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This study used a cluster randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of two approaches to increasing middle school students' science learning when using an inquiry-based science curriculum. Eighty-nine schools, with 253 teachers and 20,591 students, were randomly assigned into one of three conditions: (a) a treatment condition in which the textbook curriculum was modified based on three principles of cognitive science coupled with teacher professional development (PD), (b) a second treatment condition in which teachers received PD designed to improve their knowledge of the science content, and (c) a business-as-usual control group. The cognitive science treatment had a small but statistically significant positive effect on content learning, with a stronger impact on students of higher prior achievement. Compared to business-as-usual, the intervention to increase teacher content knowledge had no impact.

The Italian Alpine region has a long-standing connection between the binary system of the tourism industry and silvopastoral sectors that offer different economic, ecological, and cultural benefits. This research investigates the perception of ecosystem services (ES) provided by mountain animal production among tourists in a specific mountain area (Upper Ellero Valley, North-West Italy). A total of 216 visitors were surveyed online between June and October 2022. The questionnaire was designed to explore the following aspects: (1) interviewees’ socio-demographic characteristics; (2) the perceived impacts of alpine livestock systems on ecosystem services, including also the animal welfare variable; (3) the heterogeneity of hikers in response to their perception of ES and (4) the assessment of the individuals’ opinion towards selected valorisation strategies of the herd-grazing production system. The responses about the ES perception were analysed using the Principal Component Analysis. The new principal components were employed to cluster the sample in the function of individuals’ perceptions of ecosystem services. Finally, the Correspondence Analysis was adopted to analyse the association between the three hikers’ groups and the proposed strategies for mountain area valorisation. This research revealed a positive perception of visitors towards the impact of herds on the ES. In addition, different opinions emerged among clusters related to the valorisation strategies adoptable for mountain area development exploiting the positive connection between animal farming and the environment. These findings could have concrete implications on the definition of social and economic development strategies for the alpine mountain valleys, representing an important source of production for national mountain pasture livestock farming.

This paper analyzes the role of haptic resources such as interpersonal touch in the management of patients’ emotions during speech therapy sessions devoted to the treatment of aphasia in the hospital setting. Patients diagnosed with aphasia may manifest emotional states of distress, such as anger, sadness, frustration, which can also evolve into crying sequences. The study, inspired by Conversation Analysis, analyzes how the therapist responds to these manifestations of emotional states, particularly through professional touch, which enables the therapist to control the patient, comfort him or her, and more generally, regulate and balance his or her emotional displays. By focusing on episodes of touch and the collaborative definition by speech therapist and patient of specific bodily and haptic configurations that allow for the establishment of forms of intimacy and affection, the article contributes to a multimodal view of emotions and on a multisensorial perspective on communication.

O artigo analisa as repercussões da política de patrimonialização na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e as intervenções público-privadas realizadas em áreas urbanas de valor de consumo paisagístico, monumental e patrimonial para promover o turismo e a imagem internacional da cidade. Além disso, discute a noção de paisagem cultural e de que forma ela se torna estratégica para a implementação de políticas de valorização paisagística que pode levar a processos de gentrificação. A metodologia é qualitativa, baseada na revisão de documentos, artigos científicos e pesquisas empíricas. Os resultados revelam que os projetos de valorização da sua paisagem cultural avançam para promover a sustentabilidade urbana e patrimonial. Contudo, é crucial questionar a direção desses investimentos, especialmente diante da especulação imobiliária e da turistificação que geram desafios para conciliar a estetização da cidade com uma abordagem participativa, educacional e inclusiva para a população.

