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Background COVID-19 is an infectious pathology that shows vascular changes during pregnancy, as well as in the placentas. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors for preeclampsia in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19. As well as comparing maternal and perinatal outcomes in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 and preeclampsia with those without preeclampsia. Methods Prospective cohort study of 100 hospitalized pregnant women from two tertiary hospitals, diagnosed with COVID-19, and divided into two groups: PE+ group (pregnant women with COVID-19 and preeclampsia) and PE- group (pregnant women with COVID-19 without preeclampsia). These pregnant women had prevalence, risk factors, maternal and perinatal data analyzed. Results The prevalence of preeclampsia was 11%. Severe COVID-19 was the main risk factor for preeclampsia (OR = 8.18 [CI 1.53–43.52]), as well as fetal growth restriction was the main perinatal outcome (OR = 8.90 [CI 1.52–38.4]). Comorbidities were more frequent in the PE+ group (63.6% vs 31.5%, p = 0.03), as well as prematurity (81.8% vs 41.6%, p = 0.02), low birth weight (63.6% vs 24.7%, p = 0.01), and the need for neonatal intensive care admission of the newborn (63.6% vs 27.0%, p = 0.03). Pregnant women with PE had twice as long a length of stay in the intensive care unit (RR = 2.35 [CI 1.34–4.14]). Although maternal mortality was more frequent among pregnant women with PE, it was not statistically significant. Conclusions Prevalence of preeclampsia in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 was 11%. Severe COVID-19 was the main risk factor for preeclampsia and associated comorbidities increased the risk for developing preeclampsia. Long length of stay in the intensive care unit was the main maternal outcome and fetal growth restriction was the main perinatal outcome of preeclampsia.

Os autores realizaram uma revisão da literatura com a finalidade de observar as prevalências dos principais agentes causadores das cervicites emnosso meio e em serviços estrangeiros. Para a clamídia foram encontradas prevalências entre 2,6% e 13,9 com média em torno de 5,6%, lembrandoque a taxa mais alta observada de 13,9% foi estudo avaliando população de jovens americanos com idade entre 18 e 26 anos. Para o gonococo, a pre-valência observada foi significativamente menor, variando de 0,43 a 19,0 com média de 5,43, embora este valor não seja “real”, pois o estudo querevelou taxa de 19% foi realizado na África entre clínicas que atendem pacientes com DST, o que fez com que a média se elevasse. No Brasil a prevalência de clamídia também foi extremamente variada o estudo mais significativo mostrou taxas oscilando entre 0,6 e 20,2%, avaliando-se 16 esta-dos brasileiros, sendo que para o Gonoco as taxas são escassas e difíceis de se extrair uma conclusão. Desta forma podemos concluir que estes microorganismos, principalmente a clamídia, são muito freqüentes e merecem avaliação mais detalhada, principalmente no sentido de se observar as taxas reais de sua prevalência em nosso meio.

Deepinder K Dhaliwal,1 Viktor Chirikov,2 Jordana Schmier,2 Sanika Rege,2 Schalon Newton3 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 2OPEN Health Evidence & Access, Bethesda, MD, USA; 3Trefoil Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USACorrespondence: Schalon Newton, Trefoil Therapeutics, Inc., 6330 Nancy Ridge Dr Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA, Tel +1 949 678 9572, Email snewton@trefoiltherapeutics.comPurpose: To assess the incremental burden of corneal transplant surgery for US commercially insured patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) treated with endothelial keratoplasty (EK) compared to controls.Methods: The study design was retrospective cohort using IBM® MarketScan® claims (January 2014–September 2019) and included EK-treated (N=1562) and control patients (N=23,485) having ≥ 12 months’ enrollment before and after diagnosis, who were subsequently matched on select characteristics. The index date was the beginning of the pre-operative period (3 months before EK); synthetic EK index was assigned for controls. All-cause, eye-disease, and complication-related healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs were compared up to 36 months post index. For a small subset of patients, patient data were linked to the Health and Productivity Management supplemental database, which integrates data on productivity loss and disability payments.Results: Matched cohorts included 804 EK-treated and 1453 controls with average age 65.7 years, 1383 (61%) female. Over 12 months of follow-up, all-cause ($41,199 vs $20,222, p< 0.001) and eye-disease related costs ($22,951 vs $1389, p< 0.001) were higher among EK-treated patients than controls. The cost differential increased additionally by $1000–$2000 per annum by 36 months of follow-up. While balanced at baseline, over follow-up EK-treated patients had higher prevalence of glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure, cataract, cataract surgery, diagnosis of cornea transplant rejection, retinal edema. By 36 month of follow-up, EK-treated patients had 9 more short-term disability days, resulting in $2992 additional burden of disability payments.Conclusion: This study found a higher cost burden among FECD patients receiving EK treatment versus those who did not. With a shift in management of FECD, cost burden estimates generated in this study could serve as an important benchmark for future studies.Keywords: cornea transplantation, cost analysis, glaucoma, retrospective study

