an overall low risk of bias. Conclusion: Given the ultrasound evidence of structural damage to the AS in 26% of women following a first vaginal delivery, clinicians should have a low threshold of suspicion for the condition. This systematic review identified several predictive factors for this. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. A video abstract of this article is available online here [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is the leading cause of anal incontinence (AI) in young women. Laxatives are recommended to enhance recovery, however there are no consistent guidelines to guide best practice on the type, frequency, and dose of laxative should be used. This study aimed to evaluate the current use of laxatives following repair of OASIs, and to determine any association with AI. Study design A retrospective cohort study of 356 women who sustained OASIs between January 2016 and June 2020, at a single tertiary centre in Adelaide. Data regarding the type, dose and frequency of laxatives prescribed was extracted from each patient. The degree of OASIs was determined by clinical examination and endoanal ultrasound, and AI was measured by the St Marks incontinence score. Multiple combinations and classes of laxatives were prescribed including bulking agent (Metamucil and Fybogel), emollients (Coloxyl), and osmotic laxatives (lactulose and Movicol). Bulking agents were prescribed for 245 women (68.8%), which is contrary to the current recommendations based on two previous randomised controlled trials. AI reported by 51 (14.3%) women. There were no statistical differences between AI and laxative type, dose, or frequency. Considerable variation existed in laxatives prescription. Bulking agents was not associated with higher rates of AI. Further research is required to improve post-partum care in women following repair of OASIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is associated with long‐term anal incontinence (AI). We aimed to address the following questions: (a) are women with major OASI (grade 3c and 4) at higher risk of developing AI when compared to women with minor OASI (grade 3a and 3b)? (b) is a fourth‐degree tear more likely to cause AI over a third‐degree tear? Methods: A systematic literature search from inception until September 2022. We considered prospective and retrospective cohort studies, cross‐sectional and case‐control studies without language restrictions. The quality was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to measure the effect of different grades of OASI. Results: Out of 22 studies, 8 were prospective cohort, 8 were retrospective cohort, and 6 were cross‐sectional studies. Length of follow‐up ranged from 1 month to 23 years, with the majority of the reports (n = 16) analysing data within 12‐months postpartum. Third‐degree tears evaluated were 6454 versus 764 fourth‐degree tears. The risk of bias was low in 3, medium in 14 and high in 5 studies, respectively. Prospective studies showed that major tears are associated with a twofold risk of AI for major tears versus minor tears, while retrospective studies consistently showed a risk of fecal incontinence (FI) which was two‐ to fourfold higher. Prospective studies showed a trend toward worsening AI symptoms for fourth‐degree tears, but this failed to reach statistical significance. Cross‐sectional studies with long‐term (≥5 years) follow‐up showed that women with fourth‐degree tear were more likely to develop AI, with an RR ranging from 1.4 to 2.2. Out of 3, 2 retrospective studies showed similar findings, but the follow‐up was significantly shorter (≤1 year). Contrasting results were noted for FI rates, as only 5 out of 10 studies supported an association between fourth‐degree tear and FI. Conclusions: Most studies investigate bowel symptoms within few months from delivery. Data heterogeneity hindered a meaningful synthesis. Prospective cohort studies with adequate power and long‐term follow‐up should be performed to evaluate the risk of AI for each OASI subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the differences in assessing obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI) between transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) and endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) and test relationships between ultrasound findings and anal incontinence (AI) symptoms. Methods: A group of 196 women with a history of vaginal delivery was recruited. OASI was detected in a set of 5 slices by EAUS and 8 slices by TPUS. OASI grading was performed on TPUS rules and EAUS rules. A "significant sphincter defect" was diagnosed by TPUS and EAUS using "2/3 rules." Symptoms of AI were determined using the St Mark's Incontinence Score (SMIS). Ultrasound findings were compared between the two methods and correlated with symptoms. Results: Of 196 women, 29 (14.8%) suffered from AI with a mean SMIS of 12.1 ± 4.5, and 70 (35.7%) women with a mean age of 57 years had suspected OASI on imaging. Twenty‐one (10.7%) "significant defects" were diagnosed by TPUS and 24 (12.2%) by EAUS. OASI Grades on TPUS had good agreement with EAUS rules (k = 0.70, P <.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that OASI Grade on imaging and "significant sphincter defects" seen on both forms of imaging were associated with AI symptoms. The odds ratio was 46 and 38 for "significant defects" on TPUS and EAUS, and 14 and 7 for OASI 3b+ on TPUS and EAUS in predicting AI, respectively. Conclusions: "Significant defects" diagnosed by EAUS or TPUS and OASI Grade 3b+ predict AI symptoms. The diagnostic performance of endoanal and exoanal ultrasound (EAUS and TPUS) appear to be very similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury in the UK is rising. This condition leads to significant morbidity in otherwise healthy women. Significant long-term complications of obstetric anal sphincter injury include anal incontinence, ano-vaginal or recto-vaginal fistula and psychological distress. Current management of third and fourth degree perineal tears post-vaginal birth is primary repair. This article discusses the role of a defunctioning colostomy in women with severe perineal tears in the immediate postnatal period. A defunctioning colostomy is a surgical procedure to open a section of colon (large bowel) onto the abdominal wall; a stoma bag is then worn over this to collect faeces. The