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Indians in Kenya: The Politics of Diaspora. By SANA AIYAR. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. 384 pp. $51.50 (hardcover). Birth Control in the Decolonizing Caribbean: Reproductive Politics and Practice [...]

This article discusses the author's experiences teaching British history in the United States and the challenges and opportunities that arise from teaching history in a contemporary context. The author emphasizes the importance of situating Britain within its imperial and global relationships and using postcolonial methodologies to analyze the ways in which imperialism and colonialism have shaped the world. The author also highlights the significance of incorporating diverse perspectives and critical methodologies, such as creative assignments, to engage students and bridge the gap between the classroom and the world. Ultimately, the author aims to provide students with reparatory history that addresses the ongoing issues of colonialism and dispossession in the present day. [Extracted from the article]

Pythium insidiosum, an Oomycete, causes severe keratitis that endangers vision. Its clinical, morphological, and microbiological characteristics are often indistinguishable from those of fungal keratitis, earning it the moniker "parafungus". Distinctive clinical hallmarks that set it apart from other forms of keratitis include radial keratoneuritis, tentacles, marginal infiltration, and a propensity for rapid limbal spread. The therapeutic approach to Pythium keratitis (PK) has long been a subject of debate, and topical and systemic antifungals and antibacterials have been tried with limited success. Approximately 80% of these eyes undergo therapeutic keratoplasty to salvage the eye. Hence, there is a need to innovate for alternative and better medical therapy to safeguard these eyes. The resistance of Pythium to standard antifungal treatments can be attributed to the absence of ergosterol in its cell wall. Cell walls of plants and algae have cellulose as an essential constituent. Cellulose imparts strength and structure and acts as the "skeleton" of the plant. Fungal and animal cell walls typically lack cellulose. The cellular architecture of Pythium shares a similarity with plant and algal cells through the incorporation of cellulose within its cell wall structure. Inhibitors targeting cellulose biosynthesis (CBI), such as Indaziflam, Isoxaben, and Quinoxyphen, serve as critical tools for elucidating the pathways of cellulose synthesis. Furthermore, the enzymatic action of cellulase is instrumental for the extraction of proteins and DNA. To circumvent this issue, we hypothesize that CBI's and cellulase enzymes can act on the Pythium cell wall and may effectively treat PK. The available literature supporting the hypothesis and proof of concept has also been discussed. We have also discussed these drugs' molecular mechanism of action on the Pythium cell wall. We also aim to propose how these drugs can be procured and used as a potential medical management option for this devastating entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1962 and 1965, a broad definition of dependence allowed for the migration of Commonwealth Citizens to join working family members in Britain. This article investigates how the Home Office targeted male dependent youth as a category that could reduce unwanted immigration from the Commonwealth, particularly South Asia. Home Office officials obscured the stories of dependent migrants, constructed the figure of the 'bogus child', and denigrated male familial connections, which resulted in the denial of family reunion. Colonial assumptions about the mendacity of South Asians and the illegibility of South Asian family forms shaped British policy. The 1965 White Paper and the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act foreclosed the possibility of a broad definition of family and consolidated the legitimacy of the cisheterosexual family. Home Office discussions dovetailed with an emergent common sense circulated in newspapers and public debate about the illegitimacy of the South Asian family in Britain. This article interrogates the racist reasoning of the Home Office and this emergent common sense not only to show how immigration policy generates racialization but also to reveal the specificity of South Asian racialization in the post-imperial social formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How might historians narrate Britain's past if we centre imperial racial formation and its contestations? The thirtieth anniversary of Paul Gilroy's There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation provided an opportunity for a new generation of scholars to consider the frameworks of race in British history. In 1987, Gilroy challenged Marxist approaches that treated race as secondary to or even a mechanistic expression of class inequality. He showed that the failure to account for race and empire positioned racialized subjects as perpetual outsiders. Taking up Gilroy's analysis as a point of departure, this thematic issue brings together analyses of the state, institutions, and individuals to propose new periodizations, geographies, and methodologies for understanding twentieth-century British history. In this introduction, Marc Matera, Radhika Natarajan, Kennetta Hammond Perry, Camilla Schofield, and Rob Waters describe the five-year conversation that led to this thematic issue, introduce their respective essays, and explain why race must be understood not as a descriptive category but as an analytical framework for understanding Britain's past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This joint-authored essay concludes the thematic issue 'Marking Race'. Drawing on the authors' individual essays and reviewing the wider literatures in the field of race and immigration, imperialism and decolonization, social democracy and