Summary: Although mice mostly communicate in the ultrasonic range, they also emit audible calls. We demonstrate that mice selectively bred for high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) have a high disposition for emitting sonic calls when caught by the tail. The vocalization was unrelated to pain but sensitive to anxiolytics. As revealed by manganese-enhanced MRI, HAB mice displayed an increased tonic activity of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Selective inhibition of the dorsolateral PAG not only reduced anxiety-like behavior but also completely abolished sonic vocalization. Calls were emitted at a fundamental frequency of 3.8 kHz, which falls into the hearing range of numerous predators. Indeed, playback of sonic vocalization attracted rats if associated with a stimulus mouse. If played back to HAB mice, sonic calls were repellent in the absence of a conspecific but attractive in their presence. Our data demonstrate that sonic vocalization attracts both predators and conspecifics depending on the context.

The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) contains a tonically GABAergic network controlling defensive responses. Determining how this intrinsic dPAG inhibitory circuit functions might provide critical insights into how anti-predatory responses are organized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 is an infectious pathology that shows vascular changes during pregnancy, as well as in the placentas. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors for preeclampsia in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19. As well as comparing maternal and perinatal outcomes in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 and preeclampsia with those without preeclampsia. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 100 hospitalized pregnant women from two tertiary hospitals, diagnosed with COVID-19, and divided into two groups: PE+ group (pregnant women with COVID-19 and preeclampsia) and PE- group (pregnant women with COVID-19 without preeclampsia). These pregnant women had prevalence, risk factors, maternal and perinatal data analyzed. Results: The prevalence of preeclampsia was 11%. Severe COVID-19 was the main risk factor for preeclampsia (OR = 8.18 [CI 1.53–43.52]), as well as fetal growth restriction was the main perinatal outcome (OR = 8.90 [CI 1.52–38.4]). Comorbidities were more frequent in the PE+ group (63.6% vs 31.5%, p = 0.03), as well as prematurity (81.8% vs 41.6%, p = 0.02), low birth weight (63.6% vs 24.7%, p = 0.01), and the need for neonatal intensive care admission of the newborn (63.6% vs 27.0%, p = 0.03). Pregnant women with PE had twice as long a length of stay in the intensive care unit (RR = 2.35 [CI 1.34–4.14]). Although maternal mortality was more frequent among pregnant women with PE, it was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Prevalence of preeclampsia in hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 was 11%. Severe COVID-19 was the main risk factor for preeclampsia and associated comorbidities increased the risk for developing preeclampsia. Long length of stay in the intensive care unit was the main maternal outcome and fetal growth restriction was the main perinatal outcome of preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escape from threats has paramount importance for survival. However, it is unknown if a single circuit controls escape vigor from innate and conditioned threats. Cholecystokinin (cck)-expressing cells in the hypothalamic dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) are necessary for initiating escape from innate threats via a projection to the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). We now show that in mice PMd-cck cells are activated during escape, but not other defensive behaviors. PMd-cck ensemble activity can also predict future escape. Furthermore, PMd inhibition decreases escape speed from both innate and conditioned threats. Inhibition of the PMd-cck projection to the dlPAG also decreased escape speed. Intriguingly, PMd-cck and dlPAG activity in mice showed higher mutual information during exposure to innate and conditioned threats. In parallel, human functional magnetic resonance imaging data show that a posterior hypothalamic-to-dlPAG pathway increased activity during exposure to aversive images, indicating that a similar pathway may possibly have a related role in humans. Our data identify the PMd-dlPAG circuit as a central node, controlling escape vigor elicited by both innate and conditioned threats.

Animals must balance needs to approach threats for risk assessment and to avoid danger. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) controls defensive behaviors, but it is unknown how it represents states associated with threat approach and avoidance. We identified a dPAG threatavoidance ensemble in mice that showed higher activity farther from threats such as the open arms of the elevated plus maze and a predator. These cells were also more active during threat avoidance behaviors such as escape and freezing, even though these behaviors have antagonistic motor output. Conversely, the threat approach ensemble was more active during risk assessment behaviors and near threats. Furthermore, unsupervised methods showed that avoidance/approach states were encoded with shared activity patterns across threats. Lastly, the relative number of cells in each ensemble predicted threat avoidance across mice. Thus, dPAG ensembles dynamically encode threat approach and avoidance states, providing a flexible mechanism to balance risk assessment and danger avoidance.

