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Liquid products obtained by the fast pyrolysis process applied to biomass can be used as chemical raw materials and liquid fuels. In this study, tea bush, walnut shell, and pine cone samples selected as biomass samples were obtained from Trabzon and Rize provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region and used. When considered in terms of our region, the available biomass waste samples are easy to access and have a high potential in quantity. To employ them in the experimental investigation, these biomass samples were first ground, sieved to a particle size of 1.0 mm, and mixed. A fast pyrolysis process was applied to this obtained biomass mixture in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The effects of temperature, heating rate, and nitrogen flow rate on the product yields of the fast pyrolysis technique used on the biomass mixture are examined. A constant particle size of 1.0 mm, temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 750 °C, heating rates of 100, 250, 400, and 600 °C.min−1, and flow rates of 50, 100, 200, and 300 cm3.min−1 were used in tests on fast pyrolysis. The studies showed the 500 °C pyrolysis temperature, 100 °C min−1 heating rate, and 50 cm3.min−1 nitrogen flow rate gave the maximum liquid product yield. The liquid product generated under the most compelling circumstances is analyzed to determine moisture, calorific value, fixed carbon, ash, raw coke, and volatile matter. Additionally, the crude bio-oil heating value, measured at 5900 cal/g and produced under the most favorable pyrolysis circumstances, rose by around 40% compared to its starting material. The liquid product obtained from rapid pyrolysis experiments can be used as liquid fuel. The evaluation of the potential of chemical raw materials can be a subject of research in a different discipline since there are many chemical raw materials (glycerine, furfurals, cellulose and derivatives, carbonaceous materials, and so forth) in fast pyrolysis liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific region of Colombia is known to be one of the most vulnerable to changes in precipitation patterns. A study was conducted using standardized precipitation index (SPI) analyses to understand the potential changes in precipitation in this region during the 21st century. The analyses were conducted using historical precipitation data from 1950 to 2005 and projected precipitation data from 2022 to 2100 under the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). The results of the study showed that compared to historical data, SPI3 precipitation in this region is predicted to increase by 2040 under both climatic scenarios. However, in the 2041–2070 period, the region is expected to be wetter under RCP 8.5, although the difference between the two scenarios was not statistically significant. Similarly, SPI 6 precipitation is predicted to increase in the 2022–2040 and 2071–2100 periods under both scenarios. SPI 12 precipitation is also predicted to increase in the 2022–2040 period under RCP 4.5. In the 2041–2070 period, dryness is predicted to be more frequent under RCP 4.5, and wetness is predicted under RCP 8.5. The findings of this study can help in determining the most pertinent reference periods and computation time increments for evaluating the effects of future climate change on agricultural production and food security in the Pacific region of Colombia. It suggests that changes in precipitation patterns are likely to occur in the coming decades, which may significantly impact crop growth, water availability, and other aspects of agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global wheat demand is expected to continue to increase due to the projected increase in the World's population but regrettably, wheat yield is expected to decrease due to the progressively changing climate. Although the effects of temperature, soil moisture and nutrient absorption on the yield of wheat have been studied extensively to address the threats posed by climate change on food security, the combined effects of these factors have been studied to a lesser extent. This study thus aims to investigate the interactive effects of different regimes of fertilizer and soil moisture on the yield and amino acid composition of wheat. Twelve treatments under different regimens of soil moisture and fertilizer, replicated ten times in a randomized block design were considered in the greenhouse and in the field. The study reveals that variation in each factor had a significant effect on wheat but soil moisture was the principal factor controlling yield and protein accumulation. Application of organic fertilizer to wheat increased amino acid accumulation when the average temperature was at 18 °C, with minimum temperature (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax) of −6 °C and 42 °C respectively. However, application of inorganic fertilizer to wheat enhanced amino acid accumulation when the average daily temperature was at 8 °C, with Tmin and Tmax of −10 °C and 26 °C respectively. Our results also show that a decrease in soil moisture from 100% to 30% in the greenhouse improved the quantity of amino acid in the grain by 26.4% and 56.8% for organic and inorganic treatments respectively. Also, grain amino acid concentration increased by 16.6% and 4.76% when soil moisture dropped from 100% to 30% for the organic and inorganic treatments in the field respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]