the welfare state, and deindustrialization, the essay makes a series of proposals about what an analytical focus on race adds to our understanding of modern British history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on the nature of my ethnographic research comprising open-ended biographical narrative interviews and participant observation, this article explores what transpires between people who are socialized in broadly similar postcolonial, multilingual, and multireligious environments yet meet for the first time away from "home." What do they share; what divides them? Where do their paths converge; where do they fork? How do they connect to each other; wherein lies the disconnect? "Home," in this case, is the Indian subcontinent--India for me and Sri Lanka for my interlocutors--and the new location abroad is Germany. In the context of academic research, both my research subjects and I detected several commonalities and differences, some overt and unwittingly acknowledged, but most covert and left unsaid. I argue that the dissimilarities, the distance perceived, and the disjunct between the life-worlds, real or imagined, enabled my connection to different women from Sri Lanka. Aged between twenty and sixty, they had arrived through various modes as refugees, tourists, or marriage migrants from the 1980s onwards. Subsequently, they settled in Germany and saw themselves as a refugee community connected with fellow exiles across continents. Viewing the narratives and reflections of Tamil women refugees in terms of their diasporic memories and transnational citizenship, a distinction emerges between concrete, transient, and symbolic sites of memory with their own varying shades of gendering. This article takes up encounters with different interlocutors and illustrates the wide-ranging connections that materialized in the diaspora context. For the sake of narrative brevity, I shall focus on, firstly, the shared language, Tamil, with different vocabularies, secondly, the insights as a translator and facilitator, and thirdly, the nature of diasporic connections and memories across nation-states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Infectious keratitis, especially viral keratitis (VK), in resource-limited settings, can be a challenge to diagnose and carries a high risk of misdiagnosis contributing to significant ocular morbidity.We aimed to: employ and study the application of artificial intelligence-based deep learning (DL) algorithms to diagnose VK.Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center from January 2017 to December 2019 employing DL algorithm to diagnose VK from slit-lamp (SL) photographs. Three hundred and seven diffusely illuminated SL photographs from 285 eyes with polymerase chain reaction-proven herpes simplex viral stromal necrotizing keratitis (HSVNK) and culture-proven nonviral keratitis (NVK) were included. Patients having only HSV epithelial dendrites, endothelitis, mixed infection, and those with no SL photographs were excluded. DenseNet is a convolutional neural network, and the two main image datasets were divided into two subsets, one for training and the other for testing the algorithm. The performance of DenseNet was also compared with ResNet and Inception. Sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated.Results: The accuracy of DenseNet on the test dataset was 72%, and it performed better than ResNet and Inception in the given task. The AUC for HSVNK was 0.73 with a sensitivity of 69.6% and specificity of 76.5%. The results were also validated using gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), which successfully visualized the regions of input, which are significant for accurate predictions from these DL-based models.Conclusion: DL algorithm can be a positive aid to diagnose VK, especially in primary care centers where appropriate laboratory facilities or expert manpower are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the changes in the binocular vision parameters after bilateral Epilasik laser vision correction surgery (LVCS). Setting: Medical Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, India. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Subjects with a best corrected visual acuity of = 0.0 Log MAR scale and refractive error: < 6.00DS of myopia, < 0.75D of astigmatism, and < 1D of anisometropia were included in the study. All subjects underwent a comprehensive eye examination, LVCS workup which included corneal topography, tomography, aberrometry, and dry eye assessment prior to binocular vision assessment. Complete Binocular vision assessment which included stereopsis, fusion for distance and near, near point of convergence, phoria measurement, vergence amplitudes and facility, accommodative amplitudes, response, and facility was performed with the best corrected vision prior to LVCS, one month and six months after the surgery. Results: Twenty-five subjects of age 23.8 ± 2.9 years were included. Age ranged from 20 to 32 years. Ten were female and 15 were male. The median spherical power was -2.00DS with an inter quartile range (IQR) of -1.50DS to -3.00DS for both eyes. The median cylindrical power was plano with IQR -0.50DC to -1.00DC for both eyes. There was a statistically significant decrease in monocular and binocular accommodative amplitudes (accounting for age-related changes) as well as positive fusional vergence recovery for near between baseline and one month after surgery (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Though subjects were asymptomatic post LVCS, still there is an indication that myopic LVCS could precipitate or aggravate an existing non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly. Comprehensive binocular vision assessment and appropriate management is recommended before and after LVCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: To analyze the presentation and outcome of keratitis due to Cladorrhinum