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Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. Infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth or a constellation of birth defects, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which includes cataracts, deafness, heart defects and developmental delay. A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine can provide lifelong protection against rubella. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 set a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least 5 of the 6 WHO regions by 2020, and rubella elimination is a critical goal of the Immunization Agenda 2030. This report updates a previous report and describes progress towards rubella and CRS elimination in 2012-2022. During this period, the number of WHO Member States that included rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their immunization schedules increased from 132 (68%) to 175 (90%), and the percentage of the world's infants were vaccinated against rubella increased from 40% to 68%. The reported number of rubella cases decreased by 81%, from 93 816 in 2012 to 17 407 in 2022. Verification of rubella elimination was achieved in 98 (51%) of 194 countries by 2022, an increase from 84 (43%) countries in 2019. Despite significant progress in introduction of RCV into routine immunization programmes worldwide, nearly 25 million infants annually still do not receive RCV. Nevertheless, the increasing number of countries that have achieved and sustained rubella elimination, even in complex settings, represents progress towards global rubella elimination. L'infection par le virus de la rubeole est l'une des principales causes de malformations congenitales evitables par la vaccination. Lorsqu'elle survient pendant la grossesse, elle peut entrainer une fausse couche, la mort foetale, une mortinaissance ou une constellation de malformations congenitales (notamment cataracte, surdite, malformations cardiaques et retards de developpement) connue sous le nom de syndrome de rubeole congenitale (SRC). Une dose unique de vaccin a valence rubeole peut conferer une protection a vie contre la rubeole. Parmi les cibles fixees dans le Plan d'action mondial pour les vaccins 2011-2020 figurait l'elimination de la rubeole dans au moins 5 des 6 Regions de l'OMS a l'horizon 2020. L'elimination de la rubeole fait en outre partie des objectifs cles du Programme pour la vaccination a l'horizon 2030. Le present rapport actualise les informations fournies dans le rapport precedent et decrit les progres accomplis vers l'elimination de la rubeole et du SRC dans la periode 2012-2022. Au cours de cette periode, les nombre d'Etats Membres de l'OMS ayant inclus le vaccin a valence rubeole (RCV) dans leur calendrier de vaccination a progresse, passant de 132 (68%) a 175 (90%); et le pourcentage de nourrissons dans le monde vaccines contre la rubeole est passe de 40% a 68%. Le nombre de cas notifies de rubeole a recule de 81%, passant de 93 816 en 2012 a 17 407 en 2022. En 2022, l'elimination de la rubeole avait ete verifiee dans 98 (51%) des 194 Etats Membres de l'OMS, contre 84(43%) en 2019. Toutefois, meme si l'introduction du RCV dans les programmes de vaccination systematique a fortement progresse a l'echelle mondiale, pres de 25millions de nourrissons sont encore prives de ce vaccin chaque annee. Le nombre croissant de pays ayant reussi a eliminer durablement la rubeole, meme parmi ceux confrontes a des situations complexes, temoigne neanmoins des progres realises vers l'elimination de cette maladie a l'echelle mondiale., Introduction Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects and can cause epidemics. Rubella virus infection usually produces a mild febrile rash illness in children and adults; however, [...]

