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Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of carotid artery compression using a point-of-care ultrasound probe (POCUS-CAC) in reducing pulse check times and facilitating the detection of the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compared to manual palpation (MP). The secondary aim of the study is to assess the ability of POCUS-CAC to detect ROSC during ongoing chest compressions. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary emergency department between January and June 2023. During CPR, POCUS-CAC was performed by placing a linear ultrasound probe transversely on the lateral neck to assess the compressibility of the carotid artery. Complete compression of the artery without any visible pulsation indicated no ROSC, while resistance to compression or partial compression suggested the presence of ROSC. Simultaneously, another clinician performed manual palpation of the femoral artery. The primary outcome assessed in this study was comparing ROSC detection between POCUS-CAC and traditional methods, and the secondary outcome was comparing the time taken to detect ROSC with each method, and the ability to detect ROSC during ongoing chest compressions. Results: The study included 41 cardiac arrest patients and analyzed 496 MP pulse and 1984 POCUS-CAC checks. The mean time to identify a pulse using POCUS-CAC was significantly shorter, at 2.3 (0.5–7.8, SD ± 1.2, 95% CI [2.25, 2.35]) s, compared to 4.7 (2.0–10.5, SD ± 1.8, 95% CI [4.54, 4.86]) s with MP (p = 0.004). Additionally, 52.9% of ROSC cases were detected earlier using POCUS-CAC, even during ongoing chest compressions. The sensitivity of POCUS-CAC was 100% (95% CI [80.5–100%]) and the specificity was 87.5% (95% CI [67.6–97.3%]). The POCUS-CAC method required less than 5 s in 99.996% of cases. Conclusions: POCUS-CAC significantly reduces pulse check times and enhances the early detection of ROSC during CPR, offering a reliable and rapid alternative to traditional manual palpation methods in emergency settings.

AbstractIn the present study, we economically analyzed the enterprises producing chestnut honey in the TR82 region provinces of the Black Sea region of Turkey (Kastamonu, Çankırı, and Sinop provinces). Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data from 74 small, medium, and largescale enterprises, and data were analyzed by simple random sampling. Furthermore, a backward regression model was developed to assess the input and output relationships in the enterprises. The average honey yield per hive was 4.06 kg. The statistically significant difference was found between scales and provinces in unit cost. The unit cost average of small-scale enterprises was statistically different from that of large-scale enterprises. A statistical difference was found between provinces in sales price and profit per hive (p

Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intraocular pressure (IOP) after renal transplantation.Materials and Methods:A total of 49 renal transplantation patients were included in this prospective study. CVI and SFCT on enhanced-depth imaging optic coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), MAP at the cubital fossa, GFR, and IOP were measured preoperatively and at postoperative 1 week and 1 month. In the analysis of EDI-OCT images, luminal area (LA) and stromal area of the choroid were determined using the image binarization method. CVI was defined as the ratio of LA to total choroid area. The effects of GFR, IOP, and MAP on CVI and SFCT were investigated.Results:The study included 23 women (47%) and 26 men (53%) with a mean age of 26.28±8.25 years (range: 18-52). Changes between preoperative, postoperative 1-week, and postoperative 1-month GFR values, CVI, and SFCT measurements were evaluated. There were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative GFR and SFCT measurements (p

Objective To measure the cranial volume differences from 15 different parts in the follow-up of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and correlate them with clinical parameters. Methods Forty-seven patients with RRMS were included in the study. Patients were grouped into two categories; low Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (< 3; group 1), and moderate-high EDSS (≥ 3; group 2). Patients were evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and calculated Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR) scores. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with a 1.5T MRI device (Magnetom AERA, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) twice in a 1-year period. Volumetric analysis was performed by a free, automated, online MRI brain volumetry software. The differences in volumetric values between the two MRI scans were calculated and correlated with the demographic and clinical parameters of the patients. Results The number of attacks, disease duration, BDI, and FSS scores were higher in group 2; SDMT was higher in group 1. As expected, volumetric analyses have shown volume loss in total cerebral white matter in follow-up patients (p

It is aimed to investigate the factors affecting the elective course preferences of veterinary students in Türkiye and to evaluate these factors according to specific socio-demographic criteria. "Elective Course Preference Attitude Scale" was applied to 765 students from 18 veterinary faculties. Data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0. Female students made up 52.4% of the participants. It was determined that the personal score was lower in men than in women. The environmental score was low in the 1st and 2nd grades, and in the 3rd and 4th grades, the structural score was high. While the additive score was low for the students studying in the Eastern, Central Anatolian and Black Sea regions, the environmental score was low in the Marmara Region. It was determined that the environmental score of the students studying in the faculties founded after 2007 was low. The fact that students need knowledge and experience in choosing elective courses reveals the effect of the friend factor while their expectation of contribution to personal and professional life reveals the effect of regional opportunities. The elective course pool to be prepared in line with the interests, wishes, and needs of the students will contribute to their motivation and self-efficacy perceptions. Choosing elective courses in line with the professional, academic and personal factors and the student"s academic profiles will be beneficial in increasing learning and success levels.

