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Roberto Muga,1 Arantza Sanvisens,1 Inmaculada Jarrin,2 Daniel Fuster,1 Ferran Bolao,3 Jordi Tor,1 Alvaro Muñoz4 1Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; 2National Center of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; 4Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Background: Heavy alcohol use is associated with life-threatening complications including progressive liver disease. We aimed to analyze the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on survival and liver-related death in alcohol-dependent patients. Patients and methods: This is a longitudinal study in patients seeking treatment of alcohol abuse between 2000 and 2010. Information on alcohol use characteristics, alcoholic liver disease, and HCV infection were obtained at entry. Cumulated mortality and causes of death were ascertained through clinical records and death registry. Results: A total of 819 patients (81.6% men) underwent ethanol detoxification; age was 44 (interquartile range [IQR] 38–51) years; the duration of heavy alcohol use was 14 (IQR 6–24) years; and the alcohol consumption was 190 (IQR 120–250) g/day. The prevalence of HCV infection was 15.8%. There were 129 (16.9%) deaths during 5,117 persons-year (p-y) of follow-up (median follow-up 6.4 [IQR 4.3–9.2] years); 31 (24.6%) deaths were observed among the HCV-positive patients, and 98 (15.4%) deaths were observed among the HCV-negative patients. The mortality rate was significantly (P=0.03) higher among the HCV-positive patients (3.84×100 p-y; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.70, 5.46) than among the HCV-negative patients (2.27×100 p-y; 95% CI: 1.86, 2.77). Survival times for the HCV infected patients were 34% shorter (time ratio relative to HCV negative: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.86). The main causes of death in the HCV-positive and -negative patients were liver-related mortality (48.4%) and neoplasia (22.4%), respectively. The liver-related mortality was significantly higher among the HCV-positive patients (adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio [asHR] 3.65; 95% CI: 1.72, 7.78; P=0.001). Conclusion: HCV infection compromises the survival of patients with alcohol abuse/dependence. The new direct antiviral agents for the treatment of HCV infection may result in better clinical outcomes. Keywords: hepatitis C virus, alcohol use disorder, survival, liver disease, mortality

Objetivos: Describir la técnica utilizada para imputar la fecha de seroconversión al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en cohortes de hemofílicos y validar su utilización en sujetos con fecha de seroconversión datada dentro de un intervalo de las cohortes del proyecto GEMES (Grupo Español Multicéntrico para el Estudio de Seroconvertores al VIH). Método: Se dispone de 632 hemofílicos procedentes de tres unidades de hemofilia identificados como VIH+ entre 1983 y 1985 (fechas de las primeras pruebas VIH+) y 1.092 individuos procedentes de 5 cohortes del proyecto GEMES con una ventana de seroconversión (tiempo entre pruebas VIH- y VIH+) menor de 3 años en los que se asume el punto medio (PM) como fecha de seroconversión. Se imputa la fecha de seroconversión para los dos grupos a partir de la estimación de la distribución de probabilidad de seroconversión que se obtiene mediante el algoritmo EM. Se utilizan dos métodos de imputación: uno a partir del valor esperado de la distribución estimada y otro de la media geométrica de 5 muestras aleatorias de la distribución estimada. Las imputaciones se han validado en las cohortes de no hemofílicos al comparar con el PM y el tiempo libre de sida y la supervivencia con las diferentes estimaciones de seroconversión. Resultados: La mediana de la seroconversión se sitúa en mayo de 1993 para los no hemofílicos y en 1982 para los hemofílicos. En las cohortes de no hemofílicos no se observan grandes diferencias entre las fechas de la seroconversión estimada como el punto medio y las medianas estimadas a partir de los dos métodos de imputación. Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de las cohortes de hemofílicos. No se observan diferencias en las estimaciones del tiempo libre de sida y supervivencia en ambos grupos de cohortes. Conclusiones: La imputación de la media geométrica de varias muestras aleatorias y la imputación de valor esperado proporcionan una buena estimación de la fecha de seroconversión frente al VIH que puede ser utilizada para estimar el tiempo libre de sida y la supervivencia en una cohorte de hemofílicos para los que se desconoce la fecha de seroconversión

