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To assess whether a shorter length of stay (LOS) is associated with a higher risk of readmission among newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and examine the risk, causes, and characteristics associated with readmissions among newborns with NAS, using a longitudinally linked population-based database.Our study sample included full-term singletons with NAS (n = 4,547) and without NAS (n = 327,836), born in Massachusetts during 2011-2017. We used log-binomial regression models to estimate the crude risk ratios (cRRs) and adjusted RRs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between LOS and readmissions, controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance, method of delivery, birthweight, adequacy of prenatal care, smoking, and abnormal conditions of newborn.Compared with infants without NAS, infants with NAS had a non-significantly higher risk of readmission within 2-42 days (2.8% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.17) and a significantly higher risk of readmission within 43-182 days (2.7% vs. 1.8%; p 0.001). The risk of readmission within 2-42 days was significantly higher among infants with NAS with a LOS of 0-6 days compared to a LOS of 14-20 days (reference group) (aRR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5). No significant differences in readmission rates between 43 and 182 days were observed across LOS categories.Among infants with NAS, a LOS of 0-6 days was associated with a significantly higher risk of readmission within 2-42 days of discharge compared to a longer LOS.

In this study, we examined the influence of users’ experiences with the unified payments interface (UPI) system on the usage behavior of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in India. Our research developed a novel conceptual framework that investigated the relationships between technology, cognitive factors, and behavioral intentions towards CBDC use. The framework integrated UPI usage experience as a moderator within existing models of behavioral intentions and use behaviors. We collected data through a survey conducted in major Indian cities during the pilot launch of CBDC. By utilizing a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM), we analyzed the proposed model and the relationships between the constructs. Our findings revealed the significant impact of hedonic motivation and performance expectancy on users’ behavioral intentions towards CBDC. Social influence also played a significant role in CBDC usage. Furthermore, we identified that prior UPI usage negatively moderated the relationship between performance expectancy and behavioral intention, as well as the relationship between social influence and use behavior. However, prior UPI usage did not significantly moderate the relationships between perceived risk, hedonic motivation, behavioral intention, and use behavior. These findings contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing CBDC adoption and usage behavior in India.

Three-column osteotomies (3COs), usually in the form of pedicle subtraction or vertebral column resection, have become common in adult spinal deformity surgery. Although a powerful tool for deformity correction, 3COs can increase the risks of perioperative morbidity.Operative patients with adult spinal deformity (Cobb angle of20°, sagittal vertical axis [SVA] of5 cm, pelvic tilt of25°, and/or thoracic kyphosis of60°) with available baseline and 2-year radiographic and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) data were included. Patients were stratified into 2 groups by surgical year: Group I (2008 to 2013) and Group II (2014 to 2018). Patients with 3COs were then isolated for outcomes analysis. Severe sagittal deformity was defined by an SVA of9.5 cm. Best clinical outcome (BCO) was defined as an Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of15 and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 of4.5. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess differences in surgical, radiographic, and clinical parameters.Seven hundred and fifty-two patients with adult spinal deformity met the inclusion criteria, and 138 patients underwent a 3CO. Controlling for baseline SVA, PI-LL (pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis), revision status, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Group II was less likely than Group I to have a 3CO (21% versus 31%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4 to 0.97) and more likely to have an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF; OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3 to 2.3) and a lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF; OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.3 to 6.2). Adjusted analyses showed that Group II had a higher likelihood of supplemental rod usage (OR = 21.8; 95% CI = 7.8 to 61) and a lower likelihood of proximal junctional failure (PJF; OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.76) and overall hardware complications by 2 years (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.8). In an adjusted analysis, Group II had a higher likelihood of titanium rod usage (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.03 to 7.2). Group II had a lower 2-year ODI and higher scores on Short Form (SF)-36 components and SRS-22 total (p0.05 for all). Controlling for baseline ODI, Group II was more likely to reach the BCO for the ODI (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.2 to 6.4) and the SRS-22 total score (OR = 4.6; 95% CI = 1.3 to 16).Over a 10-year period, the rates of 3CO usage declined, including in cases of severe deformity, with an increase in the usage of PJF prophylaxis. A better understanding of the utility of 3CO, along with a greater implementation of preventive measures, has led to a decrease in complications and PJF and a significant improvement in patient-reported outcome measures.Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Identify factors associated with the need for pharmacologic therapy (PT) among opioid exposed newborn (OENs). Retrospective analysis of a statewide database of OENs from 2017 through 2019. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression modeled the association of maternal characteristics, infant characteristics, and family engagement practices on the receipt of PT. Of 2098 OENs, 44.8% required PT for NOWS. Higher odds of PT were associated with in-utero exposure to medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and non-prescribed opioids in addition to MOUD; nicotine, benzodiazepines, SSRIs; male; out-born infants and mother’s ineligibility to provide breast-milk. Lower odds were associated with increasing birth year, skin-to-skin (STS) care, and rooming-in. Male, out-born infants exposed to MOUD with additional non-prescribed opioids, nicotine, benzodiazepines and SSSRIs with mothers ineligible to provide breast-milk were more likely to require PT, while modifiable care practices including STS care, and rooming-in decreased the likelihood of PT.