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of germline variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, PALB2, PTEN and TP53 in patients admitted to a medical genetics clinic with breast cancer and to assess these identified variants according to published genetic, surgical and oncological perspectives.Materials and Methods:Medical history, and cancer diagnosis information for 195 independent probands with operated breast cancer were collected from requisition forms and medical records. The exonic regions and exon-intron junctions in BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, PALB2, PTEN and TP53 genes were sequenced. Analysis of fastq files was performed on the Qiagen Clinical Insight-Analyse Universal with panel-specific pipeline and vcf files were interpreted clinically using Qiagen Clinical Insight-Interpret.Results:Gene variants (pathogenic, likely pathogenic and variants of unknown significance) were detected in 53 (27.2%). Detailed information about the patients (age of diagnosis, family history, gender), cancer stage, tumour characteristics (ER, PR, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status) and all information related to the detected variants (gene, location, nucleotide and amino acid change, exon number, impact, mutation classification, dbSNP number and HGMD variant class) were assessed. In total, 58 mutations were identified including 14 novel, previously unreported variants.Conclusion:Molecular characterization and identification of mutations have important implications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine, including genetic counseling and development of specific treatment protocols. We emphasize variants of unknown significance (VUS) as the clinical significance of VUS changes over time and variant classification is important for clinical molecular genetic testing and clinical guidance. This study may provide new insights into risk assessment for variants in CDH1, PALB2, PTEN and TP53, in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2, which may prove useful for clinical management of breast cancer patients. Further studies are needed to identify the common gene variants in the Turkish population and evaluate the pathogenity of VUS.

Objective: It was aimed to investigate the relationship of stereoacuity with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and P100 latency in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without optic neuritis (ON). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with clinically definite MS with and without a history of ON were included in this prospective study. Patients without ON were classified into relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and single-attack MS (SAMS) subgroups. There were 11 patients in the RRMS group with ON (ON-RRMS), 11 patients with RRMS and 7 patients with SAMS in the MS group without ON, and 16 healthy subjects in the control group. Stereoacuity was determined by the TNO and Titmus tests. RNFLT was measured by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography and P100 latency was measured in pattern visual evoked potential recordings. The results were analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical program. P

Aim: Artificial intelligence has begun to be used in many branches of science, including medicine, with the development of technology in the 21st century. However, these studies are reported outside of a certain standard and this situation causes the studies to have a complex structure. Reporting the research results in accordance with international standards will make meaningful contributions to the process of understanding, interpreting and critically evaluating the research in question. CONSORT-AI (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials- Artificial Intelligence) is a reporting protocol that has become widespread in medicine and health due to the rapidly increasing number of artificial intelligence applications. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate whether the CONSORT-AI protocol, which was adapted into Turkish, was correctly understood by the researchers. Materials and Methods: 22 articles selected from TR Index journals were evaluated by the authors who were in the evaluator position with the CONSORT-AI protocol, and the evaluation results were tested with interauthor agreement analysis. Results: The obtained findings showed that the agreement between raters was statistically significant. However, in the studies examined, no article was found that fully observes the principles in the CONSORT-AI protocol. Conclusion: It is expected that the study will contribute to information professionals working in the field of medicine and health, researchers related to the subject, and editors and referees who are in the position of evaluating research by drawing attention to the principles to be followed in artificial intelligence-oriented research outputs.

Smartphone addiction, known as a fear of being without a mobile phone, is often discussed with an Internet overuse problem or addiction. But in general, it is rarely the phone itself that creates the addiction, but rather the games, apps, and online worlds it connects people to. This study aims to measure the level of smartphone addiction in university students living in Eastern Turkey and identify the university students’ smartphone addiction and awareness during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study population consists of 443 students who were studying in different departments in the 2020-2021 spring term at Bitlis Eren University. To summarise the key findings, it has been observed that men are more smartphone-addicted than women. Those who do not think that the duration of smartphone use has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period has more impact on the SAS than those who do. It has been observed that students in the 1st grade are more phone addicted than those in the 2nd grade. Those who used the smartphone for 1 year or less were more likely than those who used it for 1 year or less were more smartphone addicts than those who used it for 5 years or more.