Abstract Food labeling can influence, sometimes facilitate, changes in consumer diets to support environmental sustainability and in response to climate change. However, a significant impediment to this dietary shift may arise from the consumers’ tendency to underestimate the environmental impact of their food choices and from their limited knowledge about sustainable certifications. These aspects are influenced by the characteristics and geographical affiliations of individuals. In such a context, the aim of this research has been to identify the main factors that drive the food purchasing frequency and the changes in food consumption associated with consumers’ concerns about climate change and interest in sustainable food certifications by comparing different food products and countries (Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, the USA, and China). A cross-country survey was conducted on 6500 consumers of various food products. The obtained mean scores were then compared, using generalized linear mixed-effect models, to evaluate the associations between the consumers’ food purchasing frequency, the importance of sustainable certifications, and changes in food consumption due to climate change concerns. Much of the variation in food consumption, purchasing behaviors, and interest in sustainable certifications was found to depend on such factors as age, gender, and country of origin. Indeed, Chinese consumers exhibited a heightened interest in sustainable food certifications, yet their consumption scores for all food products overall were higher. Conversely, adult and elderly Danish consumers demonstrated a decrease in the consumption of cheeses, meat, fruits, and vegetables, and their interest scores in all sustainable food certifications were lower. Despite the challenges posed by various consumers’ interests and minimal changes in food consumption patterns, our findings suggest that sustainable certifications present a promising avenue for straightforward interventions to promote the adoption of sustainable diets and to address climate change.

There is limited evidence on the outcomes and safety of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the context of cardiac diseases. Our study reviews MT in AIS within the context of cardiac diseases, aiming to identify existing and emerging needs and gaps. PubMed and Scopus were searched until December 31, 2023, using a combination of cardiological diseases and “mechanical thrombectomy” or “endovascular treatment” as keywords. Study design included case reports/series, observational studies, randomized clinical trials, and meta‐analyses/systematic reviews. We identified 943 articles, of which 130 were included in the review. Results were categorized according to the cardiac conditions. MT shows significant benefits in patients with atrial fibrillation (n=139) but lacks data for stroke occurring after percutaneous coronary intervention (n=2) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (n=5). MT is beneficial in AIS attributable to infective endocarditis (n=34), although functional benefit may be limited. Controversy surrounds the functional outcomes and mortality of patients with AIS with heart failure undergoing MT (n=11). Despite technical challenges, MT appears feasible in aortic dissection cases (n=4), and in patients with left ventricular assist device or total artificial heart (n=10). Data on AIS attributable to congenital heart disease (n=4) primarily focus on pediatric cases requiring technical modifications. Treatment outcomes of MT in patients with cardiac tumors (n=8) vary because of clot consistency differences. After cardiac surgery stroke, MT may improve outcomes with early intervention (n=13). Available data outline the feasibility of MT in patients with AIS attributable to large‐vessel occlusion in the context of cardiac diseases.

Auriculotemporal neuralgia is a rare facial pain disorder with no therapeutic evidence for refractory cases. We described a male patient with right auriculotemporal neuralgia, refractory to anesthetic nerve blocks and botulinum toxin type A injections, who was successfully treated with pulsed radiofrequency without adverse events. Pulsed radiofrequency may be an effective and safe treatment for refractory auriculotemporal neuralgia.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic pain syndrome responsive to botulinum toxin type A therapy. This review had the goal of analyzing the different studies published from 2002 to January 2024 to better define the techniques and the types of botulinum toxin type A used, the doses, the injection routes, and the different populations of trigeminal neuralgia patients treated. We considered only articles in which the therapy was administered to humans to treat trigeminal neuralgia. Case reports, case series, open-label, retrospective, and RCT studies were considered. The research was conducted on MEDLINE and the keywords included (trigeminal neuralgia) and (botulinum). Thirty-five articles were considered suitable for this review. Botulinum toxin type A was shown to be an effective therapy for TN pain in all the articles analyzed, albeit there is a lack of standardization in methods and outcomes. The techniques, the doses, and the injection approaches were very heterogeneous among the studies. Only two botulinum toxin type A formulations have been used in this setting: onabotulinumtoxinA and lanbotulinumtoxinA. There were 300 patients treated with onabotulinumtoxinA and 760 treated with lanbotulinumtoxinA overall (in 42 patients, the formulation was not specified). The distinction between etiological and clinical types of TN has been made by only a small portion of the studies. The main adverse event was transient facial asymmetry. Botulinum toxin type A is indeed a promising therapy that is clearly effective for trigeminal neuralgia. OnabotulinumtoxinA is the most common formulation used in Western countries; however, the meager sample of TN patients treated, and the lack of standardization are not sufficient for this therapy to be approved by the FDA or EMA. Indeed, more studies with standardized methods and larger samples are needed for this purpose.