Quantify associations of human milk feeding with in-hospital growth and examine differences by human milk type (maternal or donor). We included infants born

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Methadone and morphine are commonly administered medications for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Infants are increasingly treated with as-needed or “pro re nata” (PRN) medication. The optimal pharmacologic agent for PRN treatment of NOWS has not been examined. This study’s objective is to compare NOWS hospital outcomes between infants treated with PRN methadone versus morphine. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of infants pharmacologically treated for NOWS across 4 Massachusetts hospitals between January 2018 and February 2021. Infants born ≥36 weeks gestation with prenatal opioid exposure treated with PRN methadone or morphine were included. Mixed effects logistic and linear regression models were employed to evaluate differences in transition rates to scheduled dosing, length of stay, and number of PRN doses administered depending on PRN treatment agent. RESULTS There were 86 infants in the methadone group and 52 in the morphine group. There were no significant differences in NOWS hospital outcomes between groups in adjusted models: transition to scheduled dosing (methadone 31.6% vs morphine 28.6%, adjusted odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–1.19), mean length of stay (methadone 15.5 vs morphine 14.3 days, adjusted risk ratio 1.06, 95% CI 0.80–1.41), and the mean number of PRN doses (methadone 2.3 vs morphine 3.4, adjusted risk ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.41–1.02). There was an association with nonpharmacologic care practices and improved NOWS hospital outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in NOWS hospitalization outcomes based on pharmacologic agent type; nonpharmacologic care practices were most strongly associated with improved NOWS hospitalization outcomes.

Experimental investigations were carried out in order to study the heat transfer performance of silver (Ag), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and silver (Ag) + multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ag + MWCNTs) dispersed in distilled water. Nanofluids were synthesized and characterized using different techniques. Experimental facility was fabricated to validate the heat transfer performance of nanofluids in the laminar flow. The nanofluids were tested at mass concentrations of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% for all the three nanofluids. Experimental average heat transfer coefficient was evaluated as a function of Reynolds number. The highest heat transfer augmentation of 67.5% was observed for 0.5 mass% MWCNT/distilled water nanofluids followed by 59.8% for hybrid Ag-MWCNT/distilled water nanofluids, and the least enhancement of 52.1% was observed with Ag/distilled water nanofluids for Reynolds number 2200. The hybrid nanofluids showed better enhancement compared to silver nanofluids. The heat transfer showed an increase with Reynolds number and particle loading. New correlations were developed for the nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement.

Measurement is a core foundation of quality improvement (QI), and analysis of data for QI requires distinct approaches and tools as compared with other areas of healthcare. QI efforts can use structural, process, outcome, and balancing measures, and each measure should have a clear operational definition. Data for improvement should be analyzed dynamically over time, with a focus on understanding the variation present in the data. Distinguishing between common cause and special cause variation is necessary to evaluate and guide improvement efforts. Statistical process control tools such as run charts and control charts can be powerful tools to analyze data over time and help understand variation. This article continues a series of QI educational papers in the Journal of Perinatology, and offers a review of the use of data and measures to drive improvement.

The cutting fluid is significant in any metal cutting operation, for cooling the cutting tool and the surface of the workpiece, by lubricating the tool-workpiece interface and removing chips from the cutting zone. Recently, many researchers have been focusing on minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) among the numerous methods existing on the application of the coolant as it reduces the usage of coolant by spurting a mixture of compressed air and cutting fluid in an improved way instead of flood cooling. The MQL method has been demonstrated to be appropriate as it fulfills the necessities of ‘green’ machining. In the current study, firstly, various lubrication methods were introduced which are used in machining processes, and then, basic machining processes used in manufacturing industries such as grinding, milling, turning, and drilling have been discussed. The comprehensive review of various nanofluids (NFs) used as lubricants by different researchers for machining process is presented. Furthermore, some cases of utilizing NFs in machining operations have been reported briefly in a table. Based on the studies, it can be concluded that utilizing NFs as coolant and lubricant lead to lower tool temperature, tool wear, higher surface quality, and less environmental dangers. However, the high cost of nanoparticles, need for devices, clustering, and sediment are still challenges for the NF applications in metalworking operations. At last, the article identifies the opportunities for using NFs as lubricants in the future. It should be stated that this work offers a clear guideline for utilizing MQL and MQL-nanofluid approaches in machining processes. This guideline shows the physical, tribological, and heat transfer mechanisms associated with employing such cooling/lubrication approaches and their effects on different machining quality characteristics such as tool wear, surface integrity, and cutting forces.

