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Simple Summary: The genetic polymorphisms in the ovocalyxin-32 gene were studied in the present work with regard to egg quality traits in indigenous chicken populations. In the same investigation, based on exons 1 and 6, the frequencies of G/T and A/G SNPs regarding the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and their role in egg quality were determined. The T allele of the G/T SNP in exon 1 was associated with thinner shells and lower shell strength, while the A/G SNP in exon 1 resulted in eternal eggs with thicker shells in AG and AA genotypes. Regarding this, the A/G SNP in exon 6 was able to enhance shell and yolk quality in AG genotypes. These SNPs could be considered candidate genetic markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) focusing on egg quality improvement, which has additive and dominance genetic effects on phenotypic variation. This study sought to evaluate the genetic variations of the ovocalyxin-32 gene and its association with egg quality traits in indigenous chicken populations, focusing on exons 1 and 6. Genotype frequencies of SNPs (G/T and A/G) within these exons were assessed for their conformity to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) across several strains. While most strains exhibited close adherence to HWE expectations, some like light-brown and gray strains indicated substantial discrepancies, particularly for the TT genotype, which points towards the possible effects of genetic drift as well as selection pressures. This study also analyzed the influence of such SNPs on egg quality parameters. A thinner eggshell, reduced shell weight, and decreased breaking strength were associated with the G/T SNP in exon 1, suggesting a likely negative effect on egg quality in T allele carriers. Conversely, the AG genotype displayed better performance in shell thickness, weight and egg weight in the A/G SNP in exon 1, whilst yolk height was best improved by the AA genotype compared to breaking strength. For instance, in exon 6, the A/G SNP enhanced the shell and yolk quality among AG genotypes, while the CC genotype resulted in better eggshell characteristics with enlarged yolks because the C/T SNP was linked. Nonetheless, there were no significant deviations from the HWE despite these associations, which suggested that most breeds had a stable genetic background. Further, considering SNPs' additive and dominant effects in this research, it was indicated that additive effects account for phenotypic expressions given by the G/T SNP located at exon 1. In contrast, significant additive and dominant effects were observed under the A/G SNP situated at the exon. Generally, it therefore could be concluded from this study that specific SNPs within the ovocalyxin-32 gene may act as good markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) that can improve desired characteristics—such as those of egg quality—in indigenous chicken breeds. This study demonstrated that both additive and dominance effects must be taken into account when performing genetic analyses, thereby emphasizing the complexity of phenotypic variation caused by genetic mechanisms in native chicken races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price of conventional sources of energy such as corn and wheat is high due to insufficient supply and tough competition between humans and animals. This study was done to determine the digestibility of various carbohydrate sources in the diet of native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with regard to dry matter content, apparent metabolizable energy and crude protein. The study result would help poultry raisers to determine alternative, inexpensive energy sources of feed that are available in the local community. There were six dietary treatments used in this study namely: t0-commercial feeds (CF), t1-peeled cassava (PC), t2-peeled sweetpotato (PSP), t3-unpeeled cassava (UC), t4-unpeeled sweetpotato (USP) and t5-grated coconut (GC). The treatments were arranged in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates. Native chickens undergone a 10-day digestibility trial. During the digestibility trial, homogenous feces from test diets were collected, weighed and dried as well as the endogenous feces which were collected after no feeding period. Feed sample and collected feces from each treatment were subjected to chemical analysis. The result of this study revealed that PC got the highest percent dry matter digestibility followed by GC. On the other hand, CF statistically got the lowest %dry matter digestibility (DMD) among other treatments. In terms of crude protein digestibility (CPD), PC diet obtained the highest crude protein digestibility while GC obtained the lowest percentage. When it comes to Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), native chicken fed with GC diets attained the highest digestibility which is significantly higher than commercial feeds and other diets. The results on the digestibility percentage of dry matter, crude protein and apparent metabolizable energy is determined through the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Peeled cassava and grated coconut can be used as energy source of feed for native chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous chickens reared in South and East Asian region have been assessed for their carcass and meat quality traits over the past years. This review provides the overview of findings on the carcass and meat quality traits of indigenous chickens. Ancestry analysis revealed that these chickens have evolved from the Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). These indigenous breeds/ecotypes are named based on their unique phenotypic characteristics. In most Asian countries, indigenous chicken populations are sustained due to the cross-breeding programmes between different lines of local and exotic breeds. The production systems for these chicken breeds/ecotypes are mainly semi-intensive of the backyard and free-range systems. The carcass and meat quality parameters of these chickens are primarily influenced by genotype, age, body weight, feed, and several other environmental conditions. At present, consumer preference for indigenous chicken meat has increased due to its superior quality compared to broiler meat, particularly in terms of unique taste, texture, and nutritional value. Indigenous chicken meat exhibits favourable fatty acid profiles including n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, and desirable physiochemical and sensory attributes compared to commercial broiler meat. However, further research is needed to explore the carcass and meat quality parameters, and histological traits of the meat from different indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in the South and East Asian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study, conducted at the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, aimed to assess semen quality and characteristics in three types of indigenous cocks and explore seasonal variations. Ninety bird samples from three genotypes, namely non-descript Deshi (ND), Hilly (HI), and Naked Neck (NN), were used in this research. A total of 548 semen samples were collected to evaluate the color, volume, consistency, and transparency of semen in different seasons. Semen collection was performed using an abdominal massage technique, and volume was measured with a tuberculin syringe. For determining microscopic physical and morphological characteristics, computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) software was used. Results showed that among three types of indigenous cocks, semen quality differed (p < 0.001) from season to season. Semen quality was comparatively good for ND in the autumn season, for HI in the summer season, and for NN in the spring season. The highest semen volume (0.318 ± 0.010 ml) was recorded in the summer season, and the lowest semen volume (0.218 ± 0.008 ml) was recorded in the spring season. Genotype had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on semen volume, and the effect of semen and genotype interaction on semen volume was non-significant (p > 0.05). The sperm concentration was higher in NN compared to ND and HI. The percentages of static, bent tail, coiled tail, DMR, distal droplet, and proximal droplet were comparatively higher in the HI and NN genotypes. The color, consistency, and volume of semen were affected by genotype and season.