In this study, Caciocavallo, a typical cheese produced in Sicily Island (Italy), was obtained from the milk of dairy cows fed with and without enriched olive cake (ECO and CTR, respectively) in order to evaluate nutritional, microbiological, volatile, and sensory differences in cheeses. ECO cheese showed greater (p < 0.05) MUFA and PUFA and polyphenols content and lower SFA content than CTR cheese. Microbiological analyses revealed the absence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157, and no significant differences in the viable counts of the remaining microbial groups analyzed, between samples. Thermophilic lactococci were more prevalent in ECO cheese. The implementation of a culture-independent method, such as PCR-DGGE analyses, revealed the presence of a more diverse microbial population in both cheeses. Regarding the volatile compounds profile, long-chain free fatty acids were more abundant in the ECO cheese, resulting in a healthier free fatty acid profile. This study also showed that, especially for their appearance and taste, consumers mostly appreciated the ECO cheese. The results show that using enriched olive cake could enhance the sustainability and the quality of Ragusano cheese, improving not only the health of its consumers but also positively influencing tastes and acceptability.

BackgroundVeterinarians play an essential role in improving animal care, as they are often viewed as trusted advisors, particularly in relation to disease control and management; however, little is known about veterinarians’ perceptions and attitudes toward alternative feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age, gender, and willingness to adopt on the attitudes of livestock veterinarians toward the use of alternative feeds in farm animals.MethodsA total of 136 active veterinarians completed the online survey, distributed through the main veterinary associations in Italy. The questionnaire contained items on dietary recommendation, awareness, benefit and safety perceptions, and a willingness to adopt former foodstuffs (FFs), complemented with socio-demographic questions.ResultsAlmost 90% of the population reported a willingness to adopt FFs as feed. Men and women did not share the same perceptions of the nutritional composition of FFs, while the importance of product availability was found to be a key factor driving the age difference. Participants willing to adopt FFs as feed linked positive attitudes to attributes such as digestibility, energy intake, and positive social implications.ConclusionOur findings provide a basic background on the current use of the FFs in Italy and suggest the need for the development of educational programs and marketing strategies to enhance the acceptability of FFs in farm animals to ultimately promote the transition toward more sustainable animal production. This study has limitations, including the number of recorded responses and reliance on national estimates. Future research is needed to investigate the perceptions of farmers and animal nutritionist from different countries. This could provide a more detailed picture of the current situation in Europe about the potential of using FFs in farm animals’ feed, thus further contributing toward a greener and safer livestock production sector.

The consumption of tropical fruits has been increasing throughout the world, especially in non-producing countries. Among the fruits in this category, bananas (Musa spp.) have consistently demonstrated a growing trend in both purchases and consumption throughout the world, and also in Italy. The following question therefore arises: is there a correspondence between the quality characteristics of bananas on the market and the consumers' preferences? The objectives of this study were twofold: 1) to qualitatively and sensorially characterize bananas at three different stages of commercial ripening (Banana quality assessment); and 2) to explore the consumption habits, perceptions, and preferences of Italian consumers regarding tropical fruits, focusing in particular on fruit quality, health, and sustainability (Consumers' perception of tropical fruits). The results indicated that ripe bananas were preferred by the sensory panel and maintained high-quality attributes even after five days of storage at room temperature. Moreover, the importance of the sustainability of tropical fruits and a preference for ripeness of bananas during the decision-making stage were found to be influenced by individual factors. Different levels of awareness and purchasing styles were identified. However, the connection between the findings of the sensory analysis and the declared preferences revealed several insights that can be used to improve managing the supply and assortment of bananas for distribution to satisfy the consumers’ preferences, improve communication strategies, encourage waste reduction, and enhance supply chain sustainability.

Society and governance require multinational companies to adopt sustainable behaviour, looking at Corporate Social Responsibility. This study analysed the largest chocolate and cocoa producers in 2021 focusing on their communication strategies. The objective was to identify how these companies communicate their sustainable practices, finding the communication patterns of their CSR. Our findings show that the largest chocolate companies have integrated sustainable issues by focusing on environmental aspects. Several profiles of communication closer to social issues were also identified but no business company creates its sustainable value strictly on human resources as category.