Purpose This paper aims at erosion wear experimentation conducted on two piping materials, namely SS202 and SS304 to establish the effect of rotational speed, concentration and time period. Design/methodology/approach Erosion wear because of slurry flow is investigated using a slurry erosion pot tester. Fly ash is taken as erodent material having different solid concentrations lie in range 30 to 60per cent (by weight). Experiments are performed at four different speeds, i.e. 600; 900; 1,200; and 1,500 rpm for time duration of 90, 120, 150 and 180 min, respectively. To enhance erosion wear resistance of both piping materials, high-velocity-oxy-fuel coating technique is used to deposit WC-10Co4Cr coating. The parametric influence of erosion wear is optimized using Taguchi method. Findings The results show that significant improvement in erosion wear resistance is observed by deposition of WC-10Co4Cr coating. It is observed that rotational speed is found as highly influencing parameter followed by concentration and time duration. Parametric investigation of erosion wear is helpful to develop a procedure for minimizing the erosion wear in pipeline for the flow of solid-liquid mixture. Originality/value Slurry erosion wear of WC-10Co4Cr coated stainless steel (SS202 and SS304) is substantiated by extensive microstructural analysis and optimization technique.

Research studies about nanofluids are on the rise owing to the mounting interest and demand for nanofluids as heat transfer fluids in a wide variety of applications in the recent years. This can be noticed from the number of papers published and in particular by journal special issues. To establish the field further, the purpose of this paper is threefold. First, it offers a literature review on hybrid or composite nanofluids, which are prepared either by dispersing different nanoparticles as individual constituents or by dispersing nanocomposite particles in the base fluid, taking 160 papers published from before 1995 to 2017 into account. Second, it offers a contemporary investigation on preparation and thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids. Lastly, this review outlines the applications and challenges associated with hybrid nanofluid; which should stimulate further research. This review also discusses several factors affecting the thermophysical properties; including types of nanoparticles, solid volume fraction, different base fluid, stability, temperature, particle size, shape, pH, sonication, and surfactants. There are many contradictory results found in the literature on the influence of effective parameters on thermophysical properties. It has been observed that the thermophysical properties are affected by the mentioned parameters. This review also reveals that proper characterization of hybrid nanofluids results in more efficient heat transfer fluids compared to single nanoparticle based nanofluid. However, more intense research is needed towards the selection of proper hybrid nanoparticles, their preparation, characterization and long-term stability to exploit their full potential as well as to overcome the barriers in applying these new fluids in industrial scale applications. Both practitioners in companies and academics might find this review useful, as it outlines significant lines of research in the field.

Objective To characterize the rate of monitoring alarms by alarm priority, signal type and developmental age in a Level-IIIB Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) population. Study Design Retrospective analysis of 2 294 687 alarm messages from Philips monitors in a convenience sample of 917 NICU patients, covering 12 001 patient-days. We stratified alarm rates by alarm priority, signal type, postmenstrual age (PMA), and birth weight (BW) and reviewed and adjudicated over 21 000 critical alarms. Results Of all alarms, 3.6% were critical alarms, 55.0% were advisory alarms, and 41.4% were device alerts. Over 60% of alarms related to oxygenation monitoring. The average alarm rate (±SEM) was 177.1±4.9 [median: 135.9; IQR: 89.2–213.3] alarms/patient-day; the medians varied significantly with PMA and BW (p

Ammonium hydroxide as a co-precipitating agent has been used in nanofabrication of pure and Li doped Cd ferrites (CdLixFe(2−x)O(4−x); x = 0.0–0.5) using wet chemical route. Various spectroscopic investigations viz. simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (FT-IR), elemental analysis (ICAP), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), magnetic measurements (VSM) and Mӧssbauer technique have been employed to ascertain the modulations in structural, magnetic and other microstructural parameters of as-obtained ferrite, thus, establish the formation of single phasic, nanocrystalline, magnetically ordered alloys with novel physico-chemical properties. An increase in Li+ concentration from x = 0.0 to 0.3 inculcates a reduction in the particle size thereby improving electro-magnetic parameters of the doped ferrites. Overall, concentration of the dopant along with the chemical method employed for the synthesis control the size of as-obtained particles and site status within the ferrite lattice structure.

This paper summarizes the important results regarding the improvement in the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The influence of important parameters like particle's (loading, material, size, and shape), base fluid type, temperature, additives and pH value has been considered. There are many conflicting reports on the influence of parameters on thermophysical properties and the literature in this field is widespread, so this article would be beneficial for investigators to have a precise screening of a broad range of studies in this field. Further literature review of the applications of nanofluids with a particular focus on the advantages of using nanofluids in solar collectors and as coolants in automotive heat exchangers. The authors hope that this review can help in the translation of nanofluid technology from the lab scale research to industrial applications in solar collectors and automotive sector. At last, the paper identifies the opportunities for future research.