The study aimed to assess the performance of three native chicken genotypes over six generations under intensive management. A total of 1488 day-old chicks (Naked Neck, NN-316; Hilly, HI-535; and Non-descript Deshi, ND-637) were used to produce the sixth generation (G6). Adult birds were individually housed with feeders and drinkers. Concentrate feed containing 20.06 % CP and 2908 Kcal ME/kg DM; 18.13 % CP and 2904 Kcal ME/kg DM and 16.33 % CP and 2845 Kcal ME/kg DM, were fed twice daily in the morning and evening to the birds during the brooding, growing and laying periods, respectively. Significant differences in body weight at 8th week was observed, with HI genotype having the highest weight (705.76g). NN genotype had slightly higher chick mortality (3.79 %) compared to ND (3.13 %) and HI (2.80 %) between 0–8 weeks. Age at first egg was affected by genotype, with ND, HI, and NN laying at 148.84, 152.39, and 153.24 days, respectively. Fertility was also influenced by genotype, with the highest hatchability in ND (88.98 %), intermediate in HI (83.72 %), and lowest in NN (79.99 %). In conclusion, HI genotype is recommended for meat production, while NN genotype is suitable for egg production. Continued selection of indigenous chicken lines is advised for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to study the effects of different dosage of compound microecological preparations on growth performance, fecal microorganisms, serum immune and biochemical indexes of native chickens of understory aquaculture, a total of 240 native chickens were randomly divided into four groups (control group, group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ), The control group native chickens were fed with basic diet, and 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg compound microecological agents were added to the basic diet of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ, respectively. The results showed that group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ compared with control group, the final weight, average daily gain, number of Lactobacilli, number of Bifidobacteria, immunoglobulin G (IgG) content, immunoglobulin A (IgA) content, interleukin-2 (IL-2) content, interleukin-6 (IL-6) content, total protein (TP) content, and albumin (ALB) content were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the feed to weight ratio, number of Escherichia coli, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) activity, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT) activity, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content were significantly decreased (P<0.05). It indicated that the addition of 500 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg composite microecological preparations to the basic diet for native chickens can improve their growth performance, fecal microorganisms, serum immune indicators, and biochemical indicators, 500 mg/kg was selected as the clinical application dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous and native chickens play a pivotal role in rural economies, providing income and food security. India is one of the world's top producers of poultry, with a total chicken population of 851.8 million in 2019 and 37.2% representing native or indigenous breeds. In recent years, the rising demand for native chicken meat and government-backed projects in India have led to a shift from traditional backyard chicken raising to semi-intensive and intensive farms, empowering marginalized communities and women. Consumer preferences for native chicken meat in India was examined in this study, employing a two-part model with a logit model and log-normal OLS model to analyse responses from 503 consumers. Additionally, factor analysis revealed nine key factors influencing attitudes. Gender, age, income, education, marital status, cohabitation, household size, the presence of seniors or children, and consumption frequency significantly shaped preferences. Factors such as psychological well-being, affordability, knowledge, nutrition, food quality, fitness, purity, and sustainability had negative effects on preference and quantity purchased. The study reveals a strong consumer preference for native chicken meat, attributed to its organic nature, including traditional farming and sustainable production. To enhance sustainability of semi-intensive and intensive native chicken farming, it is imperative to address pricing disparities and ensure the consistent availability of native chicken meat. Achieving long- term sustainability in native chicken farming requires aligning consumer demand with ethical and environmentally sustainable farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The quality and flavor of chicken are affected by muscle metabolites and related regulatory genes, and the molecular regulation mechanism of meat quality is different among different breeds of chicken. In this study, 40 one-day-old Daweishan mini chicken (DM) and Cobb broiler (CB) were selected from each group, with 4 replicates and 10 chickens in each replicate. The chickens were reared until 90 d of age under the same management conditions. Then, metabolomics and transcriptomics data of 90-day-old DM (n = 4) and CB (n = 4) were integrated to analyze metabolites affecting breast muscle quality and flavor, and to explore the important genes regulating meat quality and flavor related metabolites. The results showed that a total of 38 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and 420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the breast muscle of the 2 breeds. Amino acid and lipid metabolism may be the cause of meat quality and flavor difference between DM and CB chickens, involving metabolites such as L-methionine, betaine, N6, N6, N6-Trimethyl-L-lysine, L-anserine, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, L-threonine, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid, succinate, choline, DOPC, SOPC, alpha-linolenic acid, L-palmitoylcarnitine, etc. Important regulatory genes with high correlation with flavor amino acids (GATM, GSTO1) and lipids (PPARG, LPL, PLIN1, SCD, ANGPTL4, FABP7, GK, B4GALT6, UGT8, PLPP4) were identified by correlation analysis, and the gene-metabolite interaction network of breast muscle mass and flavor formation in DM chicken was constructed. This study showed that there were significant differences in breast metabolites between DM and CB chickens, mainly in amino acid and lipid metabolites. These 2 kinds of substances may be the main reasons for the difference in breast muscle quality and flavor between the 2 breeds. In general, this study could provide a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanism of the formation of breast muscle quality and flavor differences between DM and CB chickens, and provide a reference for the development, utilization and genetic breeding of high-quality meat chicken breeds.

The present study was conducted to compare the microscopic and macroscopic parameters of semen of three Indian indigenous chicken breeds viz. Aseel, Kadaknath and native chicken of Kerala. The semen volume in native chicken of Kerala was significantly higher compared to that of Aseel and Kadaknath roosters. Significantly (p

This study sought to evaluate the genetic variations of the ovocalyxin-32 gene and its association with egg quality traits in indigenous chicken populations, focusing on exons 1 and 6. Genotype frequencies of SNPs (G/T and A/G) within these exons were assessed for their conformity to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) across several strains. While most strains exhibited close adherence to HWE expectations, some like light-brown and gray strains indicated substantial discrepancies, particularly for the TT genotype, which points towards the possible effects of genetic drift as well as selection pressures. This study also analyzed the influence of such SNPs on egg quality parameters. A thinner eggshell, reduced shell weight, and decreased breaking strength were associated with the G/T SNP in exon 1, suggesting a likely negative effect on egg quality in T allele carriers. Conversely, the AG genotype displayed better performance in shell thickness, weight and egg weight in the A/G SNP in exon 1, whilst yolk height was best improved by the AA genotype compared to breaking strength. For instance, in exon 6, the A/G SNP enhanced the shell and yolk quality among AG genotypes, while the CC genotype resulted in better eggshell characteristics with enlarged yolks because the C/T SNP was linked. Nonetheless, there were no significant deviations from the HWE despite these associations, which suggested that most breeds had a stable genetic background. Further, considering SNPs’ additive and dominant effects in this research, it was indicated that additive effects account for phenotypic expressions given by the G/T SNP located at exon 1. In contrast, significant additive and dominant effects were observed under the A/G SNP situated at the exon. Generally, it therefore could be concluded from this study that specific SNPs within the ovocalyxin-32 gene may act as good markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) that can improve desired characteristics—such as those of egg quality—in indigenous chicken breeds. This study demonstrated that both additive and dominance effects must be taken into account when performing genetic analyses, thereby emphasizing the complexity of phenotypic variation caused by genetic mechanisms in native chicken races.

