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ThermoBounce is an interactive online visualization designed to help students understand how enthalpy, entropy, and temperature contribute to the reaction rate and equilibrium of a unimolecular chemical change between reactant and product states, for example, molecular isomerizations or phase transitions. At the start of the animation, reactant molecules are represented by spheres bouncing around in a reactant room, with an average kinetic energy proportional to the temperature. This room is connected to an adjacent product room by a window. When the user triggers the animation, spheres may convert to the product state by passing through the window into the product room, changing color as they do so. The difference between the floor heights of the reactant and product rooms represents the enthalpy change of the reaction, and the floor areas of the two rooms represent the entropies of the reactant and product states. The height of the bottom of the window above the floor of the reactant room represents the enthalpy of activation, and the width of the window represents the entropy of activation. Users can change the geometry of the rooms and window to adjust all these quantities and can modify the temperature before or during the reaction. They can then observe the resulting changes in the reaction rate and in the accumulation of product molecules, as shown on a reaction progress graph. The visualization and instructions for interacting with it are freely available on the Internet.

This paper describes a system which takes user input of a pattern of regular polygons around one vertex and attempts to construct a uniform tiling with the same pattern at every vertex by adding one polygon at a time. The system constructs spherical, planar, or hyperbolic tilings when the sum of the interior angles of the user-specified regular polygons is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than 360∘. Other works have catalogued uniform tilings in tables and/or illustrations. In contrast, this system was developed as an interactive educational tool for people to learn about symmetry and tilings by trial and error through proposing potential vertex patterns and investigating whether they work. Users can watch the rest of the polygons being automatically added one by one with recursive backtracking. When a trial polygon addition is found to violate the conditions of a regular tiling, polygons are removed one by one until a configuration with another compatible choice is found, and that choice is tried next.

Camera-based 3D reconstruction of physical objects is one of the most popular computer vision trends in recent years. Many systems have been built to model different real-world subjects, but there is lack of a completely robust system for plants. This paper presents a full 3D reconstruction system that incorporates both hardware structures (including the proposed structured light system to enhance textures on object surfaces) and software algorithms (including the proposed 3D point cloud registration and plant feature measurement). This paper demonstrates the ability to produce 3D models of whole plants created from multiple pairs of stereo images taken at different viewing angles, without the need to destructively cut away any parts of a plant. The ability to accurately predict phenotyping features, such as the number of leaves, plant height, leaf size and internode distances, is also demonstrated. Experimental results show that, for plants having a range of leaf sizes and a distance between leaves appropriate for the hardware design, the algorithms successfully predict phenotyping features in the target crops, with a recall of 0.97 and a precision of 0.89 for leaf detection and less than a 13-mm error for plant size, leaf size and internode distance.

A careful analysis of Greco-Roman sources reveals the various types of regulations involving alcohol that existed in antiquity. The primary concern was with consumption, including the appropriate way alcohol should be drunk (without leading to improper behavior such as impudence or violence), where it should or should not be drunk (such as in bars or at locations of religious importance), how much money should be allocated to it (for a proper convivial atmosphere at house parties, in mess halls, or where private associations met, while controlling overspending), and who should or should not do the drinking (including women, slaves, and the underaged). To some extent regulations also extended to controlling the wine trade, specifically in terms of how the product was manufactured and distributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]