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1. The IceCube realtime alert system

Author

B. J. P. Jones, Chris Wendt, S. Hickford, D. Tosi, M. Day, R. Konietz, M. Vehring, S. Coenders, Joshua Hignight, Francis Halzen, Karim Ghorbani, S. Seunarine, G. Merino, Spencer Axani, I. Ansseau, N. Wandkowsky, S. Schoenen, J. Kiryluk, M. Wolf, F. Bos, A. Terliuk, Sally Robertson, G. Krückl, Carlos Arguelles, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, H. Dembinski, Sebastian Böser, D. Heereman, P. Schlunder, R. Nahnhauer, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, Gisela Anton, V. di Lorenzo, Allan Hallgren, J. Tatar, M. J. Larson, Jae Yool Kim, M. Kauer, L. Classen, Kurt Woschnagg, T. Menne, Paul Evenson, L. Brayeur, C. Finley, Juanan Aguilar, Jenni Adams, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Janet Conrad, B. Relethford, Ignacio Taboada, A. Obertacke Pollmann, K. Rawlins, M. G. Aartsen, Michael Sutherland, K. Mase, T. Kittler, S. Flis, P. Peiffer, R. Cross, K. D. de Vries, George Japaridze, S. De Ridder, Dirk Lennarz, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, M. Rongen, Gabriel Collin, Dmitry Chirkin, A. Franckowiak, D. Z. Besson, Marjon Moulai, James Madsen, Lu Lu, R. Maunu, E. Friedman, Alexander Kappes, R. G. Stokstad, Markus Ahlers, J. Kunnen, Jay Gallagher, T. Ehrhardt, N. van Eijndhoven, M. N. Tobin, A. Meli, C.-C. Fösig, M. van Rossem, M. Vraeghe, C. Haack, K. Meagher, Elisa Resconi, A. Steuer, Teresa Montaruli, M. J. Weiss, N. Kurahashi, B. J. Whelan, Todor Stanev, R. Hellauer, D. Bose, Kendall Mahn, N. L. Strotjohann, J. P. Dumm, M. Relich, A. Olivas, K. Helbing, T. Palczewski, H. Pandya, M. Bissok, K. Jero, A. Wallace, R. Reimann, E. Vogel, Maryon Ahrens, U. Katz, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, S. Kopper, E. Woolsey, G. Binder, Joshua Pepper, H. Niederhausen, Dawn Williams, F. Huang, M. Leuermann, G. de Wasseige, A. Turcati, U. Naumann, E. Hansen, M. E. Huber, B. Eberhardt, M. S. Kim, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Aya Ishihara, D. Bindig, E. Jacobi, Elisa Bernardini, Segev BenZvi, G. Maggi, T. Schmidt, L. Wille, Y. Xu, J. Lünemann, M. Kowalski, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Azadeh Keivani, Frederik Tenholt, M. Rameez, M. Medici, L. Gerhardt, D. F. Cowen, Albrecht Karle, S. Euler, T. Fuchs, T. Karg, Ch. Weaver, Alexander Burgman, W. Kang, Z. Griffith, S. Miarecki, J. van Santen, Kael Hanson, Thomas Meures, K. Krings, K. Clark, D. V. Pankova, F. McNally, G. W. Sullivan, M. Casier, B. Riedel, D. R. Nygren, S. Bron, Steven W. Barwick, M. Tselengidou, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, Spencer Klein, A. Stasik, Stijn Vanheule, Philipp Eller, Maximilian Meier, T. Ruhe, S. Wickmann, J. Auffenberg, D. Hebecker, Paolo Desiati, A. Sandrock, T. Glüsenkamp, Gerald Przybylski, Minjin Jeong, G. Neer, T. Kintscher, Hermann Kolanoski, M. Labare, M. Quinnan, M. Dunkman, J. Felde, H. Taavola, Stijn Blot, Christian Spiering, S. Yoshida, Xinhua Bai, T. Hansmann, R. Hoffmann, Javier Gonzalez, M. Mandelartz, E. Blaufuss, Kara Hoffman, E. Pinat, Olga Botner, K. Wiebe, P. B. Price, V. Baum, D. J. Koskinen, D. Ryckbosch, Simona Toscano, M. Voge, Markus Ackermann, Donglian Xu, J. Becker Tjus, Ö. Penek, D. Soldin, L. Rädel, J. Stettner, Justin Vandenbroucke, K. Hoshina, E. del Pino Rosendo, Subir Sarkar, Glenn Spiczak, S. Schöneberg, K. H. Becker, E. Unger, D. Berley, W. Giang, J. L. Lanfranchi, Wolfgang Rhode, J. L. Kelley, S. In, S. C. Nowicki, L. Gladstone, R. Koirala, Darren Grant, J. P. A. M. de André, C. Walck, Sarah Mancina, Frederik Hermann Lauber, M. Börner, Klas Hultqvist, M. Zoll, K. Andeen, S. Westerhoff, A. Christov, M. Wallraff, T. Stezelberger, E. Cheung, M. Usner, L. Sabbatini, B. Eichmann, H.-P. Bretz, S. Tilav, Christian Bohm, Aongus O'Murchadha, J. P. Yanez, Christoph Raab, G. C. Hill, L. Schumacher, C. Krüger, A. Goldschmidt, R. C. Bay, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, S. Kunwar, M. Archinger, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, P. A. Toale, M. Kroll, C. Kopper, J. Braun, T. R. Wood, J. J. Beatty, A. Bernhard, D. Rysewyk, A. Stößl, Reina H. Maruyama, Christopher Wiebusch, J. Feintzeig, Carsten Rott, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, D. Altmann, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Ström, T. Kuwabara, L. Wills, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, L. Köpke, G. Kohnen, T. Anderson, C. De Clercq, G. Tešić, Kirill Filimonov, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, and Vriendenkring VUB

