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The contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet is one of the most uncertain components of sea level rise to 2100. Ice sheet models are the primary tool for projecting future sea level contribution from continental ice sheets. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 (ISMIP6) provided projections of the ice sheets contribution to sea level over the 21st century. It quantified uncertainty due to ice sheet model, climate scenario, forcing climate model and uncertain model parameters. We present simulations following the ISMIP6 framework with the BISICLES ice sheet model, alongside new experiments extending the ISMIP6 protocol to more comprehensively explore uncertain ice sheet processes. These results contributed to Antarctic projections of Edwards et al. (2021), which formed the basis of sea level projections for the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR6). The BISICLES experiments presented here show the important interplay between surface mass balance forcing and ocean driven melt, with high warming, high accumulation forcing conditions leading to mass gain (negative sea level contribution) under low sensitivity to ocean driven melt. Conversely, we show that when sensitivity to ocean warming is high, ocean melting drives increased mass loss despite high accumulation. Finally, we show that collapse of ice shelves due to surface warming increases sea level contribution by 25 mm for both moderate and high sensitivity of ice shelf melting to ocean forcing tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The nests of solitary, nest-provisioning wasps (Sphecidae and Crabronidae) are commonly attacked by brood parasites, including flies of the families Phoridae and Sarcophagidae. Larvae of the flies commonly kill the wasp offspring directly or starve it by consuming prey provided by the adult female wasps. 2. To determine whether brood parasitic flies can have a sublethal effect (i.e. reduced body size) on wasp offspring, nests of the wasp Isodontia mexicana were collected at two field sites in upstate New York, U.S.A. Nest diameter had no effect on the probability that a wasp cell would be inhabited by a brood parasite. Most offspring that developed in cells also containing phorids or sarcophagids managed to complete development and emerge as adults. Nevertheless, they had significantly smaller body size than conspecifics emerging from unparasitised cells in which the developing wasp did not have to compete for food (which in this species consists of tree crickets and katydids). Apparently, this is the first time that a sublethal effect of brood parasitism on offspring body size has been quantified for a solitary wasp species. Known effects of body size on the reproductive success of adult wasps suggest that sublethal consequences of the presence of brood parasites may have a significant effect on the fitness of adult I. mexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]