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Bergenia ligulata Wall. Engl. is perennial herb used for the treatment urinary discharges, diseases of urinary bladder, dysentery, menorrhagia, splenic enlargement and heart diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial and synergistic potential of solvent fractions and major phytocompound of B. ligulata against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The antimicrobial and synergistic potential of the solvent fractions (Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and remaining aqueous) of methanolic extract of B. ligulata rhizome and major phytocompound bergenin were investigated by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution method. Major Phytocompound bergenin was quantified in solvent fractions of B. ligulata by HPTLC and HP-LC method Molecular docking of bergenin was done by AutoDock vina with bacterial and fungal targets. Drug likeness and ADME screening was done with help of molinspiration and swissADME servers. Ethyl acetate sub-fraction of B. ligulata showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains with zone of inhibition 13, 13, 14, 13 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans MTCC 277 and ATCC 90028 respectively. The MIC of ethyl acetate sub-fraction against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans MTCC 277 and ATCC 90028 was 31.25, 250, 62.5, 62.5 μg mg−1 respectively. Bergenin major phytocompound of B. ligulata also showed the antimicrobial activity with MIC 250 μg mg−1 against all the selected bacterial and fungal strains. Quantification of bergenin showed that ethyl-acetate sub fraction (17.6 μg mg−1 and 112 μg mg−1 measured through HPTLC and HPLC, respectively) is rich in bergenin content. The bergenin content recovered in ethyl acetate sub-fraction is 38.2%. Bergenin showed good interactions with bacterial and fungal targets and follows all parameters of drug likeness. Conclusions: : Solvent fractions of B. ligulata and major phytocompound Bergenin can be used as a bioenhancer of antibacterial and antifungal agents to treat drug resistant pathogens.

Abstract Background Bombax ceiba is used traditionally to treat bone disorders, rheumatism, and joint pain. The aim of the study is to carry out osteogenic activity in-vitro and anti-osteoporotic activity in-vivo of stem bark of B. ceiba in surgical ovariectomy model in female rats. Methods Plant drug: B. ceiba stem bark was extracted with solvents petroleum ether and methanol using Soxhlet extraction. In-vitro osteoblastic proliferation study was performed using UMR-106 cell lines. Both the extracts were undergone to acute toxicity study as per OECD423 guidelines. Female Wistar albino rats 180-240 g were used (n = 6). Surgical ovariectomy was performed under anesthesia to induce bone porosity and loss in all animals except normal control and sham control. Each extract was administered at two dose level: 100 and 200 mg/kg and the standard Raloxifene was given at 1 mg/kg orally for 28 days. The phytochemical study of both the extracts was performed using HPLC and HPTLC. Results A significant osteoblast cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed with B. ceiba extracts in UMR-106 cell lines. Surgical removal of ovaries produced significant (p

Conifers have long been recognized for their therapeutic potential in different disorders. Alkaloids, terpenes and polyphenols are the most abundant naturally occurring phytochemicals in these plants. Here, we provide an overview of the phytochemistry and related commercial products obtained from conifers. The pharmacological actions of different phytochemicals present in conifers against bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are also reviewed. Data obtained from experimental and clinical studies performed to date clearly underline that such compounds exert promising antioxidant effects, being able to inhibit cell damage, cancer growth, inflammation and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made with the intent to highlight the importance of conifer-derived extracts for pharmacological purposes, with the support of relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental data. In short, this review comprehends the information published to date related to conifers’ phytochemicals and illustrates their potential role as drugs.

Progress in the medical profession is determined by the achievements and effectiveness of new antibiotics in the treatment of microbial infections. However, the development of multiple-drug resistance in numerous bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, has limited the treatment options. Due to this resistance, the resurgence of cyclic polypeptide drugs like colistin remains the only option. The drug, colistin, is a well-known growth inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria like Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Technological advancements have uncovered the role of the mcr-1(mobilized colistin resistance) gene, which is responsible for the development of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, which make them distinct from other bacteria without this gene. Additionally, food animals have been determined to be the reservoir for colistin resistance microbes, from which they spread to other hosts. Due to the adverse effects of colistin, many developed countries have prohibited its usage in animal foods, but developing countries are still using colistin in animal food production, thereby imposing a major risk to the public health. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of sustainable measures in livestock farms to prevent microbial infection. This review highlights the negative effects (increased resistance) of colistin consumption and emphasizes the different approaches used for detecting colistin in animal-based foods as well as the challenges associated with its detection.