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Abstract Introduction Limited epidemiologic data has suggested direct associations between hair pigment, race, and incidence of alopecia areata (AA). Here, we examine the relationship between natural hair color, race, and the lifetime risk alopecia. Methods In this case–control study, we included UK Biobank patients of all races and self-reported hair color with diagnoses of AA, androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or scarring alopecia (SA). Multivariable logistic regression was used to detect differences in lifetime risk. Results Findings reveal a significantly increased risk of AA among individuals with black hair compared to dark brown hair (OR 1.71 [95% CI 1.22–2.38], p

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, and a predictor of disease severity and mortality; furthermore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of this complication may enhance COVID‐19 prognosis. Therefore, we aim to investigate potential risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated AKI, including SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR cycle threshold value (CT value), which correlation with AKI is conflicting. Methods This case–control study included 110 hospitalized patients with SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated AKI as cases and 110 random SARS‐CoV‐2 hospitalized patients as controls. Reverse transcription real‐time PCR of admission nasopharyngeal swabs evaluated E gene cycle thresholds. Additional clinical and paraclinical information extracted from medical records. The patient's status at discharge, and 14 and 30 days after discharge. Therefore, after adjusting for age and gender, the correlation between variables was assessed. Results SARS‐CoV‐2 AKI is significantly associated with age above 60, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and underlying kidney diseases. Abnormal admission hemoglobin or alkaline phosphatase, proteinuria or hematuria in urine sediment, and abnormal creatinine during hospitalization were the paraclinical features correlated to SARS‐CoV‐2 AKI. AKI group demonstrated greater in‐hospital, 14‐ and 30‐day mortality. Nevertheless, this study did not evidence a correlation between the admission CT value and mortality or AKI. Conclusion Admission CT values provide limited information regarding the dynamic viral load and varying hospitalization time points; thus, they may not be reliable for predicting the prognosis and complications of COVID‐19 in all populations. Further studies with serial CT measurements or symptom onset time adjustment are recommended.

Abstract Introduction Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease associated with high rates of emotional and psychosocial distress. The analysis reported here describes the evolution of measures assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms of anxiety and depression up to week 104 in patients who achieved sustained scalp hair regrowth during treatment with baricitinib in the BRAVE-AA phase III trials. Methods This post-hoc analysis included data from the double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trials BRAVE-AA1 (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03570749) and BRAVE-AA2 (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03899259). Adults with severe AA (defined as a Severity of Alopecia Tool [SALT] score ≥ 50) randomized to baricitinib 4 mg or baricitinib 2 mg at baseline who achieved SALT score ≤ 20 by week 36 and maintained SALT score ≤ 20 through week 104 on the same dose of baricitinib were included in this analysis of integrated data. Scalp hair regrowth (SALT score) and improvements in Skindex-16 AA Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) domain scores were analyzed over the 104-week period using descriptive statistics. Results In total, 131 patients (88 on baricitinib 4 mg and 43 on baricitinib 2 mg) were included in this analysis. Across the two groups, the mean age (standard deviation) was 37.2 years (12.7), and 84 (64.1%) patients were female. The interquartile range (IQR) for time to achieve a SALT score ≤ 20 for patients treated with baricitinib 4 mg and baricitinib 2 mg was 13.1 and 19.6 weeks, respectively. By week 104, 91% (baricitinib 2 mg) and 96% (baricitinib 4 mg) of patients had achieved a SALT score ≤ 10 on baricitinib treatment. In both groups, progressive improvements in the Skindex-16 AA and HADS domain scores were observed up to week 104. Conclusion This analysis of adults with severe AA treated with baricitinib revealed that achievement of sustained clinically meaningful scalp hair regrowth (SALT score ≤ 20) was associated with improvements in both measures of HRQoL and symptoms of anxiety and depression up to week 104.