Aim: Declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, Covid-19 has raised significant psychological concerns and physical problems in humans. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the methods of coping with stress of the SUFVM students with socio-demographic characteristics, experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic process, and professional career concerns. Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 644 students from the 1st-5th grades who continued their education at SUFVM in the 2019-2020 academic year and agreed to participate in the research. The research was carried out by filling in the questionnaire form sent to the participants? mobile phones between 14-22 December 2020 voluntarily. The questionnaire consisted of four parts in total, which determined socio-demographic characteristics, professional career concerns, and experiences with Covid-19, and measuring the style of coping with stress. Results: It was determined that SUFVM students used the most ?self-confident approaches? (%27) and the least ?seeking social support? (%13) sub-factors among the strategies to cope with stress, female students had higher ?helpless approaches? scores (%22) than male students (%21), and fifth-grade students had ?helpless approaches? scores were lower than the other classes, and the third-grade students had higher ?submissive approaches? scores compared to other classes. Conclusion: It can be said that the coping strategies SUFVM students use are mostly problem-based active styles, and they use passive styles related to emotions less, also it is very important for them to develop skills to cope with stressful situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

Abstract This study aimed to determine common pregnancy rates and effect sizes with meta‐analysis of studies investigating the effect of different synchronization protocols applied to sheep during breeding and non‐breeding seasons on pregnancy rates. Common pregnancy rates were estimated by coalescing pregnancy rates of studies performed independently, and heterogeneity between the studies was investigated. The meta‐analysis included 24 studies that determined pregnancy rates in 78 different groups consisting of 1934 sheep with five different synchronization protocols in Turkey between 2001 and 2020. Among the different synchronization methods, the P4+PMSG group (90.37%) during the breeding season and P4+PGF2α (69.77%) and P4 (68.75%) groups during the non‐breeding season showed the highest pregnancy rate. Also, the effect size of P4+PMSG application during the breeding season was calculated as 0.934 (95% confidence interval: 0.901–0.967), and the effect size of P4+PGF2α application during the non‐breeding season was calculated as 0.709 (95% confidence interval: 0.406–1.013). To conclude, the combination of P4+PMSG during the breeding season and progestogen and other hormone applications during the non‐breeding season are the most effective methods for estrus synchronization and for achieving the desired pregnancy rates.

Abstract Background Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious disease induced by the Capripoxvirus, causing epidemics in Turkey and several countries worldwide and inducing significant economic losses. Although this disease occurs in Turkish cattle every year, it is a notifiable disease. In this study, LSD in Turkey was modelled using the Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Recovered (SEIR) epidemiological model, and production losses were estimated with predictions of the course of the disease. The animal population was categorized into four groups: Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, and Recovered, and model parameters were obtained. The SEIR model was formulated with an outbreak calculator simulator applied for demonstration purposes. Results Production losses caused by the LSD epidemic and the SEIR model’s predictions on the disease’s course were evaluated. Although 1282 cases were identified in Turkey during the study period, the prevalence of LSD was calculated as 4.51%, and the mortality rate was 1.09%. The relationship between the disease duration and incubation period was emphasized in the simulated SEIR model to understand the dynamics of LSD. Early detection of the disease during the incubation period significantly affected the peak time of the disease. According to the model, if the disease was detected during the incubation period, the sick animal's time could transmit the disease (Tinf) was calculated as 2.66 days. Production loss from LSD infection was estimated at US $ 886.34 for dairy cattle and the US $ 1,066.61 for beef cattle per animal. Conclusion Detection of LSD infection during the incubation period changes the course of the disease and may reduce the resulting economic loss.

Aim: This research is aimed to determine the reasons why producers have/do not have animal life insurance (ALI), as well as to determine the factors that affect this situation and to suggest solutions that will contribute to increasing the rate of insurance. Materials and Methods: The material of the research was determined by the Agricultural Insurance Pool (TARSİM) as the enterprises engaged in small ruminant and cattle breeding in the provinces of Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray, Ankara, Burdur, Karaman and Konya. The minimum number of enterprises targeted to be visited and their distribution according to the provinces was calculated according to the Neyman stratified sampling method. Within the scope of the research, data collected from 252 enterprises were evaluated. In the analysis of the data, the relationship between the two variables was evaluated using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the Spearman Correlation Coefficient when it did not meet the prerequisites for parametric testing. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact Test and Chi-Square test. In order to determine the reasons for not taking out insurance, the obtained data were evaluated by explanatory factor analysis method. Results: In terms of professional experience; Having less than 5 years of professional experience, having a certificate of disease freeness in enterprises, and have additional income sources other than animal husbandry the insurances rate of the enterprises are increasing. It can be said that the data of the relevant scale are suitable for factor analysis (p Conclusion: The first condition for increasing the rate of having ALI is that producers should be constantly informed about ALI. It should be taken into consideration that some positive additional support and incentives, additional scoring, incentive payment priority, etc., may contribute positively to the system in producing policies and premiums.

