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1. Genetic connectivity in the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus): implications for conservation of a stream dwelling amphibian in the arid Southwestern United States

Author

Oyler-McCance, Sara J., Ryan, Mason J., Sullivan, Brian K., Fike, Jennifer A., Cornman, Robert S., Giermakowski, J. Tomasz, Zimmerman, Shawna J., Harrow, Rachel L., Hedwall, Shaula J., Hossack, Blake R., Latella, Ian M., Lovich, Robert E., Siefken, Sarah, Sigafus, Brent H., and Muths, Erin

Published
2024
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24. Quantifying intraspecific variation in host resistance and tolerance to a lethal pathogen.

Author

Hardy, Bennett M., Muths, Erin, Funk, W. Chris, and Bailey, Larissa L.

Abstract

Testing for intraspecific variation for host tolerance or resistance in wild populations is important for informing conservation decisions about captive breeding, translocation, and disease treatment. Here, we test the importance of tolerance and resistance in multiple populations of boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas boreas) against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the amphibian fungal pathogen responsible for the greatest host biodiversity loss due to disease. Boreal toads have severely declined in Colorado (CO) due to Bd, but toad populations challenged with Bd in western Wyoming (WY) appear to be less affected. We used a common garden infection experiment to expose post‐metamorphic toads sourced from four populations (2 in CO and 2 in WY) to Bd and monitored changes in mass, pathogen burden and survival for 8 weeks. We used a multi‐state modelling approach to estimate weekly survival and transition probabilities between infected and cleared states, reflecting a dynamic infection process that traditional approaches fail to capture. We found that WY boreal toads are more tolerant to Bd infection with higher survival probabilities than those in CO when infected with identical pathogen burdens. WY toads also appeared more resistant to Bd with a higher probability of infection clearance and an average of 5 days longer to reach peak infection burdens. Our results demonstrate strong intraspecific differences in tolerance and resistance that likely contribute to why population declines vary regionally across this species. Our multi‐state framework allowed us to gain inference on typically hidden disease processes when testing for host tolerance or resistance. Our findings demonstrate that describing an entire host species as ‘tolerant’ or ‘resistant’ (or lack thereof) is unwise without testing for intraspecific variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Testing theoretical metapopulation conditions with genotypic data from Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata)

Author

Billerman, Shawn M., Jesmer, Brett R., Watts, Alexander G., Schlichting, Peter E., Fortin, Marie-Josee, Funk, W. Chris, Hapeman, Paul, Muths, Erin, and Murphy, Melanie A.