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable disease that requires high population immunity in order for transmission to be interrupted. All 6 WHO regions have committed themselves to eliminating measles; however, no region has achieved and sustained elimination. This report describes progress in measles elimination during 2000-2022. Estimated coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) worldwide increased from 72% to 86% between 2000 and 2019 and then decreased to 81% in 2021 during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the lowest coverage rate since 2008. In 2022, MCV1 coverage increased to 83%. Only 72 (50%) of 144 countries that reported measles cases achieved the measles surveillance indicator target of >2 discarded cases per 100 000 population in 2022. During 2021-2022, estimated measles cases increased by 18%, from 7 802 000 to 9 232 300, and the number of countries experiencing large or disruptive outbreaks increased from 22 to 37. The estimated number of measles deaths increased by 43% during 2021-2022, from 95 000 to 136 200. Nonetheless, an estimated 57 million measles deaths were averted by vaccination during 2000-2022. In 2022, measles vaccination coverage and global surveillance showed some recovery from the setbacks during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, coverage decreased in low-income countries, and, globally, years of suboptimal immunization coverage left millions of children unprotected. Setbacks in coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic must be reversed by renewed efforts to vaccinate all children with 2 MCV doses, strengthen surveillance, prevent outbreaks and accelerate progress towards elimination. La rougeole est une maladie a prevention vaccinale qui est hautement contagieuse et dont la transmission ne peut etre interrompue qu'en presence d'une forte immunite collective. Les 6 Regions de l'OMS se sont toutes engagees a eliminer la rougeole, mais a ce jour, aucune d'entre elles n'a atteint durablement cet objectif. Le present rapport decrit les progres accomplis vers l'elimination de la rougeole au cours de la periode 2000-2022. La couverture mondiale de la vaccination par la premiere dose de vaccin a valence rougeole (MCV) a progresse entre 2000 et 2019, passant de 72% a 86%, mais a ensuite recule pendant la pandemie de COVID-19 pour s'etablir a 81% en 2021, soit le taux le plus faible enregistre depuis 2008. En 2022, la couverture par le MCV1 est remontee a 83%. En 2022, seuls 72 (50%) des 144 pays ayant signale des cas de rougeole ont atteint la cible de l'indicateur de surveillance de la rougeole relatif au nombre de cas ecartes, a savoir >2 cas ecartes pour 100 000 habitants. Dans la periode 2021-2022, le nombre de cas de rougeole signales a augmente de 18%, passant de 7 802 000 a 9 232 300, et, le nombre de pays confrontes a des flambees epidemiques de grande ampleur ou perturbatrices de rougeole est passe de 22 a 37, et le nombre estime de deces dus a la rougeole a augmente de 43%, passant de 95 000 a 136 200. Neanmoins, on estime qu'entre 2000 et 2022, la vaccination a permis d'eviter 57 millions de deces dus a la rougeole. En 2022, on a constate des signes de relevement de la couverture vaccinale et de la surveillance mondiale de la rougeole apres les revers subis lors de la pandemie de COVID-19; la couverture vaccinale a toutefois diminuee dans les pays a faible revenu et, apres des annees de couverture sousoptimale, des millions d'enfants dans le monde restent sans protection contre la maladie. Il est urgent d'inverser le recul de la couverture enregistre pendant la pandemie de COVID-19 en redoublant d'efforts pour vacciner tous les enfants par 2 doses de MCV, renforcer la surveillance, prevenir les flambees epidemiques et accelerer les progres vers l'elimination., Introduction All 6 WHO regions have committed themselves to eliminating measles. (1) The Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) 2 includes measles elimination as a core indicator of impact. IA2030 highlights the [...]

BackgroundFunding agencies and researchers increasingly recognize the importance of patient stakeholder engagement in research. Despite calls for greater patient engagement, few studies have engaged a broad-based online community of patient stakeholders in the early stages of the research development process. ObjectiveThe objective of our study was to inform a research priority-setting agenda by using a Web-based survey to gather perceptions of important and difficult aspects of diabetes care from patient members of a social networking site-based community. MethodsInvitations to participate in a Web-based survey were sent by email to members of the PatientsLikeMe online diabetes community. The survey asked both quantitative and qualitative questions addressing individuals’ level of difficulty with diabetes care, provider communication, medication management, diet and exercise, and relationships with others. Qualitative responses were analyzed using content analysis. ResultsOf 6219 PatientsLikeMe members with diabetes who were sent survey invitations, 1044 (16.79%) opened the invitation and 320 (5.15% of 6219; 30.65% of 1044) completed the survey within 23 days. Of the 320 respondents, 33 (10.3%) reported having Type 1 diabetes; 107 (33.4%), Type 2 diabetes and taking insulin; and 180 (56.3%), Type 2 diabetes and taking oral agents or controlling their diabetes with lifestyle modifications. Compared to 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for individuals with diabetes, our respondents were younger (mean age 55.8 years, SD 9.9 vs 59.4 years, SE 0.5); less likely to be male (111/320, 34.6% vs 48.4%); and less likely to be a racial or ethnic minority (40/312, 12.8% vs 37.5%). Of 29 potential challenges in diabetes care, 19 were categorized as difficult by 20% or more of respondents. Both quantitative and qualitative results indicated that top patient challenges were lifestyle concerns (diet, physical activity, weight, and stress) and interpersonal concerns (trying not to be a burden to others, getting support from family/friends). In our quantitative analysis, similar concerns were expressed across patient subgroups. ConclusionsLifestyle and interpersonal factors were particularly challenging for our online sample of adults with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Our study demonstrates the innovative use of social networking sites and online communities to gather rapid, meaningful, and relevant patient perspectives that can be used to inform the development of research agendas.