Collagen derived from the eggshell membrane, is an increasingly popular functional material. Native chicken is one of the leading local commodities whose industrial waste has the potential to be used as collagen raw material. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrients and morphology of the eggshell membrane of native chicken eggs as raw material for collagen production. The parameters observed were morphology using electron scanning microscopy, mineral composition, and collagen nutrient content (water and protein). SEM observations showed that the eggshell membrane of native chicken eggs was fibrous. The meshed fiber form represents the extracellular matrix present in collagen proteins. The eggshell membrane contains Cl, K, Ca, P, and Mg macrominerals at 1.696%, 1.796%, 14.30%, 0.437%, and 0.146%, respectively. Microminerals I and Mo were also found at 0.00034% and 0.00014%, respectively. The moisture content of the superior native chicken eggshell membrane decreased by 13.05% after the collagen extraction (p<0.05), with a crude protein content of 25.32% after the extraction. It was concluded that the eggshell membrane of native chicken eggs produces fibrous morphological characteristics that are meshed and contain high minerals so that they have the potential to be used as raw materials for collagen production in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study, conducted at the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, aimed to assess semen quality and characteristics in three types of indigenous cocks and explore seasonal variations. Ninety bird samples from three genotypes, namely non-descript Deshi (ND), Hilly (HI), and Naked Neck (NN), were used in this research. A total of 548 semen samples were collected to evaluate the color, volume, consistency, and transparency of semen in different seasons. Semen collection was performed using an abdominal massage technique, and volume was measured with a tuberculin syringe. For determining microscopic physical and morphological characteristics, computerassisted sperm analysis (CASA) software was used. Results showed that among three types of indigenous cocks, semen quality differed (p < 0.001) from season to season. Semen quality was comparatively good for ND in the autumn season, for HI in the summer season, and for NN in the spring season. The highest semen volume (0.318 ± 0.010 ml) was recorded in the summer season, and the lowest semen volume (0.218 ± 0.008 ml) was recorded in the spring season. Genotype had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on semen volume, and the effect of semen and genotype interaction on semen volume was non-significant (p > 0.05). The sperm concentration was higher in NN compared to ND and HI. The percentages of static, bent tail, coiled tail, DMR, distal droplet, and proximal droplet were comparatively higher in the HI and NN genotypes. The color, consistency, and volume of semen were affected by genotype and season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The gut microbiota plays a vital role in the growth and development of chickens, while environmental and host factors can influence its composition. This study sheds light on the variations in gut microbial diversity and structural composition among native chickens from different geographical environments, as well as different breeds of broiler and laying hens, revealing the presence of distinct microbial communities. Additionally, our investigation into chicken-derived probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus agilis MH1 and Lactobacillus salivarius ZJ1, uncovered their probiotic properties, favorable genomic profiles, and their ability to alleviate enteritis in mice. These findings provide a critical theoretical foundation for the study of native chickens and offer valuable guidance for the subsequent development and formulation of chicken-derived probiotics. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the growth, development, nutritional digestion, and overall health of chickens. Furthermore, certain probiotics isolated from poultry intestines have demonstrated the potential to enhance immune function and production performance in chickens. To investigate the differences in gut microbiota among chickens from various geographical environments and different breeds of broiler and laying hens, we conducted 16S rRNA sequencing on the fecal microbiota of 140 Chinese native chickens and ten Roman layers. In addition, we isolated and screened the potential probiotics to examine their biological characteristics, genome profiles, and functionality in animals. Our findings revealed the significant variations in gut microbiota composition and structure between Tibetan chickens (ZJ), which reside in high-altitude regions, and Meihua chickens (MH) and Xuhai chickens (XH), which inhabit low-altitude regions. Specifically, Cupriavidus and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma were identified as unique microbial communities in high and low altitudes, respectively. Notably, among regions with similar altitudes, Luning chickens (LN) exhibited the lowest α diversity, accompanied by a remarkably high relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Conversely, Wugu chickens (WGs) and Yaoshan chickens (YSs) displayed similar gut microbiota profiles. Furthermore, distinctive gut microbiota patterns were observed between the different breeds of broilers and laying hens. Commercial Roman layers (LMs) exhibited significantly lower alpha diversity compared to native chickens, and broilers and laying hens predominantly harbored Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria. Of particular interest, the probiotics Lactobacillus agilis MH1 and Lactobacillus salivarius ZJ1, derived from chicken feces, exhibited favorable genomic profiles, and demonstrated anti-colitis effects and immunomodulatory functions. These findings provide a crucial theoretical foundation for native chicken research and offer insights for the future development and formulation of chicken-derived probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native chickens in Ethiopia are characterized in a fragmented manner for their performance characteristics and genotypes. This review aimed to explore the production and reproduction performance characteristics as well as the morphometric and morphological diversity of Ethiopian native chickens. The investigation was performed on four production performance characteristics, including average egg per clutch, average clutch/hen/year, average egg set/hen, and average egg/hen/year, as well as six reproductive performance characteristics, including age at first laying, age of male chickens at first bred, age at which female chickens are first bred, the reproductive life span of males and females, and fertility percentage in various parts of Ethiopia. Some economically practical morphometric characteristics of native chickens, such as shank length, chest circumference, comb length, body weight, body length, keel length, wattle length, neck length, back length, and morphological diversity, were also summarized. Regarding performance characteristics, there were some variations in eggs’ average production performance per clutch (13.56-15.4 eggs) and clutch/hen/year (3.0-4.29) in Ethiopia. The average reproduction performance characteristics of Ethiopian native chickens for age at first laying (6.90-7.13 months), age of male chickens at first bred (5.87-6.15 months), female at first bred (5.20-5.93 months), the reproductive life span of males (3.79 years) and hens (3.56 years), and chicks hatched from set eggs revealed variation across Ethiopia. In various locations of Ethiopia, the average trait values reported for Ethiopian native chickens under the farmer’s management differed in terms of morphometric and morphological features. The variation observed in performance characteristics, as well as morphometrics and morphological characteristics for Ethiopian native chicken ecotype population, can help the native breed classification, unique trait conservation, and breed improvement intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Sustainable use, development and conservation of poultry genetic resources are of particular importance for agriculture, food production, rural development and the environment (Besbes et al. 2007). Indigenous chickens are often considered as a support for low input backyard or free-range system of production in rural, semi-urban and nomadic areas (Haunshi et al. 2019). Native chickens have unique characteristics such as ability to adapt to adverse environments, hardiness, broodiness and aggressiveness to protect their chicks, and more. However, low genetic potential is one of the identified limitations for increasing the productivity of native chickens along with inadequate nutrition and disease prevalence (Magothe et al. 2012a). The inbreeding accumulation and the decline in genetic diversity that occurs due to the mating of related animals in closed populations negatively affect phenotypic values and additive genetic variance (Falconer and Mackay 1996). Inbreeding, which occurs because of mating of related animals in a population, often occurs in the closed and small populations. The negative consequence of inbreeding is referred to as inbreeding depression, which has become a major concern in research related to evolution, ecology, and conservation biology (Reed et al. 2012). In small populations in particular, the inbreeding depression is significant in reproduction issues and has important consequences for the population's ability to evolve and adapt to environmental changes and ultimately their longevity (Leroy 2014). Increasing the inbreeding rate in closed populations of indigenous chickens' farms may negatively affect the increase in population productivity following the selection process and have destructive effects on improving economic traits in the population. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, it seems necessary to monitor the inbreeding rate as well as the resulting depression in the under selection closed population of breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl. Materials and methods:In order to estimate the inbreeding rate and evaluate its effects on some important economic traits the pedigree data of 38489 birds collected during 2006-2017 in breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl were used. First, the pedigree data of the studied traits were edited using Foxpro and Excell software and then the files required for data analysis were prepared. The eight traits including average egg weight (AEW), egg number (EN), egg weight at 1st day of laying (EW1), age at sexual maturity (ASM), weight at sexual maturity (WSM), body weight at 12 weeks of age (BW12), body weight at hatch (BW1) and body weight at 8 weeks of age (BW8) were studied. The inbreeding coefficients of all birds recorded in the pedigree were estimated using the CFC program (Sergolzai et al. 2006). The inbreeding coefficients of the birds were divided into different categories. Then, the mean changes of inbreeding during different generations were evaluated and the amount of inbreeding changes in each year was calculated using SPSS software by fitting linear regression of inbreeding per generation. Also in this study, regression coefficients of studied traits on individual and maternal inbreeding percentage were estimated with the REML procedure of WOMBAT software (Meyer 2007) through different models. Results and discussion: The results showed that about 57% (21892 birds) of all birds registered in the pedigree were inbred. The mean of individual and maternal inbreeding varied relatively little over 12 generations. The mean inbreeding of all birds and inbred birds was estimated to be two and three percent, respectively. The highest and lowest inbreeding rates were three and 0%, respectively. As the results show, despite the closed raising and selection of the population and also the increase in the probability of inbreeding in the population, the inbreeding rate has been increased with a relatively low slope over the generations. In general, during the studied generations, the average coefficient of individual and maternal inbreeding in the whole population showed an increasing trend, so that by fitting the linear regression of inbreeding to the generation, the rate of changes in individual and maternal inbreeding was estimated to be about 0.005± 0.03 and 0.004± 0.02 per generation, respectively. In a study conducted on the Isfahan improved native chicken population (Jelokhani-Niaraki et al. 1400), researchers estimated the rate of individual and maternal inbreeding changes per year for the all population by fitting linear regression of inbreeding per generation to 0.006± 0.05 and 0.005± 0.04, respectively, which is approximately consistent with the results of the present study. In this study, 43.12% of the birds were non-inbred and the rest of the birds (47.68%) were grouped in six different inbred groups. The results showed that among the inbred groups, the most inbred birds (47.68%) were birds with inbreeding coefficients between 0 and 5%, which indicates that the population inbreeding is relatively low. Various studies have been performed on the inbreeding rate of domestic chickens in the country; the results are consistent with the results of the present study. For example, the results of a study on 26 generations of genetically improved domestic chickens of Mazandaran showed that, the rate of inbreeding for this population is relatively low (Ghorbani and Omrani 1399). In another study to estimate the inbreeding rate of Indigenous Kokok balenggek chicken (KBC) population in Indonesia, the researchers estimated the inbreeding coefficient to be 0.0031 (0.31%) and concluded that considering the inbreeding rate of herd is less than one percent, and inbreeding less than one percent indicates that one percent of heterozygosity is lost in one generation, the population is not endangered (Rusfidra et al. 2014). In another study on the population size of 37 protected local chicken breeds in five European countries, the relatively low inbreeding rates (0.02 to 0.71%) was reported (Spalona et al. 2007). In our study, the highest effect of individual inbreeding was shown on BW12. In this trait, for a one percent increase in inbreeding rate, the body weight decreases by 1.17 grams. Based on the another study performed on the Isfahan improved native chicken population (Jelokhani-Niaraki et al. 1400), it was shown that for every one percent increase in individual and maternal inbreeding, the WSM is reduced to 3.97 and 1.38 grams, respectively. In another study conducted on Mazandaran native fowls, the results showed that for every one percent increase in individual inbreeding, body weight decreased for the traits including BW12, BW8 and WSM (Ghorbani and Emrani 1399). The results of another study on the improved Fars native fowl revealed the greatest effect of inbreeding on body weight traits (8 and 12 weeks). In this study, for every one percent increase in individual inbreeding, body weight at 12 and 8 weeks decreased by 2.14 and 1.07, respectively (JelokhaniNiaraki and Ghorbani 2022). Conclusion: According to the findings in the present study, since the population is closed and under selection, the probability of inbreeding in the population is high. However, because there are controlled matings in the population of breeding station of Khorasan Razavi indigenous fowl, the inbreeding rate in each generation has increased slightly, which shows the appropriate management practices are running in selecting the best birds. Best management practices such as controlling the matings between birds can prevent an increase in population inbreeding as well as its possible negative effects on the traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy (ME) and protein (CP) on growth curve parameters and absolute growth rates in the different ages of the Khazak chicks. A total of 360 one-day-old Khazak chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with completely randomized design, chicks were randomly allocated to experimental diets including 2600, 2800, and 3000 kcal of ME/kg, and each containing 17, 19, and 21% CP from 7 to 98 days of age. Four growth model (Gompertz, Logistic, Lopez, and Richards) were fitted on weekly body weight data and the best model were selected by the goodness of fit criteria. Growth curve parameters were predicted for all chicks using the best model and other parameters including age (Ti) and weight (Wi) at the inflection point and absolute growth rate (AGR) in different ages were calculated from growth curve parameters. Based on goodness of fit criteria, the Richards model had the lowest Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC), root mean square error (RMSE), and highest adjusted determination coefficient (R² Agj) than other models and was selected as the best model. The effect of ME was significant on the mature index (k), Wi, Ti, and all AGR parameters (P<0.05) while CP levels were significant on final weight (Wf), Wi, and AGR parameters (P<0.05). The chicks fed with a diet containing 2600 kcal of ME/kg and 17% CP had the higher k parameter, and lower Wi, Ti, and AGR than those fed with other diets (P<0.05). Considering that the level of 2800 kcal of ME/kg and 19% CP had no significant difference with the level of 3000 kcal of ME/kg and 21% CP, therefore diet with 2800 kcal of ME/kg and 19% CP was suggested as optimum levels for change the growth curve parameter and having best performance for Khazak chickens during 7 to 98 days of old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective The genomic response and the role of genetic variants in hypoxia condition are always interesting issues about adaption pathways at genomic level. Herein, we carried out a comparative genomic study between highland and lowland native chickens, in order to identify the adaptive variants in hypoxia condition. We generated more than 20 million genetic variants in highland and lowland chickens. Finally, 3877 SNVs including the mtDNA ones, were discovered as novel adaptive genetic variants. The generated data set can provide new insight about mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia at genomic level. Data description To investigate the role of genetic variants in adaptation to hypoxia, 10 whole-genome sequencing data sets associated to highland and lowland native chickens were provided. DNA was extracted by salting-out protocol. Paired-end 125 bp short reads were sequenced by Illumina Hiseq 2000. Variants calling of highland and lowland native chickens were performed by fix ploidy algorithm in CLC Genomic Workbench. Total genetic variants of highland chickens were compared to lowland chickens in order to identify the differential genetic variants (DGVs) between highland and lowland chickens. In this way, 3877 novel SNVs (VCF format) including the mtDNA ones, were deposited at EBI database ( https://identifiers.org/ena.embl:ERZ491574 ) for the first time.