To determine if hepatitis C virus seropositivity and active hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-positive patients vary with patients' geographic origins, we studied co-infections in HIV-seropositive adults. Active hepatitis B infection was more prevalent in persons from Africa, and hepatitis C seropositivity was more common in persons from eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most clinical guidelines recommend that AIDS-free, HIV-infected persons with CD4 cell counts below 0.350 × 10(9) cells/L initiate combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), but the optimal CD4 cell count at which cART should be initiated remains a matter of debate.Objective: To identify the optimal CD4 cell count at which cART should be initiated.Design: Prospective observational data from the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration and dynamic marginal structural models were used to compare cART initiation strategies for CD4 thresholds between 0.200 and 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L.Setting: HIV clinics in Europe and the Veterans Health Administration system in the United States.Patients: 20, 971 HIV-infected, therapy-naive persons with baseline CD4 cell counts at or above 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L and no previous AIDS-defining illnesses, of whom 8392 had a CD4 cell count that decreased into the range of 0.200 to 0.499 × 10(9) cells/L and were included in the analysis.Measurements: Hazard ratios and survival proportions for all-cause mortality and a combined end point of AIDS-defining illness or death.Results: Compared with initiating cART at the CD4 cell count threshold of 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L, the mortality hazard ratio was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.22) for the 0.350 threshold and 1.20 (CI, 0.97 to 1.48) for the 0.200 threshold. The corresponding hazard ratios were 1.38 (CI, 1.23 to 1.56) and 1.90 (CI, 1.67 to 2.15), respectively, for the combined end point of AIDS-defining illness or death.Limitations: CD4 cell count at cART initiation was not randomized. Residual confounding may exist.Conclusion: Initiation of cART at a threshold CD4 count of 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L increases AIDS-free survival. However, mortality did not vary substantially with the use of CD4 thresholds between 0.300 and 0.500 × 10(9) cells/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite focused health policies and a reform agenda Kenya has not made a breakthrough in improving the situations of households entrapped in the vicious cycle of poverty and ill health. Consequently, Great Lakes University of Kisumu developed and tested a model for facilitating improvement in the performance of the District Health System (DHS) and, hence, the health status of poor households served. The model consisted of evidence-based dialogue between the communities and service providers, working with service consumers as partners in improving service delivery and outcomes. The study was undertaken in partnership with the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Communities. The model was tested by introducing it in selected sites and carrying out health facility and household sample surveys at the beginning of the intervention and two years later in both intervention and control sites. Among the key improvements noted were: governance and management of the health system; service delivery and health outcomes in terms of immunisation coverage; usage of insecticide treated nets; and utilisation of skilled attendance at childbirth. Based on the results, the Kenyan MOH adopted the model as a strategy for the implementation of the Kenya Essential Package for Health countrywide. The University developed the implementation guidelines and training materials for rolling out the strategy countrywide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARYIn vitro tests have been developed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The objective was to analyse latent TB infection in drug and alcohol abusers through two interferon-gamma techniques. One hundred and thirty-nine patients were admitted between February 2006 and May 2007. Mean age was 39.8 years [31% HIV positive]. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) interferon-gamma assays were positive in 34% of patients with an agreement of 83% (kappa=0.63). Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in 29% of patients and the agreement of TST with EIA and ELISPOT interferon-gamma assays was 85% (kappa=0.62) and 83% (kappa=0.57), respectively. Almost 50% of patients with history of TB had a positive in vitro test. In conclusion, we observed a high prevalence of latent TB and good agreement between the new in vitro tests that otherwise may continue to be positive long after developing TB disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro tests have been developed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The objective was to analyse latent TB infection in drug and alcohol abusers through two interferon-γ techniques. One hundred and thirty-nine patients were admitted between February 2006 and May 2007. Mean age was 39.8 years [31% HIV positive]. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) interferon-γ assays were positive in 34% of patients with an agreement of 83% (κ=0.63). Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in 29% of patients and the agreement of TST with EIA and ELISPOT interferon-κ assays was 85% (κ=0.62) and 83% (κ=0.57), respectively. Almost 50% of patients with history of TB had a positive in vitro test. In conclusion, we observed a high prevalence of latent TB and good agreement between the new in vitro tests that otherwise may continue to be positive long after developing TB disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the consensus is that gender does not influence HIV progression, its relevance may depend on the setting.Aim: To study gender differences in HIV progression to AIDS and death from 1986 to 2001 in a cohort of injecting drug user (IDU) seroconverters in Spain.Methods: Risk of AIDS and death in persons infected for the same length of time were compared through Kaplan-Meier, allowing for late entry, and Cox regression adjusting for gender, age, and calendar period (before 1992, 1992-1995, 1996-1998, 1999-2001) fitted as time dependent covariates.Results: Of 929 IDU, 24.7% were women. Median seroconversion year was 1993.3 for men and women. 44% of women and 34% of men received antiretroviral therapy. Risk of AIDS was lower in women in univariate (hazard ratio (HR) 0.72; 95%CI:0.51 to 1.01) and multivariate analyses (HR 0.73 95%CI:0.52 to 1.03). A 46% reduction in risk of AIDS for period 1999-2001 compared with 1992-1995 was seen in both men and women (HR: 0.56 (95%CI:0.36 to 0.87). As for mortality, women's risk of death was lower univariately (HR 0.67 95%CI:0.45 to 0.99) although compared with 1992-95, men experienced a 34% reduction in mortality during 1999-2001 (HR 0.66 95%CI:0.40 to 1.01), which was not statistically significant in women.Conclusions: HIV progression was lower in female IDU before and after 1997 and their uptake of antiretroviral therapy was higher than male IDU. The inability to detect a reduction in mortality for women during 1999-2001 is probably attributable to lack of power. Differences in severity of addiction, drug using patterns, and competing cau es of death may explain these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compelling epidemiological evidence showing a significant association between lack of male circumcision and HIV infection has prompted calls for consideration of male circumcision interventions as a strategy for reducing HIV prevalence in highly affected areas where circumcision is little practiced and transmission is predominantly heterosexual. Little is known about whether male circumcision interventions would be acceptable or feasible in traditionally non-circumcisng areas of Africa. This study assesses the acceptability of male circumcision in the Luo, a large, traditionally non-circumcising ethnic group in western Kenya. Separate focused group discussions with adult Luo men and women and semi-structured interviews with clinicians were conducted in Nyanza Province, Kenya. The primary barriers to acceptance of male circumcision were cultural identification, fear of pain and excessive bleeding and cost. The main facilitators were association of male circumcision with better hygiene and reduced risk of infection. Both men and women were eager for promotion of genital hygiene and male circumcision, and they desired availability of circumcision clinical services in the Province's health facilities. Clinicians lacked the knowledge and resources to offer safe circumcision counselling and services. If results from this study are valid for other areas of sub-Saharan Africa, acceptability of male circumcision as a means to reduce STDs and HIV is higher than previously suspected. Further studies are needed in other regions to assess the feasibility of introducing acceptable male circumcision information and services to reduce HIV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of 298 heroin addicts treated for different reasons in a general hospital from 1984 to 1987 is followed, in order to know the remission degree of parenteral drug use and mortality rates in heroin abusers, after being treated for organic diseases or undergoing quick detoxification treatment. After an average of 25 months since their first visit or admission, information was obtained in 90% of the cases, and of these, it was confirmed that 4% (11/266) had died and that 6% (15/255) were in prison. Of the remainder, reliable information was obtained from 66% (158/240), of whom 40% were no longer endovenous drug users, while 54% were still addicted to parenteral