Quantify associations of human milk feeding with in-hospital growth and examine differences by human milk type (maternal or donor).We included infants born33 weeks' gestation and1500 g from 9 Neonatal Intensive Care Units (n = 1429). We estimated associations of percent of visit days fed any human milk (maternal or donor) and percent of days fed donor milk with weight, length, and head z-scores at discharge or transfer using a linear mixed model, adjusting for birth size and other covariates.Any human milk feeding was not associated with growth outcomes. Infants fed donor milk on ≥50% of days had less favorable growth vs. those fed50% [z-scores-weight: -1.1 vs. -0.7 (p = 0.04); length: -1.5 vs. -1.1 (p = 0.04); head -1.0 vs. -0.3 (p 0.01)].Fortified human milk was not associated with impaired growth compared with preterm formula.

Background: Information regarding morbidity and mortality of infants born with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis early in life is critical to optimize patient care and better counsel families. Objective: We evaluated outcomes of infants born regionally with ESRD, and those within our broader catchment area referred for dialysis. Study Design: We screened deaths at 5 regional referral hospitals, identifying infants with ESRD who did not survive to transfer for dialysis. We also screened all infants Results: We identified 14 infants from regional hospitals who died prior to transfer and 12 infants at our institution who were dialyzed. Because of the large burden of lethal comorbidities in our regional referral centers, overall survival was low, with 73% dying at birth hospitals. Amongst dialyzed infants, 42% survived to transplant. Conclusion: This study is unusual in reporting survival of infants with ESRD including those not referred for dialysis, which yields an expectedly lower survival rate than reported by dialysis registries.

In the present work, Rheological characteristics of bottom ash was studied with and without addition of additives. Two additives were selected as Henko detergent and sodium sulfate. The additive added in bottom ash suspension with proportion of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% (by weight). The solid concentration of bottom ash suspension varied from 10 to 60% (by weight). Reduction in apparent viscosity is highly noticeable with addition of sodium sulfate as compared to Henko detergent.The investigation reveals that bottom ash suspension in above manner has a potential to transport in slurry pipeline with minimum energy consumptions.

In the last few decades, research on nanofluids has increased rapidly. Traditional heat transfer fluids with order of nanometer sized particles (1–100 nm) suspended in them are termed as nanofluids. Nanofluids have been proved as better heat transfer fluids despite of various contradictions in results by different research groups. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the recent experimental and theoretical studies on convective heat transfer in heat exchangers using constant heat flux boundary condition. The use of different types of nanoparticles with different base fluids by different research groups has been presented and compared. Further an overview of experimental results about heat transfer abilities of hybrid nanofluids from available literature sources is also presented. Finally, the challenges and future directions in which research can be further progress are discussed.

The disposal of fly ash in the thermal power plant is a challenging task. With the increase in the demand of the coal as fuel in thermal power plants, combustion products, such as coal ash, become a serious environmental problem due to their leaching characteristics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the leaching characteristics of the fly ash disposed in ash pond of thermal power plants. A series of leaching tests have been performed with different liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio. The L/S ratio varies from 20:1 to 60:1. It is observed that the elements, such as Mn, Mg, Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Cu, are most abundant elements, while Mo and Co are the least abundant elements. It is also observed that the leaching characteristics of the fly ash are affected by the pH of extraction solution and liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio.

BACKGROUND High-quality studies that compare operative and nonoperative treatment for adult spinal deformity (ASD) are needed. OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes of operative and nonoperative treatment for ASD. METHODS This is a multicenter, prospective analysis of consecutive ASD patients opting for operative or nonoperative care. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years and ASD. Operative and nonoperative patients were propensity matched with the baseline Oswestry Disability Index, Scoliosis Research Society-22r, thoracolumbar/lumbar Cobb angle, pelvic incidence-to-lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL), and leg pain score. Analyses were confined to patients with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-six operative and 403 nonoperative patients met the criteria, with mean ages of 53 and 55 years, 2-year follow-up rates of 86% and 55%, and mean follow-up of 24.7 and 24.8 months, respectively. At baseline, operative patients had significantly worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) based on all measures assessed (P < .001) and had worse deformity based on pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence-to-lumbar lordosis mismatch, and sagittal vertical axis (P ≤ .002). At the minimum 2-year follow-up, all HRQOL measures assessed significantly improved for operative patients (P < .001), but none improved significantly for nonoperative patients except for modest improvements in the Scoliosis Research Society-22r pain (P = .04) and satisfaction (P < .001) domains. On the basis of matched operative-nonoperative cohorts (97 in each group), operative patients had significantly better HRQOL at follow-up for all measures assessed (P < .001), except Short Form-36 mental component score (P = .06). At the minimum 2-year follow-up, 71.5% of operative patients had ≥1 complications. CONCLUSION Operative treatment for ASD can provide significant improvement of HRQOL at a minimum 2-year follow-up. In contrast, nonoperative treatment on average maintains presenting levels of pain and disability. ABBREVIATIONS ASD, adult spinal deformityHRQOL, health-related quality of lifeLL, lumbar lordosisMCID, minimal clinically important differenceNRS, numeric rating scaleODI, Oswestry Disability IndexPI, pelvic incidenceSF-36, Short Form-36SRS-22r, Scoliosis Research Society-22rSVA, sagittal vertical axis.