Aim: Objectives of this study were to evaluate serum biochemistry and complete blood parameters in bitches with pyometra and to determine the relationship between lactate dehydrogenase and these parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 bitches with different breeds, 6-14 aged, were used in the study. The bitches with pyometra (n = 20) were diagnosed by anamnesis, clinical and ultrasonographical examination. The bitches in the control group (n = 6) were selected from >6 years old healthy animals brought to the clinic for various reasons (genital organ examination, etc.). A blood sample was taken from V. cephalica to evaluate the parameters of complete blood count and serum biochemistry from bitches in both groups. Results: It was determined that WBC, neutrophil and monocyte values were higher (p0.05) was determined between LDH and RBC and albumin in bitches with pyometra. Conclusion: As a result, it was found that WBC and neutrophils increased significantly in bitches with pyometra and kidney and liver functions were affected adversely. In addition, it has been determined that systemic problems were more serious in bitches with closed cervix pyometra. However, since LDH concentrations were correlated with kidney and liver enzymes, it was concluded that measuring LDH concentrations in bitches with pyometra may be useful in determining the prognosis.

Aim: This study is conducted to inform communities and governments about the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected countries: Turkey, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Russian, Canada, and Japan. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the numbers of the COVID-19 epidemic after the 100th case up to 7/19/2020 for selected countries have been estimated by using Curve Estimation Models, Box-Jenkins (ARIMA), Brown Linear Exponential Smoothing Method, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and SEIR Models. Results: In the evaluations of the ARDL and SEIR models established, it is determined that France and Italy have high pandemic growth rates; while Canada has a low pandemic growth rate. It has also observed that the turning point of the pandemic occurred on the 72nd day. If there is no change in the outbreak and governments continue with the same strategies, it is predicted that the epidemic will begin again in early October 2020 (from September 21 to November 10) and will be effective for an average of 155 days (between 145 and 168 days). It is seen that the observed and predicted daily cumulative new cases are consistent. Conclusion: As a result, it can be said that the models used in this study wellcharacterized outbreak of the COVID-19 in the eight major Western countries and Turkey.

Amaç: Yüksek kan basıncının karotis arterler üzerinde istenmeyen etkilere yol açtığı iyi bilinmesine ragmen bu etkinin hangi değerden itibaren başladığı net değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı bunu değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Çalışma kesitsel planlandı ve toplam 308 birey dahil edildi. Sistolik kan basıncı (SKB) 0.05) ancak grup 3 ile 1 arasında anlamlı fark vardı (p135,5 mmHg olmasının%78,2 sensitivite, %74,6 spesifite, DKB>86,5 mmHg olmasının %79,3 sensitivite ve %71,6 spesifite ile karotis distensibilitesini etkilemeye başladığı bulundu. Benzer olarak SKB>137,5 mmHg olmasının %80,4 sensitivite, %73,1 spesifite, DKB>88,5 mmHg olmasının ise %79,1 sensitivite ve %73,8spesifite ile karotis elastisitesini etkilemeye başladığı gösterildi. Sonuç: Karotis distensibilitesi ve elastisitesi kan basıncının artışı ile azalmaktadır. Yüksek-normal kan basıncına sahip bireylerde belirli bir kan basıncı değerinden sonra karotis hasarı başlıyor olabilir.

Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of strabismus in families of a proband with accommodative, partial accommodative, or infantile esotropia (IET), and to evaluate the mode of inheritance and the role of consanguineous marriages in this prevalence.Materials and Methods:Families of probands with comitant strabismus were invited to participate in the study. The family members of 139 subjects with accommodative esotropia (AET), 55 with partial accommodative esotropia (PAET), and 21 with IET agreed to participate. Detailed family trees were constructed. The first- and second-degree relatives were invited for a complete ophthalmological examination, and 518 individuals from 168 families were evaluated. The role of consanguinity, the presence of tropia, phoria (≥8 PD), microtropia, and hypermetropia (≥3.00 D) among first- and second-degree relatives were analyzed.Results:A non-Mendelian pattern was found in 49 families (23%), an autosomal dominant pattern in 39 families (18%), and an autosomal recessive pattern in 6 families (3%). The prevalence of consanguineous marriages among parents of probands was 18.1%, 22.6%, and 14.3% in the AET, PAET, and IET groups, respectively (p=0.652). The prevalence of strabismus in first-degree relatives was 58.9%, 45.5%, and 38.1%, respectively (p=0.07). The prevalence of microtropia in probands’ siblings was significantly higher in the AET group (p=0.034).Conclusion:Sporadic cases and non-Mendelian inheritance were more frequent than autosomal recessive inheritance. Autosomal recessive inheritance was found not to be frequent in consanguineous marriages. The prevalence of strabismus and microtropia was significantly higher in families of esotropia cases than in the general population.

Aim: As in all parametric methods, the ANCOVA method assumes that normal distributions of errors, homogeneity of variances, and error terms are independent of each other. However, unusual distributions in practice are more common than normal distribution. In this study, it is aimed to examine ANCOVA method or type 1 error rates under different distribution conditions and homogeneity of variances. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, a simulation studies under different scenarios was conducted. Random numbers were generated from Gamma, Beta and Normal distributions considering different groups and different sample sizes. In the simulation studies, 10000 replications were run under the null hypothesis of no group differences and type-I error rates were calculated for each scenario. Results: According to the results, in the case of the normal distribution with homogeneous variance, the proportion of Type I error is high in the groups with the sample size of n=20 and n=40. In the case of normal distribution with the heterogeneous variance, the deviation has been observed in the groups with the sample size of n = 10 and n = 30, and n = 40. These results are the same as the results of Gamma distribution. In the Beta distribution, , there is a deviation in the groups with n=10 and n=20 where the sample sizes are small. Conclusion: The results showed that type-I error rate is affected by skewness of the distribution, sample size and homogeneity of variance. Further work can be extended by simulation studies under different distributions and parameter values.