Subjects
HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINOS, TELESCOPE, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Multi-messenger astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino detectors, Transient sources, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pole, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, IceCube, law.invention, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Telescope, SEARCHES, CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE, law, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, site, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, background, Event (computing), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, PERFORMANCE, sensitivity, observatory, Identification (information), electromagnetic, Physics and Astronomy, Neutrino detector, ddc:540, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOLLOW-UP
Abstract

Following the detection of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2013, their origin is still unknown. Aiming for the identification of an electromagnetic counterpart of a rapidly fading source, we have implemented a realtime analysis framework for the IceCube neutrino observatory. Several analyses selecting neutrinos of astrophysical origin are now operating in realtime at the detector site in Antarctica and are producing alerts to the community to enable rapid follow-up observations. The goal of these observations is to locate the astrophysical objects responsible for these neutrino signals. This paper highlights the infrastructure in place both at the South Pole detector site and at IceCube facilities in the north that have enabled this fast follow-up program to be developed. Additionally, this paper presents the first realtime analyses to be activated within this framework, highlights their sensitivities to astrophysical neutrinos and background event rates, and presents an outlook for future discoveries., Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures, Published in Astroparticle Physics

Published
2017
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2. Searches for small-scale anisotropies from neutrino point sources with three years of IceCube data