Engineers and scientists are constantly engaged in improving the cooling performance of vehicle engine radiators to achieve the sustainable and efficient use of energy and resources. In this whole exercise, efficient tube geometry and coolant plays the crucial role for enhancing the heat exchange in the way of betterment of radiator efficiency. Owing to greater surface-to-cross-section flow area ratio of flat tubes compared to circular tubes, enhances the rate of heat transfer and also compacts the dimensions of heat exchanger. Nanofluids are the suitable coolants, contribute towards high heat transfer in radiators because of good thermal properties. This article opens with the overview of nanofluid synthesis methods, mechanisms involved in heat transfer intensification through nanofluids and reviews on nanofluids in vehicle engine cooling systems. Further, the thermo-hydraulic performance of nanofluids in flat tubes automobile radiators is discussed. The effect of nanoparticle concentration, nanofluid flow rate (or Reynolds number), nanofluid temperature and tube geometry on heat and flow characteristics is critically analysed. Nanoparticles could directly affect researchers' health and work place surroundings. Thus, it is vital to understand the impact of nanoparticles on environment and human health which is also discussed in this paper. Significant results from studied literature are summarized for ready reference. Authors endeavor to recognize some challenges and provide guidelines for essential assessment in the performance of radiators.

Nano ferrite bentonite clay composite (NFBC) of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFe2O4 NPs) and bentonite is synthesized by sol–gel method and characterized by employing transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), FT-IR spectroscopy and BET analysis. NFBC displayed higher porosity and surface area as compared to the pristine MgFe2O4 NPs. We explored the effectiveness of NFBC for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution and the results were compared with the pristine MgFe2O4 NPs. Adsorption data was modelled using Langmuir, Freudlich and Tempkin isotherms. NFBC displayed higher Qm value along with advantageous magnetic properties of MgFe2O4 NPs. Cr (VI) loaded NFBC could be easily regenerated by washing with 0.1 N NaOH and magnetically separated from the solution. Moreover the adsorption effectiveness of 100% was maintained after five adsorption–desorption cycles.

Nanofabrication of pure and Zn 2+ doped cadmium ferrite (Cd 1 − x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 ; x = 0.0–0.6) have been carried out by Pechini sol–gel method using citric acid-glycol as complexing and template agents. Morphology and microstructure of the fine ferrite materials obtained were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and N 2 -physisorption (BET). The single-phase spinel grains averaging 37–51 nm in diameter with surface area in the range of 5.3944–8.7693 m 2 /g have been obtained. EDX studies reveal high chemical purity of the prepared ferrites. An increase in Zn 2+ substitution leads to a reduction in the lattice parameter, crystallite size, transition temperature as well as increase in surface area, magnetic parameters of doped Cd ferrites. Room temperature magnetic measurements using vibratory sample magnetometer (VSM) and Mossbauer studies demonstrate that both nature and concentration of dopant control the site preference in the crystal lattices.

In our efforts to investigate the correlation between the distribution of cations over five crystallographic positions and magnetic properties of Ba-hexaferrites in the coupled substitution of magnetic Co 2+ and non-magnetic Zr 4+ for Fe 3+ by urea assisted citrate precursor route. During present research, the polycrystalline samples of series of BaCo x Zr x Fe (12−2 x ) O 19 ( x = 0.0–1.0) ferrites have been prepared with aim to study the magnetic properties including coercivity, remanance and magnetic saturation at room temperature. Urea and citrate were used as fuels in the presence of nitric acid. Single phase M-type hexagonal ferrites are formed at 800 °C which is confirmed by Powder X-ray diffraction. The average size of hexagonal platelets is 39 nm. BET surface area of sample is 34.86 m 2 /g. Mossbauer studies suggest that dopant ions largely prefer 4 f 1 and 2 a sites up to 0.8 level while substitution at 12 k , 4 f 1 and 2 a sites is indicated at higher concentrations. Magnetic data show that the coercive force is steeply reduced from 5017 to 589 Oe with increasing Co–Zr contents but net magnetization is nearly constant ( M S = 50.38–63.54 emu/g). High M S and low H C values of our materials make them particularly suitable for application in many electrical devices. Our results indicate that the distribution of dopants on the five sites lead to control magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy.