drugs. The results showed a higher percentage of remission in patients that had been admitted for organic diseases (39/65; 60%) than in those that had been treated for detoxification (30/93; 35%) (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to measure the gender-specific differences for syphilis and for the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a cross-sectional analysis of injecting drug users (IDUs) admitted to detoxification between February 1987 and January 1990. HIV was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed with Western blot. For syphilis reactive samples to a rapid plasma reagent (RPR) were confirmed with treponemal tests (FTA-ABS or MHA-TP). Of the 386 heterosexual IDUs, 68% were HIV-positive and 4.7% had serologic syphilis (RPR and FTA-ABS or MHA-TP positive). Syphilis was higher in women (12%) than in men (3%), and women reported a significantly (P < 0.001) higher number of sex partners. Men had an IDU as a sex partner more often than women did (P = 0.001). Serologic syphilis in women was associated with having had more than one sexual partner in the previous year (P = 0.028) but this association was not present in men. HIV infection was not associated with syphilis in male IDUs. However, HIV was present in all women with syphilis that reported more than one partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lens damage is present in 30% of perforating injuries of the anterior segment of the eye. There is no consensus on whether the cataractous lens should be removed at the initial repair of the corneal laceration or later, when the eye has recovered from injury. Twenty-seven consecutive cases with a perforating corneal injury and lens damage were alternatively treated either with simultaneous corneal suturing and cataract removal or with corneal suturing and delayed cataract removal several weeks later. The difference in the frequency of complications between the 2 groups was significant. The 1-step procedure was technically easier to perform, the period of postoperative irritation was shorter, complications due to the presence of an injured lens were prevented, and visual rehabilitation occurred earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Penetrating wounds of the cornea require immediate repair, generally within 24 hours. Tight closure of the wound and a reformed anterior chamber are the primary goals of surgery. However, there is no guarantee that further surgery will not be required for maintaining the healthy function of the anterior segment. At the second operation the effect of the procedure on the previously repaired wound is of prime importance, since in many cases the operation needs to be done before corneal healing is completed. In our series the lens, which was either partially or completely cataractous at the initial operation, became intumescent at different times afterwards, and an immediate removal was necessary. No change in the preoperative wound sealing or transparency of the cornea could be detected after lens surgery performed between 24 hours and 21 days from the initial corneal repair. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: To characterize trends from 1987 to 2001 in the prevalence of HIV and HCV infections among 2219 injection drug users (IDUs) starting treatment for substance abuse in two large hospitals in metropolitan Barcelona.Methods: The study population comprised IDUs with HIV tests completed from 1987 to 2001 and admitted for detoxification. Testing for HCV started in 1991 (n=1132). Characterization of temporal trends was carried out using logistic regression methods. Stratification was used to describe possible heterogeneities of the temporal trends.Results: The overall prevalence of HIV, HCV, and HBV (HBsAg+) was 55%, 88%, and 7%, respectively. Adjusted by duration of IDU, sex, and age at initiation, the prevalence of HIV infection declined significantly (p<0.001) from 1989 to 2004. The substantially higher prevalence of HCV showed a decline (p=0.065) of lesser magnitude. The decline of HIV infection was consistently observed among those with duration of IDU of less than 10 years. In turn, the decline of HCV was restricted to those with short duration of IDU (<4 years) because the prevalence of HCV infection was close to 100% for durations longer than 4 years in all calendar periods.Conclusions: Preventive interventions and treatment for substance abuse might have contributed to the waning of the HIV epidemic in Spain. However, the extremely high levels of HCV infection and the underlying prevalence of HIV might lead to a large health burden of liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug resistance has been identified as one of the factors that lead to severe malaria and high mortality as observed in malaria endemic areas. The main objective of this study was to establish the factors that contribute to essential drug resistance in the treatment of malaria in Rachuonyo District, Kenya. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected among 380 respondents including health care providers, people seeking malaria treatment and Community Own Resource (CORPs), from 47 registered health facilities. The study revealed that all health facilities were using general-purpose trucks to transport antimalarial drugs and did not have functional wall thermometers and that eighty seven per cent (87%) of health care providers did not check storage conditions of drugs upon reception. Ninety seven per cent (97%) of the health care providers used physical examination for clinical diagnoses that is subject to errors that may lead to irrational drug use. Thirteen per cent (13%) of health care providers had no idea that antimalarials suspensions can undergo fermentation when not properly stored. Forty percent (40%) of the selected health facilities had current recommended antimalarial treatment drugs in stock. The use of such vehicles can affect the potency of the drugs, as they do not have the necessary equipments to control adverse temperatures and this may contribute to loss of potency. Some health facilities did not have the current recommended antimalarial drugs in stock implying that patients attending treatment in these facilities could have been treated with less effective drugs or they could have been sent to purchase them yet they are expensive and not easily available. In conclusion the results of this study indicate that management, administrative factors and policy issues could be a leading cause of antimalarial drug resistance and a case control study to explore the exact extent of drug resistance in this population in relation to the identified factors is urgently recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injection drug users are at increased risk for hepatitis B. Surveillance of the unexposed to infection and of the vaccinated is necessary to understand the impact of interventions. We aimed to analyze HBV serum profiles and rates of HBV vaccination over 20 years. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in IDUs admitted to detoxification between 1987 and 2006 in two hospitals in Barcelona, Spain. Clinical data and serum samples for HBV, HCV and HIV infections were collected. HBV serostatus was assessed with HBsAg, Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc. RESULTS: A total of 1223 IDUs were eligible; 80.3% were men; median age at admission was 28 years. Prevalence of HCV infection and HIV infection was 84.2% and 44.3%, respectively. There was a significant (p<0.001) increase of the rates of HBV vaccine-induced immunity from 3.7% in period 1987-1991 to 19.9% in period 2002-2006 and, a significant (p<0.001) decline of those with HBsAg from 9.3% in 1987-1991 to <2% after 1997. The rates of absence of HBV markers and of natural immunity remained stable from 1992 onwards. In multivariate logistic regression model, HBV vaccination was significantly (p<0.001) less frequent in older individuals (OR=0.61 [95% CI: 0.50-0.74] for a 5-year increase in age) and in HIV infected patients (p=0.014) (OR=0.51 [95% CI: 0.30-0.87]). CONCLUSIONS: In the 20-year period from 1987 to 2006, HBV vaccine-induced immunity in IDUs has shown an upward trend, although overall prevalence remained low. More effective interventions are needed to reduce high rates of HBV infection in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid field assessment methodology to address the burden of malaria during pregnancy and the options for intervening within the existing antenatal care system in Kenya. METHODS: Surveys consisting of questionnaires, sampling of blood for parasitaemia and anaemia, and birth outcome assessment were conducted in antenatal clinics, delivery units, and in the community in Kisumu and Mombasa, Kenya. FINDINGS: The rates of maternal anaemia and severe anaemia, were, respectively, 79% and 8% in Kisumu, and 95% and 24% in Mombasa. The rates of placental parasitaemia were 27% and 24% and the rates of low birth weight were 18% and 24% in Kisumu and Mombasa, respectively. Women with placental parasitaemia had a higher incidence of low birth weight compared with women without placental parasitaemia in both Kisumu (28% vs 16%, P=0.004) and Mombasa (42% vs 20%, P=0.004). A total of 95% and 98% of women in Kisumu and Mombasa, respectively, reported attending an antenatal clinic during their previous pregnancy. CONCLUSION: This methodology can be used by ministries of health to collect data for decision-making regarding malaria control during pregnancy; it can also provide a baseline measurement on which to evaluate subsequent interventions. Copyright © 2003 World Health Organization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]