Health worker density and distribution is critical for a strong health system and therefore has been listed among 1 of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets. The present study aims to model the number of persons per physician, nurse, and midwives in Turkey until 2030 and to make estimates for better reproductive health outcomes. We used time series of people per physician, nurse, and midwife between the years 1928 and 2018. Estimates were obtained via the Box-Jenkins and Brown Exponential Smoothing Methods. The results of this study showed that both designed models provide a high diagnostic value to predict the number of person per doctor, nurse, and midwives. The goodness of fit criteria for both models was statistically significant. The results predict a slight decrease in the number of people per physician, a more significant decrease in the number of people per nurse, but no decrease in the number of people per midwives until 2030. We argue that there will not be much progress in reproductive health indicators if the health workforce progresses with the same trend in the coming years. We recommend decision-makers to re-consider the health workforce planning, especially in terms of the number of the person per nurses, for better reproductive health outcomes.

ABSTRACT: The high costs of feed among the total costs of raw milk production and an unfavorable milk-feed ratio directly affect the profitability of milk producers. To understand how the market in Turkey can be equilibrated, an exploration of the factors affecting milk prices is essential. This study determined the effects of the basic and the economic indicators on the price of raw milk between 2010 and 2019, by analyzing the monthly panel data. Since time series data are used, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests are conducted to find out whether the series is stationary. In order to see the individual effects, the parameters are estimated using the fixed and random-effects models. The Hausman test is conducted to decide which of the two models is valid. The basic indicators for milk price, namely, prices of barley, soybean meal, wheat and distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), and the economic indicators, namely, dollar exchange rate and agricultural producer price index (PPI) had significant (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) effects on the milk price. In conclusion, it is reported that the raw milk prices in Turkey are considerably affected by the prices of feed ingredients as well as the general economic conditions.

Determination of the extent to which increases in the price of red meat is reflected in the price of chicken meat will shed light to the sector in many areas, including production planning. The purpose of this study is to present how the increases in the price of red meat are reflected in the consumer prices of chicken meat and to determine the estimation rate of the consumer prices of chicken meat by analysing the monthly average consumer prices of chicken meat, beef and mutton (TRY/kg) in Turkey between January 2005 and September 2018 using different regression models and the decision tree algorithm. The results of the study indicate that in predicting the prices of chicken meat using the prices of beef, the cubic regression equation gives accurate predictions at a rate of 91.4%, and in predicting the prices of chicken meat using the prices of mutton, the cubic regression equation gives accurate predictions at a rate of 89.9%. It was estimated that 1% increase in the prices of beef would result in an increase by 1.35% in the prices of chicken meat, and a 1% increase in the prices of mutton would result in an increase by 0.39% in the prices of chicken meat.

In Turkey, the demand for veal in the red meat market is steadily increasing. In the formation of this demand and price; additional factors such as consumer preferences, government interventions in the red meat market, import decisions, also the implemented policies and subsidies are effective besides the main factors. However, the fact that such practices do not affect the veal prices in the market makes it impossible to ensure price stability and a sustainable market. The analysis of the change in retail prices is important for both producers and consumers so that the validity of this view can be tested. The aim of this study was to analyze the retail prices of minced meat and the veal cubes from the first week of January 2014 to the last week of December 2017 via using the volatility estimation modeling method in the context of the effectiveness of the policies and market interventions applied in the red meat sector implemented in Turkey. Non-stationary series were made stationary by differencing. By developing a Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH 1,1) model using the series subject to a unit root test, it was found to be the optimal model that best explains the fluctuation of the prices. The results of the estimation show that the retail prices of veal cubes and minced meats fluctuated conspicuously in the said period and that the implemented policies and the market interventions were not adequate to eliminate the instability and uncertainty of the prices.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of different electrotherapy methods and exercise therapy on pain, function and quality of life in shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: Eighty-three patients (66 females, 17 males; mean age: 48.2 ± 7.33 years) with shoulder impingement syndrome were selected and 79 of them were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 (n = 19, mean age: 47.89 ± 7.12 years) was given hot pack and exercises, Group 2 (n = 20, mean age: 47.70 ± 6.51 years) was given hot packs, exercises and interferential current, Group 3 (n = 20, mean age: 48.50 ± 8.34 years) was given hot packs, exercises and TENS and Group 4 (n = 20, mean age: 48.55 ± 7.89 years) was given hot packs, exercises and ultrasound three times a week for four weeks. Assessments were made before treatment, right after it and three months after that using the visual analog scale (VAS), Short Form-36 (SF-36) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) outcome measures. Results: At the fourth week and third month assessments, all groups showed significant improvements in terms of pain, DASH and SF-36 physical component scores (p 0.05). Conclusion: Application of ultrasound, interferential current and TENS in addition to exercise therapy in shoulder impingement syndrome treatment had similar improvements in terms of pain, function and physical component of quality of life. However, interferential current treatment showed significantly better outcomes for the mental component of quality of life. Level of evidence: Level I, Therapeutic study. Keywords: Electrotherapy, Exercises, Pain, Quality of life, Shoulder impingement syndrome