Poultry is the fastest growing component and one of the most efficient and effective means of food supply to the society in the form of meat and egg. Parasitic infections lead to low productivity and increased mortality in poultry. A total of forty-five (45) apparently healthy Philippine native chickens, regardless of sex and weight, ranging from 4-6 months of age, were randomly distributed in five (5) treatments. Each treatment was replicated thrice with three (3) birds per replication following the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Simple Test Tube Flotation was used to establish which parasite groups are present in the fecal samples. The McMaster technique was also used as a counting chamber which enables a known volume (2 x 0.15 ml) of fecal suspension to be examined microscopically. The number of eggs per gram was calculated by counting the number of eggs within the grid of each chamber which gave the data on eggs per gram (EPG) of feces. The results revealed in T4 (1ml) slender carpet weed extract and T5 (1.5ml) have anthelmintic potentials when used in native chickens. Thus, slender carpet weed extract is an effective deworming agent. Slender carpet weed extract is effective in lowering the egg per gram of intestinal parasites found in native chickens. The optimum volume to ensure effectivity is 1.5 ml which revealed the strongest effect in reducing intestinal worms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to assess the comparative laying performances of three native chicken genotypes under intensive management. Egg production was recorded up to 280 days. For Kadaknath (K), a total of 500 pedigree hatched day old chicks were identified individually by wing band. In seventh generation, 26.19%, 10.89% and 18.18% birds of Non-descript Deshi (ND), Hilly (HI) and Naked Neck (NN) had laid egg ranged 80-89%. Chick weight was not affected (p>0.05) by genotype. Fertility of ND, HI and NN was 88.96%, 87.03% and 86.67%, respectively. Significantly (p<0.001) the highest hatchability (90.85%) was found in ND compared to HI (89.25%) and NN (83.94%). The highest egg production number of ND, HI and NN were 79.08, 69.33 and 74.86, respectively. In this study, the average HDEP% of ND, HI and NN were found to be 56.48, 49.52 and 53.47, respectively. Body weight at first lay is 1111.0g and at 8th week is 685.4g. FCR at 0-8 week is 3.0. Significantly (p<0.05) the lowest glucose content was found in K chicken (4.34mMol/L) compared to HI (7.34mMol/L)), NN (5.88mMol/L) and ND (5.76mMol/L). Iron content of blood was nonsignificantly highest in K chicken compared to other three native chickens. Haemoglobin content of blood was non-significantly highest in HI chicken. ND was superior for egg production, fertility and hatchability traits. No extra ordinary result was found in case of Kadaknath chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial chickens that were selected for both meat and egg production were domesticated from the descendants of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) species that have been widely spreading in Asia, including Indonesia. There were an estimated 32 strains of local chicken in Indonesia with high morphological diversity. The one of contributors to the diversity of Indonesian local chicken is called "Bangkok" chicken. As a reference to the name of the chicken, it is a suspected descendent of Thai game fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) which was introduced in Thailand region many years ago. The objective of this study was to explore the existence of this chicken related to the genetic relationship with the Indonesian local chicken. This study was conducted in East Java Province which covered sample areas Banyuwangi, Pasuruan, and Madiun Regencies. The materials were "Bangkok" chicken offspring with a total of 450 birds. The observed variables consisted of qualitative and quantitative morphological characters, both male and female of adult chickens (1 yr to 1.5 yr old). The highest frequency of the comb shape was Single comb (36.9 %) and the lowest was Rose shape (11.8 %). While the highest frequency of shank colour was blackish-yellow (45.6 %) and the white color (3.6 %) was the lowest. The closest genetic distance base on morphometric diversity was between Pasuruan and Banyuwangi chickens (96.04). It was suspected due to the distance area between Pasuruan and Banyuwangi closer than Madiun and Banyuwangi, while Madiun and Pasuruan was the farthest genetic distance (682.03). Hence, the breeding program of Bangkok chicken based on the genetic distance needs further consideration to prevent inbreeding from occurring. Otherwise, the closest distance should be called for to upgrade the purity of the Bangkok chicken ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of probiotics and prebiotics together produces more beneficial effect to the microflora ecosystem in the intestine of chicken. The primary objective was to determine the carcass yield of the cross-bred native chicken fed diet containing dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) tuber powder as a resource of inulin combined with Lactobacillus sp. Animals used in this study were 168 birds of 21 days old cross-bred native chickens randomly allocated into six treatments with four replications. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design in a 2×3 factorial of 2 levels of prebiotics and three levels of probiotics as the main effects. The treatments were 0.8% of dahlia tuber powder without Lactobacillus sp. (E1O0); 0.8% dahlia tuber powder combined with 1.2 mL of Lactobacillus sp. (108 CFU/mL) (E1O1); 0.8% dahlia tuber powder combined with 2.4 mL of Lactobacillus sp. (108 CFU/mL) (E1O2); 1.2% dahlia tuber powder without Lactobacillus sp. (E2O0); 1.2% dahlia tuber powder combined with 1.2 mL of Lactobacillus sp. (108 CFU/mL) (E2O1); 1.2% dahlia tuber powder combined with 2.4 mL of Lactobacillus sp. (108 CFU/mL) (E2O2). The feeding of dahlia tuber powder combined with Lactobacillus sp. showed no significant effect (P0.01) on the percentage of carcass weight, meat-bone ratio, and percentage of carcass cut weight on cross-bred native chicken. In conclusion, a feeding diet containing inulin derived from dahlia tuber combined with Lactobacillus sp. was not affected on carcass yield of cross-bred native chicken, although in previous studies, the same treatment could improve the meat quality of cross-bred native chicken