Background and Objectives: This study explored the association between breastfeeding vs. infant formula and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), considering parental education and employment as conferring variables. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 35 ASD children aged 6-12 years and 70 healthy children matched in terms of age and gender. Age, gender, postnatal nutrition, parental employment, and parental education were recorded with parental cooperation. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.005) between the two groups regarding the type of postnatal milk type. Consumption of infant formula alone or combined with breast milk and maternal employment, especially in governmental occupation, were associated with the risk of ASD incidence. Conclusion: This study provides further evidence of the possible protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against ASD. In addition, child-mother physical distance due to maternal employment seemed to play a considerable role in the risk of ASD incidence.

Abstract Background Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune hair loss disorder associated with high rates of emotional and psychosocial distress. Baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK 2 inhibitor, was superior to placebo with respect to hair regrowth in two phase 3 trials involving 1200 adults with severe AA (≥50% of scalp hair loss). Objectives This analysis investigated the evolution of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms of anxiety and depression after treatment with baricitinib in severe AA. Methods Patients were randomized to placebo, baricitinib 2‐mg, or baricitinib 4‐mg. Improvements in HRQoL and psychological burden were measured using Skindex‐16 AA and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS‐A and HADS‐D), respectively. Changes from baseline through Week 36 were analyzed using analysis of covariance with modified last observation carried forward for missing data. Proportion of patients with baseline HADS score ≥8 that shifted to

Surface structures and microstructures are of vital importance to the wetting behaviors and mechanical robustness of non-wetting surfaces. In this work, yttrium oxide coatings with different surface structures and microstructures were deposited via the solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process, powder plasma spray (PPS) process, and a newly-developed mesh shielding PPS process. The SPPS coatings showed porous microstructures and hierarchical surface structures, and thereby presented superhydrophobic behaviors. The PPS coatings showed dense lamellar microstructures and relatively flat surface topographies, resulting in mildly hydrophobic behaviors. The PPS coatings exhibited much higher mechanical robustness and more stable hydrophobicity under physical damage as compared to the SPPS coatings. The coatings deposited via the mesh shielding PPS process showed unique surface structures of conical pillars, endowing the coating with excellent hydrophobicity and high mechanical robustness. The conical-structured coatings showed quasi-superhydrophobic behaviors, and maintained relatively consistent hydrophobicity after abrasion. The effects of the microstructures and surface structures on the wetting behaviors and mechanical robustness of different coatings were comparatively investigated. The effects of the microstructures and surface structures on the wetting behaviors and mechanical robustness of different coatings were comparatively investigated. The change of wetting behaviors of coatings after different treatments was elaborated by correlating with the surface compositions. The work showed the wetting behaviors and mechanical robustness can be manipulated by tailoring the microstructures and surface structures in plasma spray processes.

Abstract Materials with photoswitchable electronic properties and conductance values that can be reversibly changed over many orders of magnitude are highly desirable. Metal-organic framework (MOF) films functionalized with photoresponsive spiropyran molecules demonstrated the general possibility to switch the conduction by light with potentially large on-off-ratios. However, the fabrication of MOF materials in a trial-and-error approach is cumbersome and would benefit significantly from in silico molecular design. Based on the previous proof-of-principle investigation, here, we design photoswitchable MOFs which incorporate spiropyran photoswitches at controlled positions with defined intermolecular distances and orientations. Using multiscale modelling and automated workflow protocols, four MOF candidates are characterized and their potential for photoswitching the conductivity is explored. Using ab initio calculations of the electronic coupling between the molecules in the MOF, we show that lattice distances and vibrational flexibility tremendously modulate the possible conduction photoswitching between spiropyran- and merocyanine-based MOFs upon light absorption, resulting in average on-off ratios higher than 530 and 4200 for p- and n-conduction switching, respectively. Further functionalization of the photoswitches with electron-donating/-withdrawing groups is demonstrated to shift the energy levels of the frontier orbitals, permitting a guided design of new spiropyran-based photoswitches towards controlled modification between electron and hole conduction in a MOF.