We investigated the number and distribution of Cajal-like cells in patients with azoospermia. A total of 99 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were divided into subgroups [19 patientsin hypospermatogenesis group (S1), 40 patients in maturation arrest group (S2), 20 patients in a Sertoli cell-only syndrome (S3), and 20 patients in a testicular atrophy and fibrosis group (S4)], and 20 patients with obstructive azoospermia group (S0). Sections stained with a c-kit antibody were studied by light microscopy to determine the number and distribution of Cajal-like cells in peritubular and perivascular areas of testis. The number of Cajal-like cells were higher in all the non-obstructive groups than in the obstructive group (S0: 2.43 cells/mm2, S1: 3.14 cells/mm2, S2: 4.00 cells/mm2, S3: 4.57 cells/mm2, S4: 3.86 cells/mm2) but statistically significantly different (p

Objectives: To assess and compare contrast sensitivity function in the previously amblyopic and non-amblyopic “normal” eyes of patients with microtropia and anisometropia who achieved 20/20 visual acuity after occlusion therapy. Materials and Methods: Contrast sensitivity was tested monocularly on both eyes of 34 successfully treated microtropic and 15 anisometropic subjects (visual acuity 20/20 in both eyes). Contrast sensitivity function was evaluated by CSV-1000E and age-matched nomograms were used (spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree [cpd]) for comparison. Results: The mean age of subjects was 11.2±1.3 years in the microtropic group, 9.8±1.7 years in the anisometropic group (7-12 years); the mean follow-up time was 16.4±3.2 months (12 to 92) in the microtropic group and 27.7±1.8 months (12-84) in the anisometropic group. Statistical comparison of the microtropic amblyopic eyes versus non-microtropic eyes showed significant differences at spatial frequencies of 3, 12 and 18 cpd (3 cpd, t=2.8, p=0.007; 6 cpd, t=1.1 p=0.261; 12 cpd, t=2.2, p=0.033; 18 cpd, t=2.2, p=0.030). When anisometropic eyes were compared with non-anisometropic eyes, there was a significant difference only at 12 cpd (t=2.1 p=0.049). The comparison of non-amblyopic eyes versus age-matched nomograms revealed no differences at any of the spatial frequencies (p>0.05 for all). Conclusion: Contrast sensitivity was decreased in patients with amblyopia, especially in the microtropic group. The assessment of contrast sensitivity function may serve as a new parameter for termination of occlusion therapy.

Amaç: Bu makalenin amacı, diş gelişimini değerlendirerek diş yaşı hesaplamakta kullanılan Demirjian metodunun güvenilirliğini, kullanılabilirliğini farklı ülke verilerinden yararlanarak tartışmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Farklı ülkelerde veya aynı ülkenin farklı bölgelerinde 7-11 yaş aralığında, Demirjian metoduyla diş yaşı tayini yapılmış 22 çalışmanın verileri irdelendi. Çalışmalarda içerilme ölçütü; sağlıklı çocuklar üzerinde yapılmış olması, panoramik film kullanılması, sol alt mandibuler yedi dişin incelenmiş olması olarak belirlendi. 7-11 yaş arasındaki kız ve erkek çocuklara ait veriler, kronolojik yaş ile Demirjian metoduyla belirlenen diş yaşlarına ilişkin veriler tablo halinde düzenlenerek diş yaşı ile kronolojik yaş arasındaki farklılıklar değerlendirildi. Veri analizinde faktöriyel düzende varyans analizi ardından çoklu karşılaştırmalar için Bonferroni testi kullanıldı. Birinci tip hata 0,05’te sabit tutuldu (α=0,05). Bulgular: Değerlendirmeler sonucunda, Demirjian metoduyla belirlenen diş yaşı ile kronolojik yaş açısından hem toplumdan topluma hem de aynı toplumum farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan çocuklar arasında fark olduğu belirlendi. Hollanda, Türkiye, Sudan, Çin, Sırbistan, İtalya, Pakistan, Yeni Zelanda, Bosna Hersek, Malezya ve Hindistan’dan alınan örneklerde Demirjian yönteminin kullanılabilirliği açısından negatif veya pozitif farklar tespit edildi. Romanya, İran, Hindistan’da yaşayan Belçikalı çocuklar ile incelenen diğer toplumlara ait sonuçlar arasındaki farkın ise anlamlı olmadığı saptandı. Sonuç: Çocuklarda büyüme ve gelişim; kalıtım, cinsiyet, hormonlar, beslenme, sosyo–kültürel ve çevresel etmenler, geçirilen hastalıklar gibi nedenlerle bireyden bireye ve toplumdan topluma farklılıklar gösterir. Dişlerin gelişimi de benzer faktörlerin etkisi altındadır ve bu nedenle Demirjian tarafından Fransız asıllı Kanadalı (French-Canadian) çocukların diş yaşını belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen skorlama sistemi farklı toplumlara uygulandığında kronolojik yaş ile diş yaşı arasında önemli farklılıklar görülebilmektedir. Bu farklılığın giderilmesi için metodun, toplumsal özelliklere göre modifiye edilerek kullanılması gerekmektedir.