A high-quality diet during the growth period is necessary to support poultry performance. Shrimp shell fermentation with Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SSFBLS) can improve the quality of low protein diet in Indonesian native chickens. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SSFBLS supplementation in a low protein diet on the growth performance of Indonesian native chickens. Three hundred native chickens were assigned to six treatments with five replications using a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of a low protein diet formula (15%) with SSFBLS levels 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% and RS as a high protein recommended feed (18% protein). The evaluation results showed that the use of SSFBLS supplementation of 10% in low-protein diets, in (P

The native breed of chicken is one of the most income-producing species in the poultry sector in the Egyptian governorate of Ismailia. Thus, the objective of the current study was to identify the collected parasites using a light microscope and estimate the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of the collected helminths using the newly introduced molecular biology methods. 120 chickens out of 170 recorded (70.59%) prevalence of helminth infestation during the period from September 2021 until the end of August 2022. Four nematodes with a prevalence of 44.12 %, which were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Subulura brumpti, Trichostrongylus tenuis, and four cestodes with 26.47 %, which were Raillietina tetragona, R. echinobothrida, Hymenolepis carioca, and Choanotaenia infundibulum. Eimeria spp. infestation (11.18%), which were E. tenella, E. maxima, E. mitis, and E. brunetti. Ectoparasites (15.88%) were Echidnophaga gallinacea, Lipeurus caponis, Menopon gallinae, Columbicola columbae, and Dermanyssus gallinae. The identities of the certainly recovered nematode and cestode species were confirmed by the blast test using DNA sequence data. Thus, it is advised to use the molecular approach as the primary methodology for the accurate identification of helminths, particularly in closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Qardhul Hasan: Media Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat is the property of Universitas Djuanda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The genomic response and the role of genetic variants in hypoxia condition are always interesting issues about adaption pathways at genomic level. Herein, we carried out a comparative genomic study between highland and lowland native chickens, in order to identify the adaptive variants in hypoxia condition. We generated more than 20 million genetic variants in highland and lowland chickens. Finally, 3877 SNVs including the mtDNA ones, were discovered as novel adaptive genetic variants. The generated data set can provide new insight about mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia at genomic level. Data description: To investigate the role of genetic variants in adaptation to hypoxia, 10 whole-genome sequencing data sets associated to highland and lowland native chickens were provided. DNA was extracted by salting-out protocol. Paired-end 125 bp short reads were sequenced by Illumina Hiseq 2000. Variants calling of highland and lowland native chickens were performed by fix ploidy algorithm in CLC Genomic Workbench. Total genetic variants of highland chickens were compared to lowland chickens in order to identify the differential genetic variants (DGVs) between highland and lowland chickens. In this way, 3877 novel SNVs (VCF format) including the mtDNA ones, were deposited at EBI database (https://identifiers.org/ena.embl:ERZ491574) for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to examine effects of Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Candlenut) Seed Flour used in feed toward egg quality and cholesterol contents of egg-laying native chicken. The research method used was Completely Randomized Design and was continued with Duncan’s test if significant different present. There were 5 treatments comprising of R0 = 100 % of Basal Diet (BD), R1 = 98.5% of Basal Diet (BD) + 1.5 % of Candlenut Seed Flour (CSF), R2 = 97 % of Basal Diet (BD) + 3% of CSF, R3 = 95.5% of Basal Diet (BD) + 4.5 % of CSF, R4 = 94% of Basal Diet (BD) + 6 % of CSF and replications, of which each replication consisted of 8 egg-laying native chickens. In addition, 50 eggs derived from egg-laying native chickens were taken weekly for quality analysis. Variables of this research were egg weight (g/egg), albumen (g/egg), yolk colour, yolk weight (g/egg), egg yolk cholesterol (mg/100g), blood cholesterol (ml/dl), blood LDL (ml/dl), blood HDL (ml/dl), and blood triglycerides (ml/dl), and egg shell’s weight (g/egg) and thickness (mm). As a result, the effects of CSF up to 6 percent of feeding had significant result (P0.05) on egg shell’s weight and thickness. Therefore, the use of 6 % of Candlenut) Seed Flour in feed had positive effects to improve egg quality and cholesterol contents of egg-laying native chicken.

ObjectiveDifferent climates and wide geographical area of Iran have caused considerable genetic diversity in Iranian chicken ecotypes. Artificial selection for genetic gain in economic traits leads to a reduction of genetic diversity in livestock and poultry breeds. On the other hand, by identifying the genetic potential of native ecotypes and managing breeding programs, it is possible to increase productivity in native chicken populations while maintaining genetic diversity. However, so far no genomic study has been performed to identify the genetic characteristics of native chickens. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic potential of Iranian native chicken ecotypes for appropriate targeting of breeding and genetic conservation programs. Materials and methodsIn this study, genomic data related to 51 native chicken ecotypes, 11 chickens of Arian line and 10 chickens of Leghorn breed were collected from the department of animal science at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Mapping step against reference genome was done by BWA program. Identification of single nucleotide variants was performed by GTAK software. Phylogenetic analysis was investigated using the neighborhood joining method and Mega software. Fst and inbreeding coefficient among population were performed using Admixture and VCFtools programs. ResultsPercentage of alignment against the reference genome was reported between 83% and 95% for all samples and also 14.56 million single nucleotide variants were reported from the native and commercial chicken genomes. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that almost all studied ecotypes were classified into separate groups. According to the reported results, it can be claimed that native chicken ecotypes are more genetically similar to the Arian line (compared to Leghorn breed). Findings obtained from admixture and Fst analysis also confirmed the results of phylogenetic analysis. For example, the highest Fst was estimated as 0.219 between Leghorn breed and Marandi ecotype. ConclusionsDue to the genetic similarity of most native chicken ecotypes and Arian line, breeding programs can be organized based on meat production traits. By targeting breeding programs, genetic resources can be improved to increase productivity while preserving the genetic diversity of native chicken ecotypes.