Subjects
United States. Geological Survey -- Analysis, Amphibians -- Protection and preservation -- Analysis, Extinction (Biology) -- Protection and preservation -- Analysis, Environmentalists -- Protection and preservation -- Analysis, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The metapopulation concept has far-reaching implications in ecology and conservation biology. Hanski's criteria operationally define metapopulations, yet testing them is hindered by logistical and financial constraints inherent to the collection of long-term demographic data. Hence, ecologists and conservationists often assume metapopulation existence for dispersal-limited species that occupy patchy habitats. To advance understanding of metapopulation theory and improve conservation of metapopulations, we used population and landscape genetic tools to develop a methodological framework for evaluating Hanski's criteria. We used genotypic data (11 microsatellite loci) from a purported metapopulation of Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850)) in Colorado, U.S.A., to test Hanski's four criteria. We found support for each criterion: (1) significant genetic differentiation between wetlands, suggesting distinct breeding populations; (2) wetlands had small effective population sizes and recent bottlenecks, suggesting populations do not experience long-term persistence; (3) population graphs provided evidence of gene flow between patches, indicating potential for recolonization; and (4) multiscale bottleneck analyses suggest asynchrony, indicating that simultaneous extinction of all populations was unlikely. Our methodological framework provides a logistically and financially feasible alternative to long-term demographic data for identifying amphibian metapopulations. Key words: Boreal Chorus Frog, Pseudacris maculata, dispersal, functional connectivity, genetic bottleneck, genetic diversity, metapopulations, population graph. Le concept de métapopulation a de vastes applications en écologie et en biologie de la conservation. Si les critères de Hanski définissent les métapopulations sur le plan opérationnel, des contraintes logistiques et financières inhérentes à la collecte de données démographiques de longue durée font entrave à la validation de ces critères. Les écologistes et les conservationnistes partent donc souvent du principe de l'existence de métapopulations pour des espèces à dispersion restreinte qui occupent des habitats parcellaires. Afin de parfaire la compréhension de la théorie des métapopulations et améliorer la conservation des métapopulations, nous avons utilisé des outils génétiques associés aux populations et au paysage pour élaborer un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation des critères de Hanski. Nous avons utilisé des données génotypiques (11 sites microsatellites) issues d'une métapopulation présumée de rainettes faux-grillons boréales (Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850)) au Colorado (États-Unis) pour valider les quatre critères de Hanski. Nos constatations appuient les quatre critères, comme suit: (1) une différenciation génétique significative entre les différents milieux humides indiquerait des populations reproductrices distinctes; (2) les populations des milieux humides étaient de petites tailles effectives et caractérisées par des goulots d'étranglement récents, ce qui indiquerait l'absence de persistance à long terme des populations; (3) les graphes de population montrent des indices de flux génique entre les parcelles, ce qui indique un potentiel de recolonisation; et (4) des analyses multi-échelles des goulots d'étranglement semblent témoigner d'une asynchronie, ce qui indique qu'une extinction simultanée de toutes les populations était peu probable. Notre cadre méthodologique constitue une option de rechange viable sur le plan logistique et financier aux données démographiques de longue durée pour l'identification de métapopulations d'amphibiens. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés: rainette faux-grillon boréale, Pseudacris maculata, dispersion, connectivité fonctionnelle, goulot d'étranglement génétique, diversité génétique, métapopulations, graphe de population., Introduction Pond-breeding amphibians provide classical examples of metapopulations (Marsh and Trenham 2001; Smith and Green 2006; Semlitsch 2008; Griffiths et al. 2010). Nevertheless, metapopulation dynamics are typically assumed rather than [...]

Published
2019
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31. Using decision analysis to support proactive management of emerging infectious wildlife diseases

Author

Grant, Evan H Campbell, Muths, Erin, Katz, Rachel A, Canessa, Stefano, Adams, Michael J, Ballard, Jennifer R, Berger, Lee, Briggs, Cheryl J, Coleman, Jeremy TH, Gray, Matthew J, Harris, M Camille, Harris, Reid N, Hossack, Blake, Huyvaert, Kathryn P, Kolby, Jonathan, Lips, Karen R, Lovich, Robert E, McCallum, Hamish I, Mendelson, Joseph R, Nanjappa, Priya, Olson, Deanna H, Powers, Jenny G, Richgels, Katherine LD, Russell, Robin E, Schmidt, Benedikt R, Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Annemarieke, Watry, Mary Kay, Woodhams, Douglas C, and White, C LeAnn

Published
2017

35. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) not detected in an intensive survey of wild North American amphibians

Author

Waddle, J. Hardin, Grear, Daniel A., Mosher, Brittany A., Grant, Evan H. Campbell, Adams, Michael J., Backlin, Adam R., Barichivich, William J., Brand, Adrianne B., Bucciarelli, Gary M., Calhoun, Daniel L., Chestnut, Tara, Davenport, Jon M., Dietrich, Andrew E., Fisher, Robert N., Glorioso, Brad M., Halstead, Brian J., Hayes, Marc P., Honeycutt, R. Ken, Hossack, Blake R., Kleeman, Patrick M., Lemos-Espinal, Julio A., Lorch, Jeffrey M., McCreary, Brome, Muths, Erin, Pearl, Christopher A., Richgels, Katherine L. D., Robinson, Charles W., Roth, Mark F., Rowe, Jennifer C., Sadinski, Walt, Sigafus, Brent H., Stasiak, Iga, Sweet, Samuel, Walls, Susan C., Watkins-Colwell, Gregory J., White, C. LeAnn, Williams, Lori A., and Winzeler, Megan E.

Published
2020
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