Amaç: Bu makalenin amacı, diş gelişimini değerlendirerek diş yaşı hesaplamakta kullanılan Demirjian metodunun güvenilirliğini, kullanılabilirliğini farklı ülke verilerinden yararlanarak tartışmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Farklı ülkelerde veya aynı ülkenin farklı bölgelerinde 7-11 yaş aralığında, Demirjian metoduyla diş yaşı tayini yapılmış 22 çalışmanın verileri irdelendi. Çalışmalarda içerilme ölçütü; sağlıklı çocuklar üzerinde yapılmış olması, panoramik film kullanılması, sol alt mandibuler yedi dişin incelenmiş olması olarak belirlendi. 7-11 yaş arasındaki kız ve erkek çocuklara ait veriler, kronolojik yaş ile Demirjian metoduyla belirlenen diş yaşlarına ilişkin veriler tablo halinde düzenlenerek diş yaşı ile kronolojik yaş arasındaki farklılıklar değerlendirildi. Veri analizinde faktöriyel düzende varyans analizi ardından çoklu karşılaştırmalar için Bonferroni testi kullanıldı. Birinci tip hata 0,05’te sabit tutuldu (α=0,05). Bulgular: Değerlendirmeler sonucunda, Demirjian metoduyla belirlenen diş yaşı ile kronolojik yaş açısından hem toplumdan topluma hem de aynı toplumum farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan çocuklar arasında fark olduğu belirlendi. Hollanda, Türkiye, Sudan, Çin, Sırbistan, İtalya, Pakistan, Yeni Zelanda, Bosna Hersek, Malezya ve Hindistan’dan alınan örneklerde Demirjian yönteminin kullanılabilirliği açısından negatif veya pozitif farklar tespit edildi. Romanya, İran, Hindistan’da yaşayan Belçikalı çocuklar ile incelenen diğer toplumlara ait sonuçlar arasındaki farkın ise anlamlı olmadığı saptandı. Sonuç: Çocuklarda büyüme ve gelişim; kalıtım, cinsiyet, hormonlar, beslenme, sosyo–kültürel ve çevresel etmenler, geçirilen hastalıklar gibi nedenlerle bireyden bireye ve toplumdan topluma farklılıklar gösterir. Dişlerin gelişimi de benzer faktörlerin etkisi altındadır ve bu nedenle Demirjian tarafından Fransız asıllı Kanadalı (French-Canadian) çocukların diş yaşını belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen skorlama sistemi farklı toplumlara uygulandığında kronolojik yaş ile diş yaşı arasında önemli farklılıklar görülebilmektedir. Bu farklılığın giderilmesi için metodun, toplumsal özelliklere göre modifiye edilerek kullanılması gerekmektedir.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the adult population worldwide. Education may play an important role in preventing metabolic syndrome in young adults, especially those who are attending university. Such adults are at a critical point in their lives and make their own lifestyle choices that can affect their future health. Aims: The aims of this study were to determine the metabolic syndrome risk levels of students from the Faculty of Health Sciences. Study Design: Survey design study. Methods: In a questionnaire developed by the researchers to collect data in accordance with the relevant literature, the scale of the risk of metabolic syndrome was assessed. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risks. Results: Important risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found to be gender, weight gain, “stress eating” excessive amounts of food, sleeping for more than 8 hours a day, feeling tired after sleep, belonging to a divided family, and eating whilst working on the computer. Conclusion: The students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, particularly because they are trained in the health sector, are expected to have more information about the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and take necessary precautions to prevent it.