The effect of the naked neck gene (Na) was assessed on growth parameters of the native chicken fed with two suboptimal rations (R1 and R2), and one optimal ration (R3) from 6 to 16 weeks of age. A total of 270 hens of 3 genetic types (homozygous (NaNa) naked neck, heterozygous (Nana) and normal type (nana) chicken) for three different feed rations including two sub-optimal rations (R1, R2) and one optimal ration (R3). Hence, 30 pullets per experimental unit for each genetic type receiving the same ration were used. The animals were subjected to the same experimental conditions except for the tested factor. The starter ration was served during the first six weeks then relayed by the experimental rations. A two-way ANOVA was used to test the main effects and interactions whereas the animal model was used for the estimates of the genotype and feed ration on the growth and related traits. Irrespective of the genotype, the highest growth parameter (p<0.05) was obtained with R3 with the lowest feed efficiency from 12 to 16 weeks. The mortality rate (MR) ranged from 3 to 9% cumulated at 6 and 8 weeks of age. The overdominance effect was confirmed for both the bodyweight (BW) and MR. The Na gene improved the weight gain from +1 to + 14 g from 10 to 16 weeks with optimal feed conditions against -6.67 to +4.33g with suboptimal feed. The more beneficial effect on FCR has been observed in homozygote NaNa with +1.07 to +1.27g and -0.43 to -1.63g for R3 and R1 respectively. This study confirms the importance of the Na gene as a good candidate to improve the growth rate and feed efficiency of native chickens. It also provides an effective protocol for the evaluation of major gene candidates for selection in low input production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational use of the native chicken genetic resource is seen a viable option for sustainably improving poultry meat production in Cameroon. This study aimed at assessing the potential of the Na gene for resilience under acute heat stress. The study was done in two trials. Firstly, a total of 180 young roosters reared in similar management conditions from the 1st to the 8th week of age were randomly distributed per genotype according to a 3 x 2 factorial design including two treatments (acute and moderate ambient temperatures) of 90 birds each and three genotypes (Na*Na, na*na and Na*na) of 30 birds per treatment. Treatments consisted of moderate and acute ambient temperatures of 25-27°C and 39 - 42°C respectively for 5 hours/day from 8 to 12 weeks of age. The genotypes within and between the treatments were compared for body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG), water consumption (WC), feed consumption (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Results showed that the na*na and Na*na were statistically comparable but superior to the Na*Na genotype under moderate temperature. The three genotypes were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the heat stress. However, the Na*na was less affected and maintained the highest ADG and lowest FCR. For the second trial, 90 birds including 30 birds randomly sampled per genotype were compared for the feathering intensity and five carcass characteristics and giblets at 24-week-old. The results revealed an association of the “Na” gene with 21 to 50 % feather reduction in heterozygote and homozygote respectively whereas heterozygote naked neck had greater body and carcass weight as well as giblet and head weights (P<0.05). The animal model equation could clearly quantify the genotype effect. The phenotypic advantage evidenced for the Na gene is confirmed as an adaptation to heat stress whereas the significant superiority of heterozygote Na*na for most of the traits opens a window for the valorisation of potential overdominance effects for poultry breeding in hot climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcass traits of indigenous chicken of Gulbarga division were studied by slaughtering 20 birds from each district at the 17th week of age. The percent weight of carcass parts and cut-up parts of the dressed chicken were recorded. Percent weight of dressed meat, blood, feathers, liver, heart, gizzard, giblet, head, and shank were 70.69±0.20, 4.10±0.13, 6.44±0.08, 1.84±0.02, 0.42±0.00, 2.79±0.04, 5.07±0.05, 3.64±0.06 and 5.52±0.09, respectively. Percent weight of (cut up parts of dressed chicken) breast, back, drumstick, thigh, wing, and neck were 15.72±0.26, 16.05±0.14, 12.36±0.21, 12.28±0.15, 11.25±0.11 and 6.38±0.13, respectively. The pH and WHC (%) in the fresh muscle sample of the breast at the 14th and 72nd week were 6.16 and 5.87, and 34 and 28 and of thigh muscle at the 14th and 72nd week was 6.27 and 6.47, and 18 and 22, respectively. The MFD (μ), MFI, and Myoglobin content (mg/g) in the fresh muscle sample of the breast at the 14th and 72nd week were 37.5 and 39.75, 67 and 66, and 0.9 and 1.84, and of the thigh at the 14th and 72nd week was 44.75 and 43.5, 58 and 65, and 2.25 and 3.04, respectively. The TPE, SPE and MFPE (mg/g) in the fresh muscle sample of the breast at 14th and 72nd week was 104.84 and 137.83, 40.61 and 51.24, and 64.23 and 86.59 and of thigh muscle at 14th and 72nd week was 225.1 and 240.96, 40 and 56.24, and 185.1 and 184.71, respectively. This study revealed distinctive variations among the chicken of three districts of the Gulbarga division and provided the basis for the selection of birds for these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate morphological characteristics and performance pertaining to native chicken of the Gadag district. The survey was conducted in several villages in Gadag district and the average flock size observed was 12.97±3.56, the percentage of farmers providing separate housing facilities was 15.08±1.87 and the percentage of farmers providing extra grains in addition to scavenging was 67.18±2.48. The average marketing age of males was 7.93±0.17 and that of females was 11.01±0.25 months. The average egg production per cycle, number of cycles per year, and average egg production per year were 13.88±0.63, 2.08±0.27 and 46.84±0.32, respectively. The average age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and average egg weight at sexual maturity recorded were 171.21±0.53 days, 1221.93±23.27 g and 29.42±0.28 g, respectively. The percent fertility, hatchability percent on total eggs set and hatchability on fertile eggs set at field conditions recorded was 43.37, 31.11, and 71.79, respectively. The percent mortality recorded from day old to eight weeks and 9-20 weeks was 7.14 and 4.33, respectively. The mean shank length at the 8th week of age recorded was 57.28±0.38 and 50.13±0.29 mm in males and females, respectively and the average breast angle recorded was 79.43±0.28° and 70.45±0.51° in males and females, respectively. The adult body weight in the combined sex recorded was 1308.98±7.61 g and the FCR was 3.17 at the 8th week of age. The predominant plumage colour and pattern observed was multicolor and solid in males, and black and dull in females, respectively. The colour of skin and shanks was yellow in the majority of the birds. All the observed birds had red ear lobes and the majority had brown eyes. Most of the birds had wattles and were single-combed. This study revealed distinctive variations among the birds of Gadag with regard to morphology and productive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of agricultural products often causes environmental problems. The utilization of agricultural waste from carrots can reduce both the feed cost and environmental pollution and become a source of vitamin A for the health of the native chicken. The study aims to analyze carrot (Daucus carota L.) waste juice on native chicken performance. It was conducted from April to July 2019 at Pandu experimental field in North Minahasa Regency. The practical method used was a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental livestock used in the study was 80-day-old chickens of native chicken. The concentration of carrot juice during the study was as follows: 100% drinking water without carrot juice (W0), 80% water drinking + 20% carrot juice (W1), 60% drinking water + 40% carrot juice (W2), and 20% drinking water + 80% carrot juice (W3). Observed variables included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rate. The results showed that carrot waste juice significantly impacted the body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and 0% mortality rate during the 8 weeks. The concentration of 20% drinking water + 80% carrot juice (W3) with the feed intake ratio of 1.608 g, body weight gain value of 775.63 ± 301 g, and the FCR of 2.1 ± 0.06. However, the consumption ratio did not differ among treatments. The addition of carrot waste juice, as much as 80%, in the drinking water of native chickens showed an increase in body weight compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the current study showed that treatment of carrot waste juice has a significant effect on body weight in 8 weeks of maintenance. Meanwhile, the feed intake ratio of carrot waste juice treatment has no real effect. There was no dead chicken (0%) in the present study. The carrot waste juice can be used in chicken drinks 40–80% by paying attention to the balance of energy content and feed proteins used to grow chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native chicken has a very big role in people's lives because it can be used as a source of meat and eggs to the nutritional needs of the community, especially animal protein, as well as additional income. However, Native chickens also have the disadvantage of being easily infected with parasites in their environment. The parasites that often infect chickens are nematodes and cestodes. One alternative treatment for helminthiasis that does not produce chemical residues is to use the Belimbing wuluh plant (Averrhoa bilimbi). The part of the starfruit plant that has benefits as an anti-parasitic is the leaves. Belimbing wuluh leaves contain flavonoid, tannins, and saponins compounds that function as antiparasitic. This study aims to determine the potential of starfruit leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) as an anthelmintic against intestinal worms in native chickens (Gallus domesticus) administered in vivo. The research method used is experimental with the experimental design used is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The concentration of starfruit leaf extract were 25%, 30%, and 35%. The technique of collecting data was by observation (direct observation) by observing the presence of worms in the intestines of native chickens after giving Belimbing wuluh leaves extract (Averrhoa bilimbi). The data from this research are presented in the form of images, all data are then analyzed descriptively. The results of the laboratory examination showed 15 samples of chicken intestine that were tested positive for worms. This indicates that the leaf extract of belimbing wuluh with concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35% given pharmacokinetically to native chickens was not able to control Ascaridia galli and Raillietina sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the growth, development, nutritional digestion, and overall health of chickens. Furthermore, certain probiotics isolated from poultry intestines have demonstrated the potential to enhance immune function and production performance in chickens. To investigate the differences in gut microbiota among chickens from various geographical environments and different breeds of broiler and laying hens, we conducted 16S rRNA sequencing on the fecal microbiota of 140 Chinese native chickens and ten Roman layers. In addition, we isolated and screened the potential probiotics to examine their biological characteristics, genome profiles, and functionality in animals. Our findings revealed the significant variations in gut microbiota composition and structure between Tibetan chickens (ZJ), which reside in high-altitude regions, and Meihua chickens (MH) and Xuhai chickens (XH), which inhabit low-altitude regions. Specifically, Cupriavidus and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma were identified as unique microbial communities in high and low altitudes, respectively. Notably, among regions with similar altitudes, Luning chickens (LN) exhibited the lowest α diversity, accompanied by a remarkably high relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Conversely, Wugu chickens (WGs) and Yaoshan chickens (YSs) displayed similar gut microbiota profiles. Furthermore, distinctive gut microbiota patterns were observed between the different breeds of broilers and laying hens. Commercial Roman layers (LMs) exhibited significantly lower alpha diversity compared to native chickens, and broilers and laying hens predominantly harbored Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria. Of particular interest, the probiotics Lactobacillus agilis MH1 and Lactobacillus salivarius ZJ1, derived from chicken feces, exhibited favorable genomic profiles, and demonstrated anti-colitis effects and immunomodulatory functions. These findings provide a crucial theoretical foundation for native chicken research and offer insights for the future development and formulation of chicken-derived probiotics.