Abstract The expression of cereal grain storage protein (GSP) genes is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors (TFs). Storage protein activator (SPA) is a major TF acting in this network but its specific function in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) remains to be determined. Here we generated an RNAi line in which expression of the three SPA homoeologs was reduced. In this line and its null segregant we analyzed GSP accumulation and expression of GSP and regulatory TF genes under two regimes of nitrogen availability. We show that down regulation of SPA decreases grain protein concentration at maturity under low but not high nitrogen supply. Under low nitrogen supply, the decrease in SPA expression also caused a reduction in the total quantity of GSP per grain and in the ratio of GSP to albumin-globulins, without significantly affecting GSP composition. The slight reduction in GSP gene expression measured in the SPA RNAi line under low nitrogen supply did not entirely account for the more significant decrease in GSP accumulation, suggesting that SPA regulates additional levels of GSP synthesis. Our results demonstrate a clear role of SPA in the regulation of grain nitrogen metabolism when nitrogen is a limiting resource.

The increasing resistance of fungi to conventional antifungal drugs has prompted worldwide the search for new compounds. In this work, we investigated the antifungal properties of acylated Temporin L derivatives, Pent-1B and Dec-1B, against Candida albicans, including the multidrug-resistant strains. Acylated peptides resulted to be active both on reference and clinical strains with MIC values ranging from 6.5 to 26 µM, and they did not show cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. In addition, we also observed a synergistic or additive effect with voriconazole for peptides Dec-1B and Pent-1B through the checkerboard assay on voriconazole-resistant Candida strains. Moreover, fluorescence-based assays, NMR spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy elucidated a potential membrane-active mechanism, consisting of an initial electrostatic interaction of acylated peptides with fungal membrane, followed by aggregation and insertion into the lipid bilayer and causing membrane perturbation probably through a carpeting effect.

Abstract MEN1611 is a novel orally bioavailable PI3K inhibitor currently in clinical development for patients with HER2‐positive (HER2+) PI3KCA mutated advanced/metastatic breast cancer (BC) in combination with trastuzumab (TZB). In this work, a translational model‐based approach to determine the minimum target exposure of MEN1611 in combination with TZB was applied. First, pharmacokinetic (PK) models for MEN1611 and TZB in mice were developed. Then, in vivo tumor growth inhibition (TGI) data from seven combination studies in mice xenograft models representative of the human HER2+ BC non‐responsive to TZB (alterations of the PI3K/AkT/mTOR pathway) were analyzed using a PK‐pharmacodynamic (PD) TGI model for co‐administration of MEN1611 and TZB. The established PK‐PD relationship was used to quantify the minimum effective MEN1611 concentration, as a function of TZB concentration, needed for tumor eradication in xenograft mice. Finally, a range of minimum effective exposures for MEN1611 were extrapolated to patients with BC, considering the typical steady‐state TZB plasma levels in patients with BC following three alternative regimens (i.v. 4 mg/kg loading dose +2 mg/kg q1w, i.v. 8 mg/kg loading dose +6 mg/kg q3w or s.c. 600 mg q3w). A threshold of about 2000 ng·h/ml for MEN1611 exposure associated with a high likelihood of effective antitumor activity in a large majority of patients was identified for the 3‐weekly and the weekly i.v. schedule for TZB. A slightly lower exposure (i.e., 25% lower) was found for the 3‐weekly s.c. schedule. This important outcome confirmed the adequacy of the therapeutic dose administered in the ongoing phase 1b B‐PRECISE‐01 study in patients with HER2+ PI3KCA mutated advanced/metastatic BC.