bulbillosum which is a rare species of fungus sparsely reported in literature. Recent Findings: In the genus Cladorrhinum, C. bulbillosum is the only reported pathogenic species causing keratitis. There have been only 3 reported cases in the literature thus far. Summary: Ours is the first reported case series of 4 patients with keratitis caused by the rare dematiaceous organism Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. This keratomycosis can be variably pigmented clinically. Even though it has a typical morphological appearance on microscopy, molecular testing in the form of PCR and DNA sequencing aids in the diagnosis. Keratomycosis caused by this organism can have a protracted clinical course but can be managed medically alone. The need for surgical intervention may arise only in non-responsive cases where there are coexistent ocular or systemic morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hereby report two cases of the emerging and devastating Pythium keratitis for their different presentations, prolonged clinical course, and suspicion of recurrence after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK). The history, clinical presentation, investigations including smears, cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confocal microscopy, the tumultuous course of the infection, and outcome of TPK have been discussed for two cases having this unusual and severe emerging infection. These two cases demonstrate that Pythium keratitis can present as a central reticular or peripheral guttering corneal ulcer with dense infiltration. PCR is a valuable tool for diagnosis. Pythium keratitis has a severe and prolonged clinical course. Response to antibiotics is modest and needs to be closely monitored. It can present with inflammation after TPK that mimics the dreaded recurrence of the infection. Pythium keratitis presents variably and can be suspected from typical clinical and microbiological findings. It needs protracted treatment with close follow-up. Although the infection is known to recur in the therapeutic graft, not all recurrences are what they seem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Keratoplasty after healed herpes simplex viral keratitis is a challenge due to problems arising preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Purpose: In this video, we describe the necessary challenges and the steps, which can be taken to prevent and manage those cases of healed herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis that would require a keratoplasty.Synopsis: The video talks about both the typical and atypical features of HSV keratitis, clinical examination, the scenarios which would require a keratoplasty, problems arising intraoperatively and how to manage them, and finally how to approach these high-risk grafts postoperatively. Highlights: Our video highlights the diagnosis of HSV keratitis, which cases are ready for surgery, and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations before corneal transplantation in healed HSV keratitis. Decision-making before corneal transplant in HSV grafts can become more structured if these points are followed. Video Link: https:// youtu.be/xMT7Ki8vuc4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrence of myopia after myopic LASIK reduces the outcome of the procedure. Important causes include post-LASIK ectasia, regression of myopia, accommodative strain, and lens or axial length changes. Herein, we present a case of myopia recurring after LASIK and try to arrive at the possible diagnosis among these, as the treatment differs for each. The detailed evaluation showed that our patient had regression of myopia after LASIK. Of the multiple causes for recurrence of refractive error after myopic laser vision correction, it is important to identify the relevant reason as the treatment and prognosis for each of these is different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to report a case of ulcerative keratitis caused by an unusual algae Prototheca wickerhamii in a diabetic patient. This study design was a case report. A 46-year-old male, who was a known diabetic for 3 years, had an injury to the left cornea with the sparks of fire from wielding at work that developed into an ulcerative keratitis over a period of next 3 months as the patient was not on any medication. Corneal scraping culture report and Vitek 2 system investigation result confirmed it to be a P. wickerhamii infection. The patient was started on intensive topical 1% voriconazole and 5% natamycin for 1 month and with no improvement subsequently underwent penetrating keratoplasty. No recurrence of infection postoperatively was noted. This opportunistic algae rarely known to cause human eye infections is so far reported in either patients with severe systemic immunosuppression causing posterior segment eye involvement or as postcorneal surgery infections. We report an ulcerative keratitis by P. wickerhamii in a diabetic patient post corneal trauma with no prior ocular surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous occlusion of afferent and efferent vessels helps in faster resolution of lymphatics which are part of the afferent immune arm.[[4]],[[5]] Using the lowest cautery setting, coagulating multiple transverse vessels with transverse pass of the needle, avoiding areas of corneal thinning, attention to epithelial healing, and postoperative inflammation control have all been described in the video. Corneal immune privilege is a phenomenon that is tightly bound to angiogenic privilege because the blood as well as lymphatic vessels constitute the afferent and efferent arms of an immune response arc.[[1]],[[2]] The technique of fine needle diathermy as described by Pillai et al. was applied to occlude both afferent and efferent vessels with equal efficacy. When afferent and efferent vessels are located close to each other, they can be occluded simultaneously with a single pass of the needle which also reduces intrastromal bleeding.[[3]] Cursiefen et al. have reported that angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis may be triggered by an identical pathophysiological process, grow in parallel, but regress over different time frames. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Corneal graft rejection; COVID-19 vaccination; Khodadoust's line; vector vaccine EN Corneal graft rejection COVID-19 vaccination Khodadoust's line vector vaccine 1953 1954 2 08/12/21 20210701 NES 210701 A 62-year-old man presented with corneal graft rejection after COVID-19 vaccination. Corneal graft rejection, COVID-19 vaccination, Khodadoust's line, vector vaccine. [Extracted from the article]

