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This research aims to develop and test the effectiveness of digital literacy instruments on students' learning outcomes. This study is a mixed method that combines survey and pre-experimental research. The survey research was conducted through a quantitative approach using a questionnaire as the research instrument with assessed numerical items. The survey respondents consisted of 318 students from various universities in Indonesia who were taken through cluster random sampling technique. The implementation of the instrument was carried out through a pre-experimental design to 103 students to test the instrument's effectiveness. The confirmatory factor analysis result shows that the model forms three factors, which are factor 1 (communicating digital content), factor 2 (exploring digital content), and factor 3 (creating and using digital content). The result of the goodness of fit model shows that the instrument has met all the criteria with a value of X[superscript 2]/df = 1.642 (<3.00), RMSEA = .079 (= 0.08), GFI = .900 (= 0.90), AGFI = 0.825 (= 0.90), TLI = 0.939 (= 0.90), and CFI = .951 (= 0.90). Empirically the instrument has good discrimination power so that it can measure students' digital literacy skills at different academic ability levels (Sig. <0.05). In addition, the instrument has been effectively used to measure and predict student learning outcomes (R square = 0.255, Sig. < 0.05). The instruments' result is relevant to current conditions and can further explore students' digital literacy skills.

This research aims to describe the decision-making of pre-service teacher in designing lesson plans and their implementation in learning mathematics. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Determination of subjects in this research using a purposive sampling technique. The subjects in this research are students of the Mathematics Education Study Program at one of the universities in East Java, Indonesia. The subjects is the winner of a microteaching competition at the university level. Learning activities are observed in the preliminary, core, and closing activities. Because this is qualitative study, the main instrument is the researcher and is assisted by observation sheets, video recordings, and interview guidelines. The conclusion is that subjects make decisions at each step of learning with the stages of building ideas, clarifying ideas, and assessing the fairness of ideas. At the idea-building stage, subjects build ideas with several/various ideas for activities to be carried out and adapted to the conditions and time of learning.

Learning mathematics requires real situations that are often faced by students. using the context that is around students for learning mathematics can make the context of mathematics easy to reach by students. This study meant to determine the effectiveness of mathematics learning based on Javanese vegetable salad context in increasing students' high order thinking skill through teaching assistance activities. This research uses quasi-experimental methods. Descriptive data were taken from a post-test of 93 students in the control group and 96 students in the experimental group. The experimental class applies Javanese vegetable salad context to mathematics learning, while the control class does not use Javanese vegetable salad context. Data analysis was performed descriptively and t-test through SPSS 25. The results showed that lecturers, teachers and students gave positive responses respectively 83.22%; 85.33%; 86.59%. The post-test results were analyzed using a t-test through SPSS 25 which showed significant difference between the two classes in their post-test scores. Thus, this study shows that mathematics learning based on Javanese Vegetable Salad Context is effective in increasing students' high order thinking skill.

The student conception needed to analyze problems and obtain effective solutions. It is also required to train students to think reflective and argumentative, so expressing student conception is necessary. This research aimed to describe the schemes of students' conception through digital arguments in online learning. This research was descriptive qualitative by uncovering students 'digital arguments and making schemes of students' understanding based on digital arguments presented in written discussions. Research Data were from electronic discussion forums, and unstructured interviews in biology and physics. The analysis results describe that digital argumentation can use to schemes students' conception.

This case study aims to explore how male and female Indonesian mathematics teachers enact decision-making processes in teaching High-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Non-random purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants. The participants involved in this study were two Indonesian mathematics teachers who teach HOTS in their classrooms. The participants were chosen from 87 Indonesian mathematics teachers in 23 secondary schools in East Java, Indonesia, who were invited to our survey and confirmed that they taught HOTS and underwent classroom observation. Data were collected from classroom teaching and interview sessions. The data of classroom teaching consisted of a video-audio recording of two meetings and field notes of observation. In the interview session, we recorded the teachers' responses during semi-structured interviews. We coded and explained our interpretation for each code. We also conducted investigator triangulation by comparing coding and interpretation made by two researchers and discussing them to find the best representation of the meaning of the data. Our findings indicate that both male and female teachers performed four steps of decision making, consisting of giving problems, asking students to solve, checking, and obtaining new ideas. The difference of male and female teachers' decision-making process is observed in the process of giving problem (non-contextual vs contextual), how they ask students to solve and check the solution (individual vs group), and the criteria of the new idea of problem-solving (correct vs the best solution). The study findings can be a catalyst for enacting decision-making steps in teaching HOTS. Also, these can be a reflective practice for mathematics teachers to improve their teaching quality.