In our efforts to investigate the correlation between distributions of cations over five crystallographic positions, magnetic properties of Ba-hexaferrites (BaM) in the coupled substitution of magnetic Co2+ and nonmagnetic Zr4+ for Fe3+ were examined. During the present research, we have synthesized a series of BaCo x Zr x Fe(12−2x)O19 (x = 0.0−1.0) ferrites by self-combustion technique using urea as a fuel at a temperature of 950 ∘C. M-type hexagonal ferrites with some α–Fe2O3 phase have been confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, and the average size of hexagonal platelets was 64 nm which was comparable with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Metal oxide peaks in the region of 600–400 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra confirm the structure coincidence with X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (9.72 m2/g) and mesopore diameter (22.55 nm) of samples have been observed by using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. Mossbauer studies suggest that dopant ions largely preferred 4 f 2 sites up to x = 0.6 while substitution at 4 f 1 and 12k sites were indicated at higher concentrations. Magnetization measurements showed that the coercive force was steeply reduced from 4348 to 696 Oe with increasing Co–Zr contents but net magnetization was nearly constant (M S = 52.34−57.47 emu/g). High M S and low H C values of our materials make them particularly suitable for many electrical devices.

The nanofabrication, characterization, microstructural and magnetic properties of pure and Mg 2+ doped cadmium ferrite (CdFe 2 − x Mg 1.5 x O 4 ; x = 0.0–0.7) have been carried out. Morphology and the microstructure of the nanostructured oxide materials obtained through sol–gel process using hydrated metal-citrate precursor were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and N 2 -physisorption (BET) showing an ordered cubic arrangement of 11–23 nm diameter pores with single-phase spinel grains averaging 13–38 nm in diameter. Room temperature magnetic measurements using magnetometer (VSM) demonstrate that the nature and concentration of dopant both control the site preference in the crystal lattices, suggesting the partial inverted spinel structure of soft Cd ferrites, which differs from bulk CdFe 2 O 4 showing practically no inversion in structure. An increase in Mg 2+ substitution leads to a decrease in the lattice parameter, an increase in saturation magnetization as well as BET surface area of the as-synthesized ferrites.

Radon concentration was measured in drinking water samples in some areas of Jammu & Kashmir, India, using RAD 7, an electronic solid state silicon detector. The observed values of radon concentration in some samples exceed the safe limit as recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These samples were also analyzed for concentration of certain heavy elements like As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Cd using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The study was undertaken from the health hazard point of view.

Intracranial aneurysms are the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage which carries a significant risk of mortality. Mirror aneurysm constitute between 5-12% of all the intracranial aneurysms. These are uncommon entities with poorly understood pathogenesis and clinical significance.

Thermal decomposition studies of rubidium bis(citrato)ferrate(III) trihydrate precursor has been carried out in flowing air atmosphere from ambient temperature to 900 °C. The precursor material was prepared by using solution based precursor method and different physico-chemical techniques i.e. simultaneous thermogravimetry – differential thermogravimetry – differential thermal analysis (TG–DTG–DTA), X-ray diffraction (powder), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infra-red (IR) and Mossbauer spectroscopy have been employed to characterize the intermediates and end product. After dehydration, anhydrous precursor undergoes exothermic decomposition to yield various intermediates like metal carbonate, metal oxide and α-Fe 2 O 3 , followed by a solid-state reaction to form final ferrite product above 800 °C. XRD study reveals the formation of pure and nanosized rubidium ferrites with α-LiFeO 2 type geometry. TEM micrograph confirms the nanosized particles with average size of 65 nm. For the sake of comparison, similar ferrite has also been prepared by the combustion method at a comparatively lower temperature (600 °C) and in less time.

Background: Organ-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is decreased during the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) several weeks before either disease can be diagnosed. Early measurement of organ-specific tissue VEGF levels might allow identification of infants at high risk for these diseases, but is not clinically feasible. Urine VEGF is easily measured and useful in early diagnosis of several diseases. Objectives: Our aims were to assess the correlation of urine VEGF levels measured in the first postnatal month with subsequent BPD or ROP diagnosis and to determine whether various infant characteristics influence urine VEGF levels. Methods: 106 subjects born at Results: Urine VEGF/protein levels increased by 72% per week (p < 0.0001) during the first postnatal month. In multivariable analysis controlling for postnatal age, lower VEGF/protein was associated with higher levels of mechanical respiratory support (p = 0.006), male gender (p = 0.001) and early sepsis (p = 0.003) but not with fraction of inspired oxygen. Lower urine VEGF/protein and mechanical ventilation were each associated with BPD and ROP. In analyses adjusted for respiratory support, lower urine VEGF/protein and ROP remained associated but urine VEGF/protein and BPD did not. Conclusions: Low urine VEGF/protein levels in the first postnatal month are associated with mechanical ventilation, BPD, and ROP.