Abstract Consumption of the avocado fruit and its availability in the retail market has increased in recent decades and with it the desire to learn more about the market and consumer choices. This research aims to explore the consumers' preference heterogeneity toward avocado fruit in Italy assessing their personal eating orientation and socio-demographic factors. To achieve this purpose, the answers of 817 Italian consumer of avocado were collected using a structured questionnaire shared online at national level. A survey based on the best–worst method was conducted to assess the declared preferences of individuals toward a set of intrinsic, extrinsic and credence attributes of avocado, as well as a latent class analysis of subject preferences indexes was applied to identify different clusters of individuals. The distribution of preferences indexes was investigated among latent classes, which were regressed on the socio-demographic variables covariates using multinomial logistic regression. The results suggest that the desirable attributes for choosing avocado were taste, consistency (ready to eat) and affordable price. In addition, five consumer profiles in the Italian context were defined (named Hedonistic, Avocado fruit lovers, Sustainability sensitive, Value for money and Health sensitive) and characterized in terms of preferences and socio-demographic features. The study addresses a topic that has already been explored, but with an unexploited approach (latent class analysis combined with best–worst choice modeling). Therefore, the results help fill the gap in the existing literature by enriching it with a study that characterizes avocado consumers' preferences considering their heterogeneity in terms of perception and socio-demographic characteristics.

(1) Background: Vulvodynia is characterized by vulvar pain for at least three months and may have related variables, one of these being pelvic floor hypertonus. The purpose of this study was to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of two weekly sessions of pelvic floor rehabilitation and 5 mg of vaginal diazepam daily vs. pelvic floor rehabilitation alone in individuals with vulvodynia. (2) Methods: A single-center, not-blind, randomized study enrolled 20 vulvodynic patients: A total of 10 were treated with dual therapy (intravaginal diazepam and pelvic floor rehabilitation), and 10 were treated with only pelvic floor rehabilitation. All of them underwent a pelvic floor ultrasound examination and VAS pain and Marinoff scale assessments before the beginning of therapy as well as three and six months later. (3) Results: The elevator plate angle ranged from 8.2 to 9.55 (p = 0.0005), hiatal area diameter ranged from 1.277 to 1.482 (p = 0.0002), levator symphysis distance ranged from 3.88 to 4.098 (p = 0.006), anorectal angle ranged from 121.9 to 125.49 (p = 0.006), Marinoff scale ranged from 2.3 to 1.4 (p = 0.009), and VAS scale ranged from 5.8 to 2.8 (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates that the suggested treatment improves the hypertonicity of the pelvic floor, as measured by ultrasound parameters, correlating with a reduction in symptomatology.

The automotive industry, with particular reference to the off-road sector, is facing several challenges, including the integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs), the introduction of autonomous driving capabilities, and system-specific requirements that are different from the traditional car market. Current vehicular electrical–electronic (E/E) architectures are unable to support the amount of data for new vehicle functionalities, requiring the transition to zonal architectures, new communication standards, and the adoption of Drive-by-Wire technologies. In this work, we propose an automated methodology for next-generation off-road vehicle E/E architectural design. Starting from the regulatory requirements, we use a MILP-based optimizer to find candidate solutions, a discrete event simulator to validate their feasibility, and an ascent-based gradient method to reformulate the constraints for the optimizer in order to converge to the final architectural solution. We evaluate the results in terms of latency, jitter, and network load, as well as provide a Pareto analysis that includes power consumption, cost, and system weight.

Plant-based beverages (PBBs) represent a growing global alternative to cow's milk. However, their development is strongly influenced by consumers' expectations of new foods introduced into the diet: environmental sustainability, balanced nutritional content, health aspects, and organoleptic properties. This study analyzes consumers' preferences and choice orientations towards plant-based beverages through the assessment of their eating style and concern towards environmental and health issues. To that end, an online questionnaire was conducted with a sample of 233 respondents living in the South-East area of Italy. Initially, principal component analyses were performed to identify distinct dimensions of individuals' orientation towards food quality, environment and health involvement. Then, the emerging dimensions were used as dependent variables for ANOVA comparisons between consumers and non-consumers of plant-based beverages, considering also individuals' preferences towards different PBBs. The main results showed a strong consumer concern for environmental sustainability issues, which was found as the main purchasing driver for plant-based beverage consumers. On the other hand, many respondents stated that they do not consume PBBs due to their negative organoleptic aspects and the unfamiliarity with these products. Furthermore, the individual's dietary style influences the consumption of plant-based beverages and, in particular, the search for nutritional and balanced compounds plays a key role in consumption choices. Finally, despite that the almonds cultivation for the traditional 'almond milk' production is typical in various Italian regions, consumers expressed averagely a weak connection with this product. In conclusion, considering our results, the market development of PPBs at a national level might be supported by marketing strategies dedicated to different individuals' profiles. At the same time, however, direct actions on the production process are needed to improve the organoleptic profile of these products and meet the dissatisfaction expressed by consumers.