The aim of this research is to measure effect of hen body weight to the growth rate of native chicken. Ten native hens divided by two classifications (heavy and light body weight), 2 native roosters, 58 (from hen with heavy body weight) and 62 (from hen with light body weight) female day old chicks (DoC) use in this research. Hatching machine, communal cage, feeder tray, drinking jar, balance body weight and vernier calliper, were use in this research. Body weight and morphometric of female native chicken from DoC up to 10 week was measured. T-test analysis was used with help of SPSS 25. The results showed that the hen with heavy body weight resulted to the higher morphometric and body weight of female native chicken (P

The study was carried out to investigate the carcass and meat quality traits and nutritional profile of the meat of the Kadaknath, a unique native chicken breed in comparison with commercial broilers. The yield of the carcass, breast and giblets of the Kadaknath was lesser (p < 0.01), while that of the legs, wings, back, and neck was higher (p < 0.01) than broilers. The meat of the Kadaknath was significantly (p < 0.0001) darker (42.44, 50.92) and more yellow (6.23, 8.99) than broilers. The decline in pH of the meat was lower (p < 0.001) in the Kadaknath compared to broilers. Kadaknath meat had more protein and less fat, moisture and ash content than broilers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, it was richer (p < 0.01) in 11 amino acids, including those which are known to impart a sweet and umami taste, than the meat of broilers (3 amino acids). Both genotypes were almost similar in meeting the daily requirements of indispensable amino acids of adult human. The study concluded that the Kadaknath differed in carcass and meat quality characteristics from the broilers, and the nutritional quality of Kadaknath meat in terms of high protein and less fat and higher content of amino acids (tasty type) was better in Kadaknath meat as compared to broiler meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science is the property of Chinese Society of Animal Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Business & Entrepreunership is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT. Usus adalah salah satu organ pencernaan yang berperan penting pada proses absorpsi nutrisi sebagai sumber energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui histologi, histomorfometri dan histokimia sebaran glikogen pada usus ayam buras (Gallus gallus domesticus) sebelum dan setelah menetas menggunakan pewarnaan Haematoksilin-Eosin (HE) dan pewarnaan Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Sampel penelitian terdiri atas empat kelompok tingkat umur berbeda, setiap kelompok berjumlah enam usus ayam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (P˂0,05) morfometri usus ayam buras secara makroskopis. Secara histologis pada setiap perkembangan sudah terlihat lapisan usus yang terdiri atas tunika mukosa, submukosa, muskularis, dan serosa. Pada tunika mukosa, didapati tiga lamina yaitu lamina epitelia, propria, dan muskularis mukosa yang mulai teramati pada masa inkubasi hari ke-14. Lamina epitelia berupa sel epitel silindris selapis dengan mikrovili, lamina propria berupa jaringan ikat, dan lamina muskularis mukosa berupa berkas otot polos. Pada tunika mukosa dijumpai adanya sel Goblet dan kripta Liberkuhn yang teramati pada masa inkubasi hari ke-20 dan setelah menetas hari ke-7. Hasil histomorfometri ketebalan lapisan usus, panjang vili, lebar vili, dan diameter lumen usus ayam buras pada masa inkubasi dan setelah menetas menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (P˂0,05). Temuan reaksi positif kuat terhadap pewarnaan PAS dijumpai pada masa inkubasi hari ke-20 dan setelah menetas hari ke-7 dan positif lemah pada masa inkubasi hari ke-14. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara perkembangan usus ayam secara makroskopis, histomorfometri ketebalan tunika dan vili, serta sebaran reaksi positif kuat terhadap pewarnaan PAS pada masa inkubasi hari ke-20 dan setelah menetas hari ke-7. (Histological, histomorphometrical, and histochemical of intestine on native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) during pre and posthatch period) ABSTRAK. The intestines are one of the digestive organ that play an important role in the nutrient absorption process as an energy source. The aim of this study was to determine the histomorphometric and histochemical of glycogen distribution in the intestines of native chickens pre and post hatching periods using Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining. The samples of this study was consisted of four different age groups, each group consisting of six chicken intestines. The results showed a significant difference (P˂0.05) on macroscopic morphometry of the native chicken’s intestine. Histologically in each group has been found the intestines consisting of mucosa, submucous, muscularis, and serous tunic. In the mucosal tunic, there were three layers; ephitelial, propria, and muscularial mucous can be observed during the 14th day of incubation period. Ephitelial layer in the form of cylindrical epithelial cells with microvilli, proprial layer in the form of connective tissue, and layer of the muscularis mucosa form smooth muscle thread. In the mucosal tunic, there was Goblet cells and Liberkuhn crypts that can be observed during the 20th day incubation period and 7th day post hatch. Histomorphometry results of intestinal lining thickness, villi length, villi width, and lumen diameter of native chicken intestine during incubation and post hatching showed significant differences (P˂0.05). The findings of a strong positive reaction to the staining of PAS were found on the incubation period of the 20th day and post hatching the 7th day and positively weak on the incubation period of the 14th day. It can be concluded that there is a correlation between macroscopic development of chicken intestine, histomorphometric of tunica and villous thickness, as well as the distribution of strong positive reactions to the staining of PAS during the incubation period of the 20th day and post hatching the 7th day.