Aim: The high share of feed costs among the costs of inputs used in broiler breeding plays a significant role in the formation of broiler meat price. As the production of raw materials used in the broiler feed industry is not sufficient to meet the demand in the domestic market, the demand is met by importation. As such, the fluctuations in the exchange rates are reflected in the price of the final product. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between the variables of broiler meat and broiler feed price series. Materials and Methods: In Turkey, the relations between the variables related to the price series of broiler meat and broiler feed in TL and in USD between 2006 and 2018 were determined by johansen cointegration analysis technique. Results: The results of the analysis indicate that the broiler feed and broiler meat prices in Turkey are cointegrated in the short-term and follow each other's pattern. It was found that the change in the prices of feed had an effect on the TRY-denominated prices of poultry meat in two months and USD-denominated prices of poultry meat in one month. Conclusion: Consequently, broiler meat prices should be set taking into account the costs of inputs in the short-term. However, since the fluctuations in the USD exchange rate affect the input prices immediately, an effective price mechanism for broiler prices cannot be developed.

Aim: The Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine started to education in 1982. The thousands of veterinarians graduated from Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine since then. The present study aimed to identify the status of the veterinarians that graduated from Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, inquired into their areas of employment, constructed their profiles and presented their opinions according to various parameters. Materials and Methods: An Information Collection Form was drawn up via to implement and distributed to the respondents. SPSS 25 was used to evaluate the collected data. The median (IQR), percentage and frequency values of the variables were used. The categorical datas were analysed by Fishers Exact Test and Chi-Square Test. Results: It was found that 45.70% of the respondents had started career within one year, 64.40% had made an informed choice to enter the faculty, 86.50% were satisfied with their current job, and 73.10% had gained an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility during their education. Conclusion: Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has made significant contributions to the animal husbandry in almost all industry of the profession since its establishment. The present study can help raise the professional standards and pave the way for future studies required for this purpose if it is applied to the veterinarians that graduated from other veterinary faculties across the country.

Aim: In this study, the data obtained to describe the body characteristics of the Hair Goat ,were utilized in the businesses that were registered with Karaman Province Breeding Sheep and Goat Breeders Association. Body measurement of 130 goats, 2-7 years old and 50 billy goats, 2-4 years old, selected by simple random sampling method for total 900. The main motivation of the study was to determine the relationship between body weight and some body measurements with nonlinear models in hair goats in Karaman region. Materials and Methods: In the study, we estimated the live weight with nonlinear models. Nonlinear univariate regression models were used. Results: When the results of the study were evaluated, statistically significant results were obtained by using Quadratic or Cubic methods from nonlinear univariate models. Conclusion: Researchers may choose the multivariate regression method occurs when the appropriate terms and conditions, but with time constraints and chest girth quadratic or cubic univariate methods impractical for situations be offered an estimate using the variable.

Aim: This study, the Turkish version of the STROBE-VET was made to strengthen the reporting of observational studies in the veterinary field and making the usage of the STROBE-VET better understood by the researchers. Materials and Methods: STROBE-VET criteria have been translated into Turkish by 4 researchers (TB, FG, ES, MAT), each independent from the other. The translation was finalized with the collection of the group. Then, an expert translator was reversed and its compliance with the criteria was evaluated. Secondly, in order to assess the Turkish control list whether it is understood correctly by the researchers, 20 studies in the field of veterinary sciences have been evaluated by two veterinarians (DÖ and MBÇ). The correspondence between the responses of the researchers was examined using the percentage of compliance between researchers for each criterion. In addition, it was assessed using the Bland-Altman Method and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) using the total number of reported criteria. Results: According to results, criteria has a great variation in the frequency of reporting in the studies. ICC values ranged from 0.351 to 0.890. Conclusion: The Turkish version of STROBE-VET will be a guide for the referees and editors of journals as well as researchers studying in the field of veterinary science.

Background The aim of this study was to detect the optimal values for Age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and HOMA-IR of obese patients prior to surgery that results in a maximal decrease of visceral fat mass 6 months after bariatric surgery. Method In this study, 33 experimental set-ups were designed. This study was approved by Baskent University Medical and Health Sciences Research Board (Approval number: KA16/281). The study data consisted of 40 obese patients who lost weight through the bariatric surgery between February 2015 and December 2016. The values of BMI, Age and HOMA for the obese patients who lost weight through the bariatric surgery were evaluated in three categories and at three levels; the response variable was determined as the Change in Epicardial Fat Thickness (ΔEFT). Results As a result of CCD analysis, the optimum ΔEFT = 2.571 was determined when Age = 30.52, BMI = 45.30, and HOMA = 34.62. As a result of the BBD analysis, the optimum ΔEFT = 3.756 was determined, when Age = 38.36, BMI = 63.18, and HOMA = 14.95. The optimum ΔEFT was modeled with Contour and Response Surface plots. Conclusion Based on the two surface response models used in our study, the maximal decrease of visceral fat mass as assessed by measuring echography images of epicardial fat thickness can be obtained by bariatric surgery of persons who are between 31 and 38 year old, have a BMI between 45 and 63 kg/m2 and have a HOMA-IR 34 between 15 and 35. Central Composite Design and a Box-Behnken Design of suitable patient data predicted 35 optimal settings of independent variables for the maximal clinical response of an intervention.