Background and Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at risk of insufficient nutrient intake due to inappropriate eating habits, problems in sensory perception, and choosing monotonous foods. Minerals play an essential role in the central nervous system, and their deficiency or excess can cause a variety of health issues and can contribute to the development of ASD. This study aimed to compare the dietary intake of zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese in two groups of children, with ASD and healthy controls, in Gorgan City, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, the food intake of 35 ASD children aged 6 to 12 years and 70 healthy children was recorded using the semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The average daily intake of zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese was estimated using ShaFA software. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the dietary intake of zinc, copper, and selenium; however, the intake of manganese was significantly lower in ASD children (median±IQR: 2.39±1.83) than in healthy children (median±IQR: 3.24±1.94; P=0.03). Conclusion: Considering the existence of problems related to eating habits in children with ASD, the results of this study showed the necessity of frequent and regular nutrition assessment for ASD children. Studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

IntroductionHigh-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are known to contribute to cervical cancer (CC), but the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in this process remains unclear, despite EBV’s widespread detection in premalignant and malignant cervical tissues.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study of 258 cervical samples, including both formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh cervical tissues, the presence and viral load of HR-HPVs (HPV-16 and HPV-18) and EBV were evaluated in Iranian women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and a cervicitis control group using real-time PCR.ResultsThe study revealed a significant correlation between disease severity and both increased HPV-16 positivity and HPV-16 and HPV-18 co-infection (p

Abstract Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging has demonstrated its capability in providing time-lapse fluid flow visualisation for improving the understanding of flow properties of geologic media. To investigate the process of CO2 geo-sequestration using PET imaging technology, [11C]CO2 is the most optimal and direct radiotracer. However, it has not been extensively used due to the short half-life of Carbon-11 (20.4 minutes). In this work, a novel laboratory protocol is developed to use [11C]CO2 as radiolabelled tracer to visualise and quantify in-situ CO2 adsorption, spreading, diffusion, and advection flow in coal. This protocol consists of generation and delivering of [11C]CO2, lab-based PET scanning, subsequent micro-CT scanning, and data processing. The lab-based PET scanning setup integrates in-situ core flooding tests with PET scanning. The real-time PET images are acquired under different storage conditions, including early gas production stage, depleted stage, and late storage stage. These datasets can be used to study across-scale theoretical and experimental study of CO2 flow behaviour in coal with the application to CO2 geo-sequestration.

Abstract Introduction The use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a diagnostic and decision-support tool is increasing in dermatology. The accuracy of image-based AI tools is incumbent on images in training sets, which requires patient consent for sharing. This study aims to understand individuals’ willingness to share their images for AI and variables that influence willingness. Methods In an online survey administered via Amazon Mechanical Turk, sketches of the hand, face, and genitalia assigned to two use cases employing AI (research vs. personal medical care) were shown. Participants rated willingness to share the image on a 7-point Likert scale. Results Of the 1010 participants, individuals were most willing to share images of their hands (81.2%), face (70.3%), and lastly genitals (male: 56.8%, female: 46.7%). Individuals were more willing to share for personal care versus research (OR 0.77 [95% CI 0.69–0.86]). Willingness to share was higher among males, participants with higher education, tech-savvy participants, and frequent social media users. Most participants were willing to share images if offered monetary compensation, with face images requiring the highest payment (mean $18.25, SD 20.05). Only 38.7% of individuals refused image sharing regardless of any monetary compensation, with the majority of this group unwilling to share images of the genitals. Conclusions This study demonstrates overall public support for sharing images to AI-based tools in dermatology, with influencing factors including image type, context, education level, technology comfort, social media use, and monetary compensation.

Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder that is affected by genetic and environmental factors, including nutritional factors. Recently, the role of nutrients, especially vitamin A, in the pathophysiology and treatment of ASD has received increasing attention. In addition, ASD affects the nutritional pattern and therefore some nutrients may not be received enough. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the intake of different forms of vitamin A in children with ASD and healthy children as a control group in Gorgan City (Northeast of Iran). Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 35 children aged 6 to 12 years with ASD and 70 healthy children who were matched in terms of age and gender were included. Food intake information was recorded using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To calculate the dietary intake of vitamin A, the FFQ information was entered into ShaFA software. Results: The age difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.27). The total intake of vitamin A was significantly higher in the control group than in the ASD group. The intake levels of retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were higher in the control group than in the ASD group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of total intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. Conclusion: Although the average intake of the two groups was higher than the average values recommended for the corresponding age and gender populations, the lower intake of various food sources of vitamin A in the ASD group indicated the need to pay attention to the food intake of these children, especially that according to the evidence, this disease directly or indirectly affected eating habits and patterns.

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a disease of hair loss with multiple treatment options. Physicians play an important role in guiding patients during the decision-making process. Objective: Assess physicians’ values and attitudes when helping patients choose an AA treatment. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with dermatologists of varying practice type and location. Each interview was coded independently twice using inductive thematic analysis. Interrater reliability and code frequencies were determined. Results: Fourteen participants were interviewed. Interrater reliability was κ = 0.85 to 0.97. Dermatologists wanted patients to consider various treatment factors (ie, efficacy, safety, convenience of use, accessibility) and also assessed patients’ AA clinical severity and personality traits. Participants often encountered various barriers to effective communication with patients, which may be mitigated by shared decision-making. Shared decision-making tools were perceived to potentially improve patient care and communication, although physicians expressed concern about lack of individualization, limitations of time, and the appropriateness of information. Conclusion: AA treatment decision-making is a complex process that often utilizes the expertise of a dermatologist, during which shared decision-making tools may be of value to both patients and physicians.

Introduction This post hoc analysis assessed association between scalp hair regrowth and improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological burden in patients with severe alopecia areata (AA). Methods Data were pooled from two phase-3 trials (N = 1200). Patients randomized to once-daily placebo, baricitinib 2-mg, or 4-mg were analyzed independently of treatment allocation, and categorized according to scalp hair regrowth (at Week 36): meaningful regrowth (Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score ≤20); intermediate regrowth (≥30% SALT improvement [SALT30] at any post-baseline visit to Week 36, but SALT score > 20 at Week 36); no/minimal regrowth (never achieved SALT30). Skindex-16 for AA score change-from-baseline and proportion of patients with baseline Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores ≥8 that shifted to

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present era, which plays an important role in sustainable development. Cultural tourism is one of the types of tourism that covers a wide range of tourists that deserves a great attention due to its important role in preserving the culture and history of different communities. Identifying opportunities and windows of entrepreneurial opportunity in the field of cultural tourism can empower start-ups and companies to develop the industry, create many jobs and businesses, and reduce the unemployment rate to some extent. Also, addressing the issue of entrepreneurship, especially in the field of cultural tourism, can open a window of opportunity to unemployed youth, indicating the importance of addressing this issue. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to identify the factors affecting the creation of cultural tourism entrepreneurship opportunities in Iran. The research method is mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the research is experts. In the quantitative section, the statistical population includes experts in tourism offices and entrepreneurship area. The research instrument is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The research reliability is investigated and the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical method in the quantitative stage is a confirmatory factor analysis in PLS software, a single-sample T-test, and Friedman in SPSS software. The research findings show that financial factors with average rank of 3.62, infrastructure (3.44), cultural (3.29), economic (3.12), marketing (2.72), educational (2.46), legal-administrative (2.37), and social (2.18) factors are effective in creating cultural tourism opportunities. Therefore, if tourism opportunities are available as an entrepreneurial and employment source, the development and settlement of the country's provinces will be created. Material assistance to entrepreneurial people, allocating sufficient credit and budget to research projects, private sector investment incentive plans, and financial assistance to the development of accommodation, hospitality, and infrastructure development, including policy recommendations in the financial field. Creating opportunities for cultural tourism can be.