Worldwide, measles remains a major cause of disease and death; the highest incidence is in the WHO African Region (AFR). In 2011, the 46 Member States in the AFR established the goal of regional elimination of measles by 2020; this report describes progress during 2017-2021. Regional coverage with a first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) decreased from 70% in 2017 to 68% in 2021, and the number of countries with [greater than or equal to] 95% coverage decreased from 6 (13%) to 2 (4%). The number of countries that provided a second MCV dose increased from 27 (57%) to 38 (81%), and coverage with a second-dose increased from 25% to 41%. Approximately 341 million people were vaccinated during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), and an estimated 4.5 million deaths were averted by vaccination. The number of countries that met measles surveillance performance indicators decreased, however, from 26 (62%) to 9 (22%). Measles incidence increased from 69.2 per 1 million population in 2017 to 81.9 in 2021. The number of estimated annual measles cases and deaths increased by 22% and 8%, respectively. By December 2021, no country had received verification of measles elimination. To achieve a renewed regional goal of measles elimination in at least 80% of countries by 2030, intensified work is necessary to recover and surpass levels of surveillance performance and coverage with 2 MCV doses that were achieved before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. La rougeole demeure une cause majeure de maladie et de deces dans le monde entier, et la Region ou l'incidence est la plus elevee est la Region africaine de l'OMS. En 2011, les 46 Etats Membres de la Region africaine s'etaient fixe l'objectif d'eliminer la rougeole a l'horizon 2020. Le present rapport decrit les progres realises sur la periode 2017-2021. La couverture regionale par la premiere dose de vaccin a valence rougeole (MCV) a baisse, passant de 70% en 2017 a 68% en 2021, de meme que le nombre de pays assurant une couverture [greater than or equal to] 95% par la premiere dose, qui est passe 6 (13%) a 2 (4%). Le nombre de pays qui ont administre la deuxieme dose de MCV et la couverture par la deuxieme dose ont augmente, passant de 27 (57%) a 38 (81%) et de 25% a 41%, respectivement. Environ 341 millions de personnes ont ete vaccinees au cours des activites de vaccination supplementaire (AVS) et on estime que 4,5 millions de deces ont ete evites grace a la vaccination. Le nombre de pays qui ont satisfait aux indicateurs de performance de la surveillance de la rougeole a toutefois chute, passant de 26 (62%) a 9 (22%), tandis que l'incidence de la rougeole a augmente, passant de 69,2 cas par million d'habitants en 2017 a 81,9 en 2021; le nombre annuel estime de cas de rougeole et de deces associes a progresse de 22% et de 8%, respectivement. En decembre 2021, aucun pays n'avait obtenu la verification de l'elimination de la rougeole. Pour atteindre l'objectif regional renouvele consistant a eliminer la rougeole dans au moins 80% des pays de la Region d'ici a 2030, il est necessaire de redoubler d'efforts pour retrouver et depasser les niveaux de performance de la surveillance et de couverture par 2 doses de MCV qui avaient ete atteints avant la pandemie de maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)., Introduction Measles remains a major cause of disease and death worldwide, and the highest numbers of cases and deaths occur in AFR. (1) In 2011, the 46 Member States (2) [...]