Abstract Aims The evidence supporting the efficacy of dietary preventive therapy in migraine is rising, particularly regarding the ketogenic diet. However, less evidence exists for the Low-Glycemic Index Diet and the 2:1 KD. This retrospective single-center real-life study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a 2:1 ketogenic diet and a Low-Glycemic-index Diet in chronic and high-frequency episodic migraine. Methods Sixty patients with high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine were treated with either a Low-Glycemic-index diet (39 patients) or a 2:1 (21 patients) ketogenic diet for three months. We collected data on the migraine frequency and intensity and the MIDAS and HIT-6 scores through the headache diary. Anthropometric measurements (BMI, fat mass, free fat mass, and weight) were also collected and analyzed similarly. Data obtained at the baseline and after three months of each diet were compared. Results Migraine intensity, frequency, MIDAS and HIT-6 scores, fat mass, weight, and BMI improved in both diet groups. Conclusions Both diets are effective in reducing migraine symptoms and migraine-related disability.

BackgroundCovert atrial fibrillation (AF) is a predominant aetiology of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Evidence suggested that AF is more frequently detected by implantable loop recorder (ILR) than by conventional monitoring. However, the predictive factors associated with occult AF detected using ILRs are not well established yet. In this study we aim to investigate the predictors of AF detection in patients with ESUS undergoing an ILR.MethodsThis observational multi-centre study included consecutive ESUS patients who underwent ILR implantation. The infarcts were divided in deep, cortical infarcts or both. The infarction sites were categorized as anterior and middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery with and without brainstem/cerebellum involvement. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate variables associated with AF detection.ResultsOverall, 3,000 patients were initially identified. However, in total, 127 patients who consecutively underwent ILR implantation were included in our analysis. AF was detected in 33 (26%) out of 127 patients. The median follow-up was 411 days. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and comorbidities between patients with and without AF detected. AF was detected more often after posterior cerebral artery infarct with brainstem/cerebellum involvement (p

Background and purposeIsolated insular strokes (IIS) are a rare occurrence due to the frequent concomitant involvement of adjacent territories, supplied by the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and clinical aspects are sometimes contradictory. We aimed to describe clinical and radiological characteristics of a pure IIS case series, focusing on its functional outcome and cardiac involvement.MethodsWe identified 15 isolated insular ischemic strokes from a pool of 563 ischemic strokes occurred between January 2020 and December 2021. Data collection consisted of demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, comorbidities, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stroke topography and etiology, reperfusive treatments, and outcome measures. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out.ResultsNewly detected cardiovascular alterations were the prevalent atypical presentation. Cardioembolism was the most frequent etiology. Most of patients had major neurological improvement at discharge and good outcome at 3-months follow-up.Discussion and conclusionIIS are extremely rare, representing according to our study about 2.6% ischemic strokes cases per year, and patients have peculiar clinical manifestations, such as dysautonomia and awareness deficits. Our data suggest the possibility for these patients to completely recover after acute ischemic stroke notwithstanding the pivotal role of the insula in cerebral connections and the frequent association with MCA occlusion. Moreover, given the central role of the insula in regulating autonomic functions, newly detected cardiac arrhythmias must be taken into consideration, as well as a full diagnostic work-up for the research of cardioembolic sources. To our knowledge, this is the largest monocentric case series of IIS and it might be useful for future systematic reviews.

Studies previously conducted on high jump have yielded important information regarding successful performance. However, analyses in competitive scenarios have often disregarded athletes’ unsuccessful attempts. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical differences between successful and unsuccessful jumps during competition. High-speed video footage (200 Hz) was obtained from 11 athletes during the 2018 Men's World Athletics Indoor Championship Final. From each athlete, one successful (SU) and one unsuccessful (UN) jump at the same bar height were included