This research aimed to describe pedagogical content knowledge of mathematics pre-service teacher through the lesson study application in microteaching. This descriptive qualitative research was conducted in Universitas PGRI Madiun with Mathematics pre-service teachers as subjects. The data were collected through observation, unstructured interviews, and documentation. Data from learning practice and pedagogical content knowledge were analyzed based on a scoring criteria framework that refers to microteaching assessment guidelines. The results showed that there was an increase in mathematics pre-service teacher learning practice (lesson planning increased from average to good, pre-learning activities increased from average to good, while learning activities increased from average to good, and closing activities increased from average to good). There was an increase in mathematics pre-service teacher content knowledge (increased in concept mastery from average to good and increased in material understanding from average to good). There was also an increase in mathematics pre-service teacher pedagogical knowledge (increased in clarity of learning scenarios from average to excellent, increase in the ability to use learning media from average to good, increase in the appropriateness of assessment techniques with learning objectives from average to good).

This study aims to describe the types of explanations made by pre-service teachers in mathematics learning. In this research, the types of explanations are used to describe the explanatory trends used by pre-service teachers in mathematics teaching. The descriptive qualitative research was chosen in this research. The research subjects are preservice teacher as the students of Mathematics Education of PGRI Madiun University and Madura University who are studying Field Experience Practice. Of the 105 mathematics student, five students with a cumulative grade achievement of more than 3.50 were observed during the teaching practice at the school for approximately five meetings. The research data was obtained from observation, video recording, and interview. Data analysis was done through data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion/verification focused on pre-service teacher explanation on mathematics learning activity. The research findings indicate that the explanation used by the pre-service teacher in the mathematics learning starting from the most frequently used is the descriptive explanation (51,7%), giving of reason (36,2%) and interpretative (12,1%). Descriptive explanations are used to describe mathematical procedures. The type of reasongiving explanation is used to explain reasons based on mathematical principles. Furthermore, the interpretative explanation is used to explain the concepts and facts of mathematics.

