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The following research tries to study the Relationship between key factors of academic innovations and faculties' teaching goals with the mediatory role of their pedagogical, technological and content knowledge. The statistical population in this research included faculty members of Shiraz University. By simple random sampling, 127 faculty members were selected. The research instruments included of Academic Innovation Factors scale, Knowledge scale and Teaching Goals inventory. The data was analyzed, by structural equation model. Results showed Academic innovation key factors are positive predictor of various faculty members' teaching goals. Academic innovation key factors are positive predictor of faculty members' knowledge. Academic innovation key factors with the mediatory role of faculty members is positive predictor of faculty members' teaching goals.

Enhancing students' understanding of aspects of the nature of science (NOS) recommended by the science education community is an important goal of science instruction. This can occur only when teachers are adequately prepared for teaching NOS. However, the science education community is still considering what is needed to enhance the efficiency of NOS instruction with respect to the preparation of NOS teachers. Based on a qualitative meta-synthesis of recent literature (2009-2018), we propose a framework of competencies for what teachers need to know to be an effective NOS instructor. Fifty-eight peer-reviewed journal articles targeting NOS instruction for, and related classroom practices of, preservice and inservice teachers were analyzed. This evaluation resulted in the identification of 20 specific competencies clustered in seven categories deemed necessary in the support of effective NOS instruction, generally divided into those that are NOS specific and those directed at more general pedagogical issues. These include (1) general NOS knowledge, (2) subject matter knowledge, (3) knowledge of learners with respect to NOS, (4) knowledge about NOS instructional strategies, (5) knowledge about NOS assessment, (6) general pedagogical knowledge, and (7) teachers' motivations and beliefs about teaching NOS. The proposed competencies can be used as a guide for science educators preparing teachers who, in turn, are able to demonstrate NOS competencies and enhance the quality and depth of their students' learning.

Pesticides are an essential component of modern agriculture, playing an important role in crop productivity. However, many farmers in developing countries use pesticides without taking the necessary precautions, showing poor levels of personal safety in their use. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of technical efficiency and other factors influencing on the safety behavior of strawberry and cucumber farmers in the use of chemical pesticides in Jiroft and Anbarabad counties of southern Kerman, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with strawberry and cucumber farmers according to the cultivation areas in each county, using a structured questionnaire. More than half of cucumber farmers (52.9%) and 30.6% of strawberry farmers showed unsafe or potentially unsafe safe behavior (i.e., poor use of personal protection items and poor implementation of hygiene practices) in the use of chemical pesticides. Increasing cultivation area and high yield of strawberry were associated with improved safety levels of farmers in the use of chemical pesticides (P < 0.05). Moreover, being a non-professional farmer and awareness of the negative effects of pesticides improved the safety levels of farmers (P < 0.05). Farmers who efficiently produced strawberry and cucumber crops showed better safety behaviors than inefficient farmers. Findings provide new evidence for effective interventions that could support farmers in the promotion of safety measures during pesticide handling in Iran. Developing and implementing suitable educational programs on pesticide safety must be a top priority for addressing gaps in farmers' knowledge of the hazards of pesticide exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the impact of companies' business strategies on financial reporting quality taking into account the effect of managers' overconfidence. The data of 140 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for ten years, from 2013 to 2022, were collected based on the systematic deletion model, and hypotheses were tested using multivariate linear regression. The results revealed the type of strategy chosen by companies significantly affects the quality of financial reporting. Companies that pursue aggressive strategies demonstrate better financial reporting quality compared with defensive companies, which aligns with previous research results. Bermpei (2021) showed that companies' operating policies significantly impact financial reporting. The results also revealed that managerial overconfidence has a significant adverse effect on financial reporting quality; it reduces the significant impact of business strategy on the quality of financial reporting. In companies with overconfident managers, the significant impact of business strategy on the financial reporting quality is decreased. The findings provide valuable insight into the importance of selecting an appropriate business strategy for enhancing companies' financial reporting quality, which should be considered by professional authorities to strengthen the quality of financial reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]