Corneal transplantation is among the most successful organ transplantations in humans due to its immune privilege. This owes to lack of blood and lymph vessels and the absence of major histocompatibility complex antigen presenting cells (MHC-II APCs) in the cornea. However, vaccination may trigger MHC-II response as well as antigenic cross reactivity, resulting in allograft rejection. This has been reported earlier in sporadic cases after influenza and yellow fever vaccines. With the rampant vaccination and booster doses against COVID-19, similar episodes of post-vaccination graft rejection in penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties have been reported. We had reported a case of corneal graft rejection post covid vector vaccine which recovered with steroid medications. Allograft rejection with various subtypes of vaccination opens the door to comprehend immune privilege mechanisms and prophylaxis against organ rejection. Clinicians and patients are advised to be alert to this possibility, for prompt recognition as well as treatment of postvaccination corneal graft rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The video shows the meticulous repair of the corneoscleral tear along with management of the choroidal prolapse.Purpose: The video demonstrates the steps to establish the anatomical integrity of the globe and tips to avoid suture bites through the choroid in a corneo-scleral tear repair.Synopsis: Identification of important landmarks helps in the establishment of anatomical integrity. Therefore, the limbal area of tear is first sutured with 10-O nylon. The extent of wound onto the sclera is checked on the other end of the tear. Second limbal suture at the opposite end of the tear is taken, followed by dividing the corneal extent of tear by rule of half and segmental suturing with 10-O nylon. Then conjunctival peritomy is done to explore the scleral extent and the uveal tissue prolapse. Blunt and atraumatic back tip of Weckel sponge is used perpendicular to the plane of the sclera to push the choroid back aiding the scleral bite. Sclera is sutured with 9-O nylon suture taking care not to include the choroidal tissue. Air injection is done to check for any wound leak. Side port is hydrated, and corneal sutures are buried. The conjunctiva is secured with fibrin glue. Anterior chamber is formed with air bubble. Povidone iodine is instilled and BCL placed.Highlights: 1. Suturing the landmark areas first; 2. Exploring the extent of wound; 3. Segmental suturing of the cornea; 4. Pushing the choroid back to avoid bites through it while suturing sclera; 5. Air injection to check for wound leaks; 6. Anterior chamber formation with air at the end.Video link: https://youtu.be/e5lEyLsQR3U. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corneal angiogenesis occurs as a sequel to an insult and it brings with it cells that mediate immunity as well as repair and aids in flushing toxins out. These vessels are formed in haste and leak lipid and cells, ultimately resulting in loss of transparency, lipid keratopathy and immunogenicity. So, they may need treatment prior to an optical keratoplasty.Purpose: To demonstrate the procedure of Fine Needle Diathermy (FND) to treat corneal neovascularization, its indications and contraindications.Synopsis: FND uses coagulating current from a monopolar cautery unit to occlude the afferent and efferent blood vessels. FND works best at the stage of mature vessel formation. The needle is placed across a tuft of vessels or parallel to a single large vessel, being mindful of the depth and direction. FND is avoided in necrotic tissue where the blood vessel is needed for healing process. Occlusion of the vessel in these situations may result in tissue melt.Highlights: Corneal neovascularization follows the stages of latent phase, active neovascularization, mature vessel formation and then regression. The treatment modality depends on the stage of angiogenesis. FND works best for neovascularization due to infectious keratitis. Keratoplasty is best performed 3 to 4 months later when regression of corneal vascularization occurs.Video Link: https://youtu.be/2RK6d_a2Gdc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We read with interest the review article on "Descemet membrane detachment" (DMD) by Singhal and colleagues in the Survey of Ophthalmology.[2] We congratulate the authors on their clear and detailed narrative. We wish to add DMD secondary to Haab striae[1] which are Descemet membrane tears associated with congenital glaucoma as a unique and interesting addition to the list of causes mentioned in the article. Haab striae occurring due to congenital glaucoma can rarely predispose to Descemet membrane detachment along with the other causes outlined in the review article. [Extracted from the article]

Reports on a case of human subconjunctival infection by macacanema formosana with regard to a case report by Lau et al on the same in 2003 issue of the science journal 'Archive.' Presence of temporal chemotic conjunctival congestion by slitlamp examination in a 52-year-old woman suffering from irritation in the eye; Morphological resemblance of the parasite to the one described in the Archive.