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a disease of hair loss in which patients may benefit from comprehensive understanding of AA’s disease process and therapeutic options during treatment decision-making. Objective: Determine factors influencing patients’ AA treatment decision-making. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Interviews were coded using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Twenty-one participants with AA were interviewed. Coding interrater reliability was κ = 0.87-0.91, indicating strong-almost perfect agreement. Participants faced multiple barriers, including lack of access to health care (n = 10, 47.6%) and lack of transparency about their condition and treatment options (n = 9, 42.9%). Information about AA was sought from primarily the internet (n = 15, 71.4%) and physician recommendation (n = 15, 71.4%). When choosing AA treatments, patients often considered treatment efficacy (n = 21, 100%), safety (n = 21, 100%), and convenience of use (n = 20, 95.2%). Limitations: Referral and regional biases may be present and limit generalizability. Conclusions: Patients with AA face various challenges including medical uncertainty and lack of information. Patients need trustworthy and accessible sources of information regarding their treatment that also take into consideration their preferences and values.

Abstract Background Long-term sequelae are frequent and often disabling after epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)). However, consensus on the modalities of management of these sequelae is lacking. Objectives We conducted an international multicentric DELPHI exercise to establish a multidisciplinary expert consensus to standardize recommendations regarding management of SJS/TEN sequelae. Methods Participants were sent a survey via the online tool “Survey Monkey” consisting of 54 statements organized into 8 topics: general recommendations, professionals involved, skin, oral mucosa and teeth, eyes, genital area, mental health, and allergy workup. Participants evaluated the level of appropriateness of each statement on a scale of 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). Results were analyzed according to the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Results Fifty-two healthcare professionals participated. After the first round, a consensus was obtained for 100% of 54 initially proposed statements (disagreement index

Accurate liquid water modelling is challenging. Here the authors use X-ray micro-computed tomography, deep learned super-resolution, multi-label segmentation, and direct multiphase simulation to simulate fuel cell and guide fuel cell design.

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hair loss, for which there are few treatment options. This claims-based study characterized recent real-world treatment patterns among patients in the USA with alopecia areata, including the subtypes alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis, in the first year after diagnosis of an episode of alopecia areata. Approximately 5% of all patients (adults (age ≥ 18 years), n = 7,703; adolescents (age 12–17 years), n = 595) had alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis. Corticosteroids were the most common first-line (1L) and second-line (2L) treatments. The mean time from diagnosis of alopecia areata to initiation of 1L treatment was 2.2 days for adults and 2.6 days for adolescents; mean 1L duration was 76.9 and 64.3 days, respectively. For adults (57.5%) and adolescents (59.7%) with 2L therapy, the mean time from 1L discontinuation to 2L initiation was 57.2 and 53.6 days, respectively; the mean duration of 2L treatment was 55.5 and 50.1 days, respectively. More patients with vs without alopecia totalis or alopecia universalis initiated 2L therapy (adults: 71.9% vs 56.8%; adolescents: 71.4% vs 58.9%). The proportion of days covered during the first year post-diagnosis was 36.7% (adults) and 34.1% (adolescents). These results highlight the substantial disease burden of alopecia areata and a need for more effective treatments.

Abstract Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via a two‐electron (2e–) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has emerged as a sustainable synthesis route compared to the anthraquinone oxidation synthesis process. Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe(1‐x)CuxO3‐δ perovskite is a particularly interesting electrocatalyst for ORR applications owing to its doping flexibility. In this study, we use experimental and computation approaches to study Ba0.5Sr0.5FeO3‐δ with and without copper doping at the B‐site for 2e– ORR. Our electrochemical measurements in oxygen‐saturated alkaline solution show that the selectivity of perovskite electrocatalyst increases from 30% to 65% with (0.05) copper doping in the B‐site and the onset potential is decreased. Density functional theory calculations are used to unravel the role of copper in driving high activity and selectivity toward 2e– ORR. Site‐specific engineering of Ba0.5Sr0.5FeO3‐δ by copper doping in the B‐site exposed unique adsorption sites with improved activity and selectivity for H2O2 formation.