Three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed on a plate-fin heat exchanger (with triangular fins as inserts between the plates) to evaluate the laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics with longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs). The effect with an inline rectangular winglet pair (RWP) with a common-flow-down (CFD) configuration is studied. The numerical results indicate that the application of inline LVGs effectively enhances the heat transfer of the channel. The heat transfer further increases with the increase in the Reynolds number from 200 to 500 and angle of attack from β = 15° to 22.5°. The computations are also performed to find the best location for the second RWP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20414

RCAM Labs, SMU, Dallas, U.S.AThis study presents numerical computation results on laminar convection heattransfer in a plate-fin heat exchanger, with triangular fins between the plates of aplate-fin heat exchanger. The rectangular winglet type vortex generator is mounted onthese triangular fins. The performance of the vortex generator is evaluated for varyingangles of attack of the winglet i.e., 20, 26, and 37° and Reynolds number 100, 150,and 200. The computations are also performed by varying the geometrical size andlocation of the winglet. The complete Navier–Stokes equation and the energy equationare solved by the (Marker and Cell) MAC algorithm using the staggered grid arrange-ment. The constant wall temperature thermal boundary conditions are considered. Airis taken as the working fluid. The heat transfer enhancement is seen by introducingthe vortex generator. Numerical results show that the average Nusselt number in-creases with an increase in the angle of attack and Reynolds number. For the samearea of the LVG, the increase in length of the LVG brings more heat transferenhancement than increasing the height. The increase in heat transfer comes with amoderate pressure drop penalty. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res,39(8), 590–610, 2010; Published online 20 September 2010 in Wiley Online Library(wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20318

The previously published version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 1 where the "HR low" and "HR high" labels were swapped.Furthermore, in Table 1 of this Article, the fifth row in the centre column contained a typographical error where the study population birth weight incorrectly read "2050 (1 450-2 650)", rather than "2050 (1450-2650)".These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

A novel technique for depositing thick diamond-like carbon-based films on the internal surface of cylindrical substrates, like pipes, tubes and valves, has been developed. Plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition technology is used to generate a high density hollow cathode plasma within the pipe using asymmetric direct current pulse biasing. The pipe itself is the vacuum and plasma chamber. A description of the general properties of the films, as well as the excellent corrosion resistant properties will be discussed. It is believed that the described film can increase the component life in applications where internal surfaces are exposed to highly corrosive and abrasive media.

Longitudinal vortices have a great capability of disrupting the growth of boundary layers and bring about the heat transfer enhancement between the fluid and its neighbouring surface. The potential of a winglet pair type vortex generator for the heat transfer enhancement in a plate fin heat exchanger, with triangular fins as inserts, is numerically evaluated in this article. The rectangular winglet pair is mounted on the triangular fins. The numerical computations are performed by solving an unsteady, three-dimensional Navier—Stokes equation, and an energy equation by using the modified MAC method. Air is taken as the working fluid. This study shows the flow structure and the performance of the winglet pair in improving the heat transfer. The computations are performed at Re=200 and placing the winglet at an angle of attack, β=20°. The results show that the heat transfer is increased by 13 per cent, even at the exit, with the winglet pair. The heat transfer enhancement with a winglet pair for different Re=200—500 and Pr=0.71 and for varying heights of the winglet pair is also predicted.

In current, neonatal practice, clinical signs of intrauterine infection (IUI) are often non-specific. From a large panel of immune biomarkers, we seek to identify cord blood markers that are most strongly associated with the fetal inflammatory response (FIR), a specific placental lesion associated with serious neonatal complications.We used multiplex immunoassay to measure 27 biomarkers, selected as part of an NIH-funded study of preterm birth, according to gestational age (GA) and extent of placental inflammation: involvement of chorion, amnion, decidua (maternal inflammatory response, MIR); extension to umbilical cord or chorionic plate (FIR). We used false-discovery rate (FDR5%, P0.001) to account for multiple comparisons.Among 506 births (GA 23-42 weeks), IL-1 beta increased with FIR among preterm subgroups (P = 0.0001 for32 weeks; P = 0.0009 for 33-36 weeks). IL-6 and IL-8 increased with FIR among preterm and full-term infants (P0.0001). P-trend for IL-6 and IL-8 with MIR versus FIR was0.0001. Comparison with respect to clinical IUI yielded persistent elevation with FIR even when clinical signs were absent. The remaining 24 markers were not significantly associated.We conclude that among 27 cord blood biomarkers, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 are selectively associated with FIR. These markers may be clinically useful indicators of extensive IUI associated with poor neonatal outcome.