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated a national lockdown, and the implementation of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) in higher education (HE), but there is a gap in the literature in terms of how Psychology students, studying a single-honours degree in the UK, responded to ERT for practical lab classes. The aim of this study was to assess the experiences of first year Psychology students undertaking practical lab classes via ERT. Ninety-one participants completed a Qualtrics survey asking them to record challenges to engaging in lab classes delivered through ERT, and to suggest improvements for these. Responses were analyzed using Thematic analysis. A novel finding in the study was that a large proportion students discussed issues relating to the structure, format and content of practical classes, to a greater extent than other issues reported in similar studies involving psychology students (e.g. communication, motivational and digital issues). Other novel findings were that students either witnessed or admitted to engagement in social loafing occurred during online group activities, and there was disagreement amongst students regarding the role of groupwork in improving ERT. These results have implications for online teaching provision in higher education institutions.

In 2013, the 11 Member States of the WHO South-East Asia Region (1) (SEAR) adopted the goals of measles elimination and control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (2) [...]

All 6 WHO regions have committed themselves to eliminate measles. (1) The aim of the Immunization Agenda 2021-2030 (IA2030) (2) is to achieve regional targets as a core indicator of [...]

We investigated whether the developmental emergence of episodic future thinking (EFT) is associated with performance on a type of delay of gratification task: a delay choice task that involved choosing between a small reward now or a larger reward the next day. In Study 1, 4- to 5-year-olds' (N = 99) EFT as measured by a tool saving task was significantly associated with performance on the delay choice task, but this was not the case for other EFT measures. Study 2 compared the performance of 4- to 5-year-olds (N = 130) on the delay choice task when cued to think about either a future, past, or habitual event versus a no-cue baseline. Overall, cuing impaired performance on the delay choice task. Although EFT does show a relation to performance in a delay choice task in preschoolers, deliberately engaging in thought about future events may be too taxing in young children to reliably enhance the ability to make future-oriented decisions.

The proper design of near-infrared light-absorbing agents enables efficient optoacoustic imaging-guided phototherapy. In particular, several croconaine-based organic agents with excellent optical properties have been recently reported for this purpose. However, most of them absorb light below 800 nm, limiting deep-tissue imaging applications. To this end, we utilized a recently described novel croconaine derivative (CR880) to develop CR880-based nanoparticles (CR880-NPs) for effective in vivo delivery, deep tissue optoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy applications. Radicals and strong π–π stacking in CR880 result in an 880 nm absorption peak with no blue-shift upon condensing to the solid phase. DSPE-PEG2000-formulated CR880-NPs exhibited high optoacoustic generation efficiency and photostability, and could be visualized in the tumors of three different mouse tumor models (breast, brain, and colon tumor) with high image contrast. The high photothermal conversion efficiency of CR880-NPs (∼58%) subsequently enabled efficient in vivo tumor elimination using a low energy laser, while remaining biocompatible and well-tolerated. This work introduces a promising novel agent for cancer theranostics of challenging deep-seated tumors.

Whereas some evidence exists that math anxiety may interfere with math performance from the very beginning of primary school, no study to date has attempted to investigate whether math anxiety may also interfere with early math learning (i.e., the encoding of new math knowledge) and not only with recalling already mastered contents in test situations. Across 2 experiments carried out in 2 different countries (Study 1: N = 115, conducted in Italy; Study 2: N = 120, conducted in the United Kingdom), we addressed this question by presenting 6-year-old children with 2 math contents that had not been covered by their school curriculum before the study. Children were tested immediately before and immediately after the learning phase, and after a 1-week delay. Longitudinal models revealed that math anxiety was negatively related to initial level of knowledge in the case of 3 out of 4 math contents. More importantly, math anxiety was also negatively related to rate of learning in 2 out of 4 tasks (1 task in Study 1 and 1 in Study 2). These studies provide the first evidence that math anxiety may reduce the encoding of novel math contents in memory in very young children, potentially leading to cumulative gaps in math proficiency for children with math anxiety from the very beginning of their formal education.

On 13 January 2021, a vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) was identified by the Regional Reference Laboratory (RRL) for polio in Moscow (1) in a specimen from a patient with [...]