This study aims to reveal the profile of open-start problem-solving with ethnomathematics regarding student learning styles. This research is a qualitative research study on 3 out of 31 students of Junior High School of 3 Magetan taken by purposive sampling. The three students carried out four stages: understanding the problem, planning problem-solving strategies, implementing problem-solving strategies, and reviewing again. The results of the research show that students with a visual learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked and drawing illustrations, planning problem-solving strategies by making examples, carrying out solving strategies by working on the calculation process; students with an auditory learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked, planning strategies by making problems and formulating formulas used, implementing solutions by doing calculations and reviewing; students with a kinesthetic learning style solve problems by understanding issues through writing known and being asked, making examples and writing the formulas used, carrying out solving strategies by applying the calculation process and reviewing the results obtained. However, of the three styles, the results of the accepted work were not correct because they did not write down the conclusions and were not thorough enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to predict the likelihood that teachers would consider the Geometric AR-based Pedagogical Module (GeAR-PM) as beneficial, and study the factors that influence their decision. The data for this study was gathered via a survey method. A sample of 202 Malaysian secondary school teachers was randomly selected as respondents for this study. Specifically, the respondents were asked to answer questions using an instrument which was developed based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. This study comprised four UTAUT variables: performance expectation, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, and one additional variable, self-efficacy. All variables showed high reliability with Cronbach Alpha's values between 0.87 to 0.91. The data was analyzed using a binary logistic regression via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. The findings revealed that a teacher's belief that GeAR-PM is beneficial was significantly related to his/ her perception on effort expectancy, social influence, and self-efficacy. Hence, when developing the GeAR-PM, these three factors should be weighed up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning mathematics requires real situations that are often faced by students. using the context that is around students for learning mathematics can make the context of mathematics easy to reach by students. This study meant to determine the effectiveness of mathematics learning based on Javanese vegetable salad context in increasing students' high order thinking skill through teaching assistance activities. This research uses quasi-experimental methods. Descriptive data were taken from a post-test of 93 students in the control group and 96 students in the experimental group. The experimental class applies Javanese vegetable salad context to mathematics learning, while the control class does not use Javanese vegetable salad context. Data analysis was performed descriptively and t-test through SPSS 25. The results showed that lecturers, teachers and students gave positive responses respectively 83.22%; 85.33%; 86.59%. The post-test results were analyzed using a t-test through SPSS 25 which showed significant difference between the two classes in their post-test scores. Thus, this study shows that mathematics learning based on Javanese Vegetable Salad Context is effective in increasing students' high order thinking skill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is qualitative with descriptive and aims to determine the process of generalizing the pattern image of high performance students based on the action, process, object, and schema (APOS) theory. The participants in this study were high performance eighth-grade Indonesian junior high school. Assignments and examinations to gauge mathematical aptitude and interviews were used to collect data for the study. The stages of qualitative analysis include data reduction, data presentation, and generating conclusions. This study showed that when given a sequence using a pattern drawing, the subjects used a number sequence pattern to calculate the value of the next term. Students in the action stage interiorize and coordinate by collecting prints from each sequence of numbers in the process stage. After that, they do a reversal so that at the object stage, students do encapsulation, then decapsulate by evaluating the patterns observed and validating the number series patterns they find. Students explain the generalization quality of number sequence patterns at the schema stage by connecting activities, processes, and objects from one concept to actions, processes, and things from other ideas. In addition, students carry out thematization at the schematic stage by connecting existing pattern drawing concepts with general sequences. From these results, it is recommended to improve the problem-solving skill in mathematical pattern problems based on problem-solving by high performance students', such as worksheets for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop and test the effectiveness of digital literacy instruments on students' learning outcomes. This study is a mixed method that combines survey and pre-experimental research. The survey research was conducted through a quantitative approach using a questionnaire as the research instrument with assessed numerical items. The survey respondents consisted of 318 students from various universities in Indonesia who were taken through cluster random sampling technique. The implementation of the instrument was carried out through a pre-experimental design to 103 students to test the instrument's effectiveness. The confirmatory factor analysis result shows that the model forms three factors, which are factor 1 (communicating digital content), factor 2 (exploring digital content), and factor 3 (creating and using digital content). The result of the goodness of fit model shows that the instrument has met all the criteria with a value of X2/df = 1.642 (<3.00), RMSEA = .079 (= .08), GFI = .900 (= .90), AGFI = .825 (= .90), TLI = .939 (= .90), and CFI = .951 (= .90). Empirically the instrument has good discrimination power so that it can measure students' digital literacy skills at different academic ability levels (Sig. <.05). In addition, the instrument has been effectively used to measure and predict student learning outcomes (R square = .255, Sig. < .05). The instruments' result is relevant to current conditions and can further explore students' digital literacy skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems in learning 3-dimentional Geometry are related to a low level of visual spatial skills. The purpose of this study is to test a learning approach, using video tutorial screencast SketchUp Make, or VTS-SUM. The approach combines screencast video and 3D software for topic Plans and Elevations. SketchUp Make is a free 3D software, which can be downloaded from the internet. Using this software, students were trained to rotate, view, transform and cut objects, using tools provided to enhance their visual spatial skills, before drawing the plan and elevations of the objects. The video tutorials demonstrate steps in using the software. The study involved a total of 54 Form-Three high achievers, 25 of whom were male and 29 female. The study was conducted for six weeks using a quasi-experimental single group design, in the form of pre-posttest. The instruments used for this study were selected from visual spatial mental tests and the data obtained was analyzed, using paired sample t-test. The results showed that, there were significant differences in the mean scores of visual spatial skills, before and after learning via VTS-SUM (t=26.87; p<0.05). Hence, learning via VTS-SUM proved to be effective to enhance the students’ level of visual spatial skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cognitive obstacle is a thinking barrier of pre-service teachers caused by less meaningful learning and the difficult nature of fraction material. The pre-service teachers' cognitive obstacle measurement is done by giving negative fraction questions that contradict positive fractions. This research objective is to develop an instrument that can measure cognitive obstacles based on mental mechanism stages. This development research uses three stages of 4D development: defining, designing, and developing. The research participants were 71 pre-service teachers from two different universities in Malang, Indonesia. The research findings show that questions of a negative fraction have a high level of validity in measuring the cognitive obstacle of preservice teachers. Triangulation is recommended for further research related to cognitive obstacles that arise when solving fraction problems of negative numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The student conception needed to analyze problems and obtain effective solutions. It is also required to train students to think reflective and argumentative, so expressing student conception is necessary. This research aimed to describe the schemes of students' conception through digital arguments in online learning. This research was descriptive qualitative by uncovering students 'digital arguments and making schemes of students' understanding based on digital arguments presented in written discussions. Research Data were from electronic discussion forums, and unstructured interviews in biology and physics. The analysis results describe that digital argumentation can use to schemes students' conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study investigated the decision making process of the winners of the national competition for student creativity programs in designing ICT-based mathematics learning media. The results are revealed based on the decision-making stages: (1) generating ideas, subject designed ICT-based learning media by combining student worksheets with GeoGebra, (2) clarifying ideas, subject consider the systematics design of ICT-based learning media based on the condition of students and student learning outcomes, (3) assessing the fairness of ideas, subject believed that the validity, practicality and effectiveness aspects of ICT-based learning media designed were appropriate to attract students interest and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]