rectum and anal canal are not used (defunctioned), while the stoma is in place and the perineum is healing. This article describes the purpose and operative steps of colostomy formation and reviews current published evidence of outcomes in those with colostomy formation for obstetric anal sphincter injury. It also addresses the difference in clinical approach between obstetricians and colorectal surgeons in relation to the management of severe obstetric anal sphincter injury and highlight the need for multidisciplinary input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: The objective was to assess the intraobserver intersession and interobserver intrasession reliability of shear wave elastography applied to the external anal sphincter in term pregnant women. Methods: This prospective study involved nulliparous pregnant women at 37 weeks or more with two visits (V1: one observer; V2 two observers) planned within a 12-h to 7-day interval. Measurements were performed using an Aixplorer V12® device with an SL 18-5 linear probe using a transperineal approach, allowing a measurement of the shear modulus (SM) in kPa. Measures were performed at rest, Valsalva maneuver, and maximal contraction. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The study was approved by an ethics committee (ID RCB: 2020-A00764-65). Results: A total of 37 women were included. Intraobserver reliability was excellent at rest (ICC = 0.91 [0.84–0.95) and good during the Valsalva maneuver (ICC = 0.83 [0.72–0.90]) and contraction (ICC = 0.85 [0.75–0.91]). Interobserver reliability was good at rest (ICC = 0.79 [0.66–0.87]) and during Valsalva (ICC = 0.84 [0.73–0.90]), but moderate during contraction (ICC = 0.70 [0.53–0.82]). Conclusions: Shear wave elastography is a reliable tool for assessing the elastic properties of the external anal sphincter in term pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macrosomia in the absence of diabetes can be associated with increased neonatal and maternal morbidity. Management is usually undertaken on a case-by-case basis. Aims: In order to inform local practice, this study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the management of non-diabetic macrosomia in an Irish tertiary center. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed on all women with estimated fetal weight over 4000 g after 37 weeks' gestation. Maternal demographics and obstetric and neonatal outcomes were recorded using the hospital information system. Women with diabetes, previous caesarean section, non-cephalic presentation, or any other complicating condition were excluded. Women were divided into two groups: Active management: Elective delivery for macrosomia—between 38 + 0 and 40 + 6 weeks' gestation Expectant management: with induction of labour offered after 41 weeks' gestation Results: There were 397 women included, 188 with active and 209 with expectant management. There was no difference in adverse neonatal outcomes, major maternal morbidity, or mode of delivery, after exclusion of pre-labor caesarean section. Women with expectant management were more likely to go into spontaneous labor (46.9 vs 1.6%, p < 0.001) and to have a favorable cervix at the onset of induction of labor if nulliparous (86.1 vs 70.0%, p = 0.021), but have higher rates of episiotomy (28.6 vs 18.2%, p = 0.021). With active management, nulliparas with an unfavorable cervix had increased risk of anal sphincter injury (6.5 vs 0.0%, p = 0.007) and postpartum hemorrhage (59.0 vs 35.5%, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Overall, there was no difference in major maternal or neonatal outcomes between management options for fetal macrosomia. However, inducing nulliparas with an unfavorable cervix for non-diabetic macrosomia was associated with obstetric anal sphincter injury and postpartum hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Isolated rectal buttonhole tears are a rare obstetric complication and so there is a lack of consensus for their management. The current case series reviews the published literature on obstetric rectal buttonhole injuries and provides further cases from our institution. Methods: A literature review was performed and all results were reviewed. Rectal buttonhole tears following vaginal delivery between 2012 and 2022 in our institution were identified. Repair technique and postoperative management were recorded. Results: There were 14 published case reports. Seven case reports described a two‐layer closure, and seven reports described a three‐layer closure. Four cases were repaired in collaboration with colorectal surgeons. Twelve cases were asymptomatic after 6 weeks. One woman had a defunctioning stoma following a wound breakdown and one woman was readmitted with a rectal hemorrhage. We identified two women in our institution with buttonhole tears. Three‐layer repairs were performed in both cases and each woman made an uneventful recovery. Conclusion: Repair techniques of rectal buttonhole tears vary among institutions. Despite this variance, most women experience no short‐term morbidity following these injuries. This review adds to the current literature with examples of different repair techniques and outcomes. Synopsis: Isolated buttonhole tears are rare. This case series details 16 cases that aid consensus on appropriate management for these obstetric injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the role of antibiotics on preventing wound complications following obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI). Methods: This is a cohort study with retrospective and prospective components of women who sustained an OASI at vaginal delivery. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of prophylactic antibiotics at the time of delivery on perineal wound complications. Women were grouped based on peripartum antibiotic administration: no antibiotics (NABX), antibiotics for OASI wound complication prophylaxis (PABX), antibiotics for therapeutic indications (TABX), and antibiotics for any indication (AABX, PABX + TABX). Results: Four hundred and twenty‐five women with OASI were included in this analysis. Most women experienced a third‐degree perineal laceration (358, 84.2%). One hundred and sixteen (27.3%) women received NABX, 195 (45.9%) women received PABX, and 114 (26.8%) women received TABX. Cefazolin was the most common antibiotic in the PABX group. Perineal wound complications occurred in 51 (12.0%) women: 14 (12.4%) in NABX, 26 (13.3%) in PABX, 11 (9.6%) in TABX, and 37 (12.0%) in AABX. The incidence of perineal wound complications did not differ between groups. Conclusions: In this cohort study, peripartum antibiotics did not reduce wound complication incidence following OASI. It is likely that a first‐generation cephalosporin is not the ideal antibiotic in this clinical setting. Synopsis: In this cohort study, peripartum antibiotics did not reduce wound complication incidence following obstetric anal sphincter injury regardless of the indication for antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Perineal wound infection can affect tissues at superficial, deep, and organ space levels. Women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) are at risk of infection; however, no study to date has investigated if infection can extend to affect the anal sphincter integrity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical progression of perineal wound infection and its effect on the anal sphincter in women with or without OASIS using three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D‐EAUS). Material and methods: Women were recruited into the Prospective Observational Study Evaluating the Sonographic Appearance of the Anal Sphincter in Women With Perineal Wound Infection Following Vaginal Delivery (PERINEAL Study) between August 2020 and August 2021 (NCT 04480684). 3D‐EAUS was performed weekly until complete wound healing. Significant bacterial colonization was diagnosed using the MolecuLight i:X camera. The primary study outcome was a change in a sphincter defect angle from baseline (wound infection) until wound healing. A robust Poisson regression model was used to analyze the effect of significant bacterial loads on the anal sphincter. Results: Seventy‐three women were included. A median of two ultrasound scans were performed in each patient (range 1–16). Five women (6.8%) had an OASI clinically diagnosed at delivery. In total, 250 EAUS were performed. An external anal sphincter defect was found on EAUS in 55 (22.0%) scans (n = 10 women). An external anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter defect was found in 26 scans (10.4%) (n = 3 women). During the course of the wound healing process, there was no significant change in defect size in wounds with or without significant bacterial colonization. In cases of an intact anal sphincter, wound infection did not disrupt its integrity. Conclusions: We found that perineal wound infection does not disrupt an intact anal sphincter or OASIS. This new information can provide important information for clinicians and patients. As there are myths frequently encountered in cases of litigation when disruption of sphincter integrity is attributed to perineal infection, the findings of this study should be tested in larger studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childbirth is a common factor which increases the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Damage to the anal sphincters increases the risk of anal incontinence, which has a debilitating impact on the quality of life. Post‐repair laxatives are prescribed in this group of women. However, there is no consensus regarding the type or frequency with which they are used, and available guidelines lack consistency and evidence to support the recommendations. Aim: The aim was to review and compare the international, national and local Australian management guidelines for recommendations regarding laxative use in women after OASIS. Method: An online literature search of medical and nursing databases such as PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane was performed between January 2000 and October 2020. Full‐text articles with MeSH headings and Text Words [TW] identified guidelines in the prevention, management and care of OASIS. The search terms included 'obstetric anal sphincter injury', 'OASIS', 'perineal tear', 'postpartum continence', 'bowel injury', 'aperient', 'laxative use' and 'bulking agents'. Results: Thirteen guidelines were included. Laxatives were recommended in most guidelines; however, there was a lack of consistency regarding the type of laxative used, frequency, dose and duration of use. Guidelines were based on historical evidence, with paucity of recently acquired data identified. Conclusions: There is no consensus regarding an optimal laxative regime for women who sustain an anal sphincter injury after childbirth. Further research is required to develop evidence‐based robust clinical guidelines regarding laxative use in women who sustain OASIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) is a hospital‐acquired injury and can affect a woman's quality of life with problems such as anal incontinence, perineal pain, dyspareunia, mental health, psychosexual issues, and concerns about future childbirth choices. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between a doctor's preference for instruments, their individual OASIS rate and whether factors such as their fully dilated caesarean section rate, rate of double instrumental and seniority, influences their individual rate of OASIS. Materials and methods: A population‐based retrospective cohort study was performed on 1340 term nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies who underwent an instrumental delivery or fully dilated caesarean section. A survey of doctors involved in these deliveries was performed. The risk of OASIS was analysed for maternal age, ethnicity, birth position, level of training and doctor's instrument preference using a generalised linear mixed model. Doctors' instrument preferences were established in two ways: a self‐reported survey and data‐inferred preference based on the most used instrument per doctor. The OASIS rate for individual doctors was calculated. Results: The overall risk of OASIS is higher for forceps compared to vacuum deliveries. Doctors with a preference for forceps compared to vacuum, correlated with both a lower OASIS rate and a higher fully dilated caesarean section rate. Conclusions: Doctors preferring forceps report a lower OASIS and higher fully dilated caesarean section rate. Doctors preferring vacuum must consider carefully whether forceps should follow if a vacuum fails as OASIS is more likely to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]