A new and exciting technique for performing DLC deposition on the inside of cylindrical substrates, in particular pipes, will be described. Using the hollow cathode effect (HCE), a high density plasma can be generated within such cylindrical substrates by using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). As the pipe itself is the vacuum chamber, such high density plasmas can be maintained by using asymmetric bipolar direct current (DC) pulsed power. Very high deposition rates can thus be achieved of the order of 1 μm/min. The coating thickness can be tailored for a specific application and is typically from 5–70 μm. A hydrocarbon precursor (C2H2) is used to deposit thick DLC films which are inert and have a high corrosion resistance. Adhesion to the metallic substrate is improved by adding silicon to the DLC layer. These films also have excellent erosion and wear resistant properties and the process can be optimized depending on what film properties are most vital for whatever application the coating is required for. Corrosion and wear resistance are also improved by having a pure DLC layer on top of the deposited structure. The actual process and deposition system will be described in detail as well as how the technology works and how such high density plasmas can be maintained for various lengths and diameters of pipe. Testing of such novel DLC films was done by various techniques and results will be shown of hardness, adhesion, layer thickness, wear and corrosion resistance. A vast number of applications can greatly benefit from this novel process, on both a large and small scale. Examples of such applications would be industrial piping, offshore drilling, chemical delivery systems, gun barrels and medical devices.

To evaluate the impact of clinical and histopathologic correlates related to maternal and fetal inflammatory responses (MIR and FIR) on degree of preterm birth.Pathology reports and clinical data from 577 singleton preterm births (37 weeks of gestation) that took place between 1998 and 2004 were analyzed according to decreasing gestational age (or=33 weeks, 29-32 weeks, and29 weeks). MIR was defined by presence of subchorionitis, chorioamnionitis, deciduitis, or free membranitis; FIR was defined by presence of funisitis or chorionic plate vasculitis. The associations between MIR alone and MIR with FIR and gestational age subgroups were assessed using logistic regression.The presence of FIR in addition to MIR was more strongly associated with degree of prematurity than the presence of MIR alone, especially for those born at29 weeks (OR=10.1 (95% CI 4.3-23.7) and OR=5.3 (95% CI 2.3-12.5), respectively). These associations remained significant after adjusting for maternal race, clinical signs of chorioamnionitis, medically indicated birth, and intrapartum corticosteroid, tocolysis and antibiotic use, and after stratification by clinical signs of chorioamnionitis and medically indicated birth.The combined presence of MIR and FIR is associated with a higher risk of extreme preterm birth (29 weeks) than MIR alone, suggesting a contributory role of FIR in the pathophysiology of preterm birth.

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a disorder of neural migration. Also called as double cortex syndrome due to its appearance. Patient presents with mental retardation and epilepsy. Usually seizures start in first decade of life and may vary between focal seizures to generalized seizures. MRI is the diagnostic investigation of choice that reveals the characteristic findings. It is a rare disorder with only a few hundred cases reported till date.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.129-130

Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database.To define a simplified singular measure of cervical deformity (CD), C2 slope (C2S), which correlates with postoperative outcomes.Sagittal malalignment of the cervical spine, defined by the cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA) has been associated with poor outcomes following surgical correction of the deformity. There has been a proliferation of parameters to describe CD. This added complexity can lead to confusion in classifying, treating, and assessing outcomes of CD surgery.A prospective database of CD patients was analyzed. Inclusion criteria were cervical kyphosis10°, cervical scoliosis10°, cSVA4 cm, or chin-brow vertical angle25°. Patients were categorized into two groups and compared based on whether the apex of the deformity was in the cervical (C) or the cervicothoracic (CT) region. Radiographic parameters were correlated to C2S, T1 slope (T1S) and 1-year health-related quality-of-life outcomes as measured by the EuroQol 5 Dimension questionnaire (EQ5D), modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Scale, numeric rating scale for neck pain, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI).One hundred four CD patients (C = 74, CT = 30; mean age 61 yr, 56% women, 42% revisions) were included. CT patients had higher baseline cSVA and T1S (P 0.05). C2S correlated with T1 slope minus cervical lordosis (TS-CL) (r = 0.98, P 0.001) and C0-C2 angle, cSVA, CL, T1S (r = 0.37-0.65, P 0.001). Correlation of cSVA with C0-C2 was weaker (r = 0.48, P 0.001). At 1-year postoperatively, higher C2S correlated with worse EQ-5D (r = 0.28, P = 0.02); in CT patients, higher C2S correlated with worse NDI, modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Scale, numeric rating scale for neck pain, and EQ5D (all r 0.5, P≤0.05). Using linear regression, moderate disability by EQ5D corresponded to C2S of 20°(r = 0.08). For CT patients, C2S = 17° corresponded to moderate disability by NDI (r = 0.4), and C2S = 20° by EQ5D (r = 0.25).C2S correlated with upper-cervical and subaxial alignment. C2S correlated strongly with TS-CL (R = 0.98, P 0.001) because C2S is a mathematical approximation of TS-CL. C2S is a useful marker of CD, linking the occipitocervical and cervico-thoracic spine. C2S defines the presence of a mismatch between cervical lordosis and thoracolumbar alignment. Worse 1-year postoperative C2 slope correlated with worse health outcomes.3.