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science is the property of Chinese Society of Animal Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to compare the ultrastructural morphology of Raillietina echinobothrida and Raillietina tetragona that infected the small intestine of native chickens (Gallus domesticus) obtained from various traditional markets in Sidoarjo Regency. The samples used in this research were 57 small intestines of native chickens (Gallus domesticus) sold at Tulangan, Wonoayu, Larangan, Krian, and Suko Market. The samples were macroscopic and microscopically examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The result showed that Raillietina echinobothrida with prevalence of 57.89% has a yellowish string-like body (length 16-23 cm) with a round scolex (0.27-0.3 mm in diameter), round sucker (0.07x0.08-0.08x0.09 mm in size), rostellum armed with hooks has size of 0.06x0.07-0.08x0.1 mm, and unsegmented, thick, and short neck. Meanwhile Raillietina tetragona showed prevalence of 29.05%, also has a yellowish string-like body (length 20-28 cm) with an oval scolex (0.16-0.2mm diameter), oval sucker (0.04x0.09-0.05x0.01mm in size), rostellum armed with hooks has size of 0.03x0.05-0.04x0.06 mm, and unsegmented, thin, and long neck. The surface body of both Raillietina echinobothrida and Raillietina tetragona has a soft and velvety texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare the expression of pituitary gonadotropin genes between three populations of native birds in Iran and Hyline W-36. One hundred and twenty-eight 37-week-old chickens (Golpayegan, Marandi, Isfahan, and Hyline W-36) were studied for 12 weeks. All birds were reared in the same cage system and under similar nutritional and managerial conditions. Quantitative characteristics such as egg number, egg weight, egg production percentage, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were calculated. At the end of the trial, five hens in each group were slaughtered after weighing, and their heads, livers, ovaries, and oviducts were removed. The gene expression of LH and FSH was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), after RNA extraction from the pituitary gland. The results showed that Hyline W-36 had the highest egg number, egg weight, percentage of egg production, and egg mass. The feed conversion ratio was the highest in the Marandi, but the lowest was observed in the Hyline W-36. Expression of the FSH gene in Hyline W-36 was higher than in other groups. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the expression of the pituitary gland FSH gene, egg mass, and relative ovarian weight. The difference in production performance of various genetic populations seems to be mainly due to the differential expression of the FSH gene in the pituitary gland. Therefore, for genetic enhancement programs in native chicken, these results may help identify the metabolic pathways of gonadotropins gene expression, their effects on the ovaries, and reproductive activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Different climates and wide geographical area of Iran have caused considerable genetic diversity in Iranian chicken ecotypes. Artificial selection for genetic gain in economic traits leads to a reduction of genetic diversity in livestock and poultry breeds. On the other hand, by identifying the genetic potential of native ecotypes and managing breeding programs, it is possible to increase productivity in native chicken populations while maintaining genetic diversity. However, so far no genomic study has been performed to identify the genetic characteristics of native chickens. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic potential of Iranian native chicken ecotypes for appropriate targeting of breeding and genetic conservation programs. Materials and methods In this study, genomic data related to 51 native chicken ecotypes, 11 chickens of Arian line and 10 chickens of Leghorn breed were collected from the department of animal science at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Mapping step against reference genome was done by BWA program. Identification of single nucleotide variants was performed by GTAK software. Phylogenetic analysis was investigated using the neighborhood joining method and Mega software. Fst and inbreeding coefficient among population were performed using Admixture and VCFtools programs. Results Percentage of alignment against the reference genome was reported between 83% and 95% for all samples and also 14.56 million single nucleotide variants were reported from the native and commercial chicken genomes. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that almost all studied ecotypes were classified into separate groups. According to the reported results, it can be claimed that native chicken ecotypes are more genetically similar to the Arian line (compared to Leghorn breed). Findings obtained from admixture and Fst analysis also confirmed the results of phylogenetic analysis. For example, the highest Fst was estimated as 0.219 between Leghorn breed and Marandi ecotype. Conclusions Due to the genetic similarity of most native chicken ecotypes and Arian line, breeding programs can be organized based on meat production traits. By targeting breeding programs, genetic resources can be improved to increase productivity while preserving the genetic diversity of native chicken ecotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to determine the effect of different stocking density and different litter materials on the production performance of native chicken. Material of yhis study was 324-day old chick (DOC) native chickens, reared for 12 weeks. The DOC were randomly devided into 9 treatment groups include a combination of 3 stocking density (8, 12 and 16 bird/m2) and 3 litter materials (rice hulls, wood shavings and corncobs) in 3 replication. A completely randomized factorial design was an applied in the study then followed by Duncan's multiple range tests. The parameters observed were feed consumption (g/bird/12 weeks), body weight gain (g/bird), feed conversion ratio, and mortality (%). The results showed that feed consumption had affected by stocking density (p

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is ssRNA paramyxovirus causing clinical signs, varying from subclinical infections to 100% mortality in infected chickens. Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein has an important role related to infection and pathogenesis, therefore, the protein was characterised in this study. Samples were collected from 45 cloacal swabs of native chickens. They were isolated by inoculating in specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs. Molecular detection of NDV was done by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) encoding HN protein. RT-PCR for HN gene of NDV generated DNA fragments sized 503 bp, which were then sequenced using ABI Prism. The results have shown that virus isolates were mostly lentogenic and might contribute to outbreak in East Java, Indonesia. Based on this fact, NDV infected native chickens can act as reservoir and contribute to outbreak in the poultry. Our study provides baseline information on genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in East Java and serves as a basic work for further research.

The native chickens collected from the Blimbing Malang Market were found with a state of lethargy and diarrhea. Native chickens were dissected to find out pathological abnormalities that occurred in the chicken's body by carrying out physical examinations and histopathological examinations. Based on the results of observations and examinations carried out both macroscopically and microscopically after necropsy chickens, the organs of chickens that have pathological abnormalities are the duodenum, jejunum and pulmo. The duodenum and jejunum had nematode infestations which showed villi erosion, hemorrhage, liquefactive necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Pulmo had hemorrhagic parabronchii, atelectasis of blood capillaries, cloudy swelling, and congestion of blood vessels. The visible abnormality of the small intestine organ damage leads to chicken disease to nematode worm infestation.

The distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was observed in the retinal wholemount of native chicken (Gallus gallus domestricus) of Bangladesh by using light microscopy. We considered five different anatomic regions (central, nasal, temporal, dorsal, and ventral) of Nissl stained wholemount, and the RGCs were counted, plotted, and measured accordingly. The average area of the retina was 431.75 mm2 while the total number of ganglion cells was 2124431 on average. Only the central area of the retina was the peak density (10400 cells/mm2 ) area, signifying the acute visual area, whilst the maximum spatial resolving power was 11 cycles/degree. The overall concentration of RGCs gradually declined towards the periphery but the size of cells generally decreased towards centrally. The size of ganglion cell was not uniform (12 to 180 µm2 ), specifically the central retina, just above the optic disc was packed with tiny-sized cells. The number, topographic distribution, and size of RGCs in native chicken signified their domesticated or terrestrial characters, uneven visual acuteness, and possibly only the central retina was the area for fine vision as the function of RGCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioconversion product of shrimp waste with BLS microbes (Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) holds digestive proteases with a great potential to be used as prebiotics for native chicken. In the present work, the ratio of liquid extract bioconversion product and binders formulated both 4:1 (T1); 5:1 (T2), and 6:1 (T3) to entrap prebiotics enzymes from BLS microbes have been characterized. The trials were needed to verify contained in prebiotics from encapsulated liquid extract on quality of feed supplement. The overall results indicated that binders formulated T2 (5:1) capsules of prebioticsBLS extract were better vehicles to deliver shrimp enzymes in native chickens. The implication of metabolizable energy and digestibility at Indonesian local chicken showed that T2 binders formulated improve protein digestibility (80%) and metabolizable energy (3033 kcal/kg) of local chicken. Feeding trial prebiotic BLS used at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2%) at basal feed (protein 28.22%), with one treatment of standard feed (protein 32.18%). Supplementing diets with prebiotic BLS, especially at 1.5%, has a variety of growth-promoting effects. The results demonstrate that the observed benefits of prebiotic BLS on low protein diets can be achieved.