A class of Gd(III) coiled coils achieve high MRI relaxivity, in part due to their slow rotational correlation time. However, extending their length is unable to further enhance performance, as the mechanism by which relaxivity is achieved is dominated by the presence of three inner sphere waters in rapid exchange, through an associative mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cuneiform nucleus (CUN) is a midbrain structure located lateral to the caudal part of the periaqueductal gray. In the present investigation, we first performed a systematic analysis of the afferent and efferent projections of the CUN using FluoroGold and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracers, respectively. Next, we examined the behavioral responses to optogenetic activation of the CUN and evaluated the impact of pharmacological inactivation of the CUN in both innate and contextual fear responses to a predatory threat (i.e., a live cat). The present hodologic evidence indicates that the CUN might be viewed as a caudal component of the periaqueductal gray. The CUN has strong bidirectional links with the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAGdl). Our hodological findings revealed that the CUN and PAGdl share a similar source of inputs involved in integrating information related to life‐threatening events and that the CUN provides particularly strong projections to brain sites influencing antipredatory defensive behaviors. Our functional studies revealed that the CUN mediates innate freezing and flight antipredatory responses but does not seem to influence the acquisition and expression of learned fear responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of diamonds from Serra do Espinhaço in Diamantina region (State of Minas Gerais) and in Chapada Diamantina, Lençóis region (State of Bahia) remains uncertain, even taking into account the ample research carried out during the last decades. The lack of typical satellite minerals in both districts makes a kimberlitic source for these diamonds uncertain. In mid 18th century the occurrence of a metamorphosed igneous rock composed of martite, sericite and tourmaline was described in Diamantina region and named hematitic phyllite, considered by some researchers as a possible diamond source. Similar rocks were found in Lençóis and examined petrographically and their heavy mineral concentration was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Petrographic analyses indicated an igneous origin for these rocks and SEM analyses showed the discovery of microdiamonds. Geochronological studies using the Ar/Ar technique in muscovites yielded minimum ages of 1515 ± 3 Ma, which may correlate with 1710 ± 12 Ma from U-Pb method in igneous zircons from the hematitic phyllites. Both rock types also have the same mineral and chemical composition which leads to the conclusion that the intrusive rocks were protolith of the hematitic phyllites. This first discovery of microdiamonds in intrusive rocks opens the possibility of new investigation models for diamond mineralization in Brazilian Proterozoic terrains.A origem dos diamantes da Serra do Espinhaço na região de Diamantina, Minas Gerais e na Chapada Diamantina, na região de Lençóis, Bahia, permanece incerta apesar das inúmeras pesquisas desenvolvidas, ao longo das últimas décadas. A ausência de minerais satélites típicos em ambos os distritos, torna incerta a possibilidade de fonte kimberlítica para os diamantes. Na região de Diamantina registra-se, desde meados do século XVIII, a ocorrência de uma rocha metamórfica, composta por martita, sericita e turmalina, denominada filito hematítico e considerada por alguns pesquisadores como uma provável fonte dos diamantes. Rochas similares foram encontradas na região de Lençóis e submetidas a estudos petrográficos tendo a concentração de minerais pesados sido investigada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As análises petrográficas permitiram determinar uma origem ígnea para as rochas e as análises de MEV mostraram a ocorrência de microdiamantes. Estudos geocronológicos com a técnica Ar/Ar em muscovitas revelaram idades de 1515 ±3 m.a. que são correlacionáveis às idades de 1710 ±12 m.a., obtidas pelo método U-Pb, em zircões dos filitos hematíticos. Ambos litotipos apresentam composições química e mineralógica idênticas o que permite concluir que os filitos hematíticos tiveram como protólito as rochas intrusivas. Essa descoberta inédita de microdiamantes nas rochas intrusivas descortina a possibilidade de adoção de novos modelos prospectivos para mineralizações de diamantes em terrenos do Proterozóico brasileiro.