Author

H.-P. Bretz, Frank McNally, Jenni Adams, P. B. Price, M. Stamatikos, S. Schoenen, T. O. B. Schmidt, N. Milke, George Japaridze, Thorsten Glusenkamp, T. R. Wood, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, K. Hoshina, W. Huelsnitz, S. Hickford, Glenn Spiczak, K. Helbing, R. G. Stokstad, J. C. Groh, C. Pérez de los Heros, Dmitry Chirkin, Matthias Vraeghe, P. O. Hulth, J. Eisch, A. Goldschmidt, Elisa Resconi, M. Schmitz, K. Jero, Matthias Wolf, Alexander Kappes, Björn Eichmann, U. Naumann, Mohamed Rameez, A. Bernhard, E. Unger, B. Ruzybayev, Anatoli Fedynitch, A. Koob, Timo Karg, J.-H. Köhne, H. Wissing, A. O'Murchadha, M. Wellons, Dariusz Gora, L. Schulte, M. Kroll, B. J. Whelan, K. D. de Vries, M. Day, A. Tepe, T. Feusels, R. Maunu, S. Hussain, O. Jlelati, R. Ström, Daniel Bindig, J. C. Gallagher, M. Leuermann, S. Zierke, A. Omairat, F. Bos, Allan Hallgren, M. Relich, D. J. Koskinen, K. Clark, M. Kowalski, Sandro Kopper, T. Kuwabara, J. E. Jacobsen, S. Tilav, P. Hallen, Marcos Santander, Joshua Pepper, A. Tamburro, K. Hultqvist, R. Nahnhauer, E. A. Strahler, M. Danninger, Darren Grant, K. Wiebe, R. Gaior, N. van Eijndhoven, M. Vehring, D. F. Cowen, C. Ha, E. Middell, Elisa Bernardini, Sarah Nowicki, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, L. Gerhardt, L. Mohrmann, J. Felde, Benedikt Riedel, A. Stasik, Maria Tselengidou, Ö. Penek, S. Schöneberg, X. Bai, A. Haj Ismail, Carsten Rott, Hermann Kolanoski, L. Rädel, Thomas Meures, Todor Stanev, Dawn Williams, C. Wendt, K. Rawlins, L. Gladstone, Dirk Heinen, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, K.-H. Becker, M. Usner, N. L. Strotjohann, D. Seckel, S. Miarecki, E. Middlemas, G. Kroll, M. Bissok, Matt Dunkman, Tyce DeYoung, J. Kiryluk, I. Rees, T. Fischer-Wasels, R. Hoffmann, A. R. Fazely, Gerald Przybylski, P. A. Toale, A. Schukraft, J. Pütz, James Madsen, M. Zoll, Martin Rongen, J. van Santen, J. A. Goodman, E. Pinat, D. T. Larsen, J. J. Beatty, E. Cheung, M. J. Larson, Xianwu Xu, Sofia Vallecorsa, M. Quinnan, C. Walck, R. Eagan, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Kriesten, Dirk Ryckbosch, D. Hellwig, D. R. Nygren, S. Euler, C. Pfendner, Mike Richman, D. Z. Besson, K. Krings, J. P. A. M. de André, A. Homeier, Donglian Xu, A. Terliuk, S. Westerhoff, Ch. Weaver, Christopher Wiebusch, Hans Niederhausen, C. Bohm, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, M. N. Tobin, Kael Hanson, Nathan Whitehorn, Naoko Kurahashi, O. Schulz, J. Auffenberg, A. Olivas, J. Daughhetee, Gary Binder, Teresa Montaruli, A. Obertacke, A. Franckowiak, Axel Groß, Christian Spiering, K. Frantzen, K. Mase, S. Odrowski, J. Blumenthal, Javier Gonzalez, Subir Sarkar, J. Casey, Chad Finley, J. Posselt, Justin Vandenbroucke, J. Ziemann, P. Gretskov, C. Haack, A. Christov, Giorgio Maggi, C. De Clercq, F. Huang, S. Böser, M. Wallraff, M. Voge, Dennis Soldin, Joakim Sandroos, F. Clevermann, H. Taavola, Paolo Desiati, René Reimann, Y. Sestayo, Olga Botner, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, L. Classen, Carlos Arguelles, H. G. Sander, E. Blaufuss, D. J. Boersma, J. C. Davis, J. Becker Tjus, V. Baum, J. P. Yanez, G. Tešić, A. Stößl, J. P. Rodrigues, M. W. E. Smith, T. C. Arlen, T. Stezelberger, S. M. Saba, G. W. Sullivan, R. Hellauer, K. Jagielski, Reina H. Maruyama, B. Kaminsky, R. Morse, M. Jurkovic, L. Brayeur, S. Yoshida, Sally Robertson, Tim Ruhe, E. Jacobi, I. Taboada, Dustin Hebecker, S. Flis, M. Casier, J. Lünemann, S. De Ridder, K. Schatto, G. Kohnen, Rezo Shanidze, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, M. Labare, J. Feintzeig, Maryon Ahrens, M. Medici, C. Kopper, G. Golup, S. Coenders, Surujhdeo Seunarine, J. Miller, Juanan Aguilar, B. Christy, A. Ishihara, J. Leute, Larissa Paul, F. Scheriau, H. S. Matis, Albrecht Karle, A. Schönwald, Francis Halzen, P. Zarzhitsky, O. Fadiran, D. Altmann, K. Meagher, D. Heereman, M. Kauer, D. Gier, D. Bose, T. Palczewski, C. Wichary, B. Eberhardt, Delia Tosi, M. G. Aartsen, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, Kara Hoffman, A. H. Cruz Silva, Wolfgang Rhode, A. Meli, N. A. Stanisha, T. Anderson, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, P. Redl, Kirill Filimonov, P. Berghaus, J. Kläs, J. Kunnen, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, A. M. Brown, T. Fuchs, L. Köpke, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
J.2, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Scale (descriptive set theory), Astrophysics, IceCube, law.invention, Telescope, law, Point (geometry), Anisotropy, astro-ph.HE, 2pt-correlation, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysical neutrinos, Extraterrestrial neutrinos, Multipole analysis, Point sources, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3. Good health, 85-05, ddc:540, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Multipole expansion, Gamma-ray burst
Abstract

Recently, IceCube found evidence for a diffuse signal of astrophysical neutrinos in an energy range of $60\,\mathrm{TeV}$ to the $\mathrm{PeV}$-scale. The origin of those events, being a key to understanding the origin of cosmic rays, is still an unsolved question. So far, analyses have not succeeded to resolve the diffuse signal into point-like sources. Searches including a maximum-likelihood-ratio test, based on the reconstructed directions and energies of the detected down- and up-going neutrino candidates, were also performed on IceCube data leading to the exclusion of bright point sources. In this paper, we present two methods to search for faint neutrino point sources in three years of IceCube data, taken between 2008 and 2011. The first method is an autocorrelation test, applied separately to the northern and southern sky. The second method is a multipole analysis, which expands the measured data in the northern hemisphere into spherical harmonics and uses the resulting expansion coefficients to separate signal from background. With both methods, the results are consistent with the background expectation with a slightly more sparse spatial distribution, corresponding to an underfluctuation. Depending on the assumed number of sources, the resulting upper limit on the flux per source in the northern hemisphere for an $E^{-2}$ energy spectrum ranges from $1.5 \cdot 10^{-8}\,\mathrm{GeV}/(\mathrm{cm}^2 \mathrm{s})$, in the case of one assumed source, to $4 \cdot 10^{-10} \,\mathrm{GeV}/(\mathrm{cm}^2 \mathrm{s})$, in the case of $3500$ assumed sources., Comment: 35 pages, 16 figures, 1 table

Published
2015
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