The most common form of sensory disability is age-related hearing loss (ARHL), a complex disorder involving genetic and environmental factors. While not life-threatening, ARHL causes communication difficulties and is associated with social isolation, depression and reduced physical and cognitive function. Moreover, there is a growing literature suggesting causal links between ARHL and dementia. Presently, there are no biological therapies for the condition, and our limited knowledge of the underlying genetic mechanisms of ARHL is a severe impediment to the design of interventions. As with other complex disorders, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have had limited success in identifying susceptibility genes. However, the advent of the UK Biobank, with ~500k participants, is a game-changer having the statistical power to identify genome-wide significant loci. Indeed, a recent study reported 44 significant loci associated with self-reported hearing difficulty or hearing aid use. These data represent an opportunity to increase our understanding of ARHL, but first the gene responsible for the association at each locus needs to be confirmed. Mice are the predominant model organism for hearing research. Similarities in auditory structure and physiology with humans, close evolutionary relationship of genomes and the available genetic toolkit, make mice an ideal system for studying the functional genomics of hearing. To elaborate upon the genetics of ARHL, we are generating knockout mice for genes located in close proximity to the strongest associations and assessing their hearing; we are utilising the IMPC programme, importing knockout lines and undertaking recurrent auditory phenotyping up to 15-months of age. In addition to Clrn2, using this approach we have validated Baiap2l2 and Klhdc7b as important for mammalian hearing. However, no overt hearing phenotype was evident in Arhgef28, Nid2 or Fto mutant mice. These findings highlight the potential of the UKBB data to elaborate upon the genetics of mammalian hearing, but also the difficulty of translating results from human GWAS to animal models. Importantly, here we have only investigated gene loss-of-function, which may not be appropriate in all cases. Validated mouse models will provide essential information regarding the pathobiology of ARHL, and this knowledge will lay the foundation necessary for developing preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the Multimedia Visualizer, an online public access catalog (OPAC) that uses animated visualizations to make it more user friendly. Pictures of the system are shown that illustrate the interactive objects that patrons can access, including card catalog drawers, librarian desks, and bookshelves; and access to multimedia items is described. (five references) (LRW)

Objetivos: analisar as características sociodemográficas das mulheres vítimas de violência sexual, avaliar a experiência sexual prévia, pesquisar a utilização de métodos anticoncepcionais por ocasião da violência e observar o período de tempo desde a agressão até o atendimento hospitalar. Métodos: foram analisados os dados de 117 fichas pré-codificadas, de um total de 134 atendimentos. As fichas foram utilizadas no atendimento de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual na Maternidade do Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba no período de agosto de 1998 até junho de 2000. Resultados: a idade das mulheres variou de 5 a 49 anos, sendo que a metade era de jovens, com até 19 anos. A maioria tinha segundo grau completo ou incompleto, 41 (41,0%) eram estudantes e 82 (82,0%) eram solteiras. Na análise da experiência sexual prévia, constatou-se que cerca de um terço (32,4%) era virgem. Das mulheres que referiam ter vida sexual prévia, 35 (47,9%) usavam algum método anticoncepcional quando da agressão. Houve variação de 2 horas a 2 meses em relação ao tempo decorrido desde a violência sexual até a procura por atendimento. Conclusões: o número de mulheres vítimas de violência sexual evidencia a importância de um atendimento especializado a estas pacientes. Há também necessidade de este atendimento ser multidisciplinar, já que dentre as vítimas existem grupos que necessitam de atenção diferenciada, como por exemplo as crianças. O intervalo entre a violência sexual e a procura do serviço pode ser considerado como indício de que a população deve ter acesso a mais informações em relação à prevenção de gravidez e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, inclusive a infecção pelo HIV.

We examined the behavioural responses and Fos expression pattern of rats that were exposed to snake threats from shed snakeskin and a live snake. We differentiated the behavioural responses and the pattern of Fos expression in response to the odour cues and mild threat from a live snake. Animals exposed to the snake odour alone or to the confined snake showed a great deal of risk assessment. Conversely, the intensification of odour during exposure to the live snake decreased the threat ambiguity, and the animals froze for a significantly longer period. Our Fos analysis showed that a pathway formed by the posteroventral part of the medial amygdalar nucleus to the central part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus appeared to be solely responsive to odour cues. In addition, we showed increased Fos expression in a parallel circuit comprising the lateral amygdalar nucleus, ventral subiculum, lateral septum, and juxtadorsomedial region of the lateral hypothalamic area that is responsive to both the odour and mild threat from a live snake. This path is likely to process the environmental boundaries of the threat to be avoided. Both paths merge into the dorsal premammillary nucleus and periaqueductal grey sites, which all increase Fos expression in response to the snake threats and are likely to organize the defensive responses. Moreover, we found that the snake threat mobilized the Edinger–Westphal and supraoculomotor nuclei, which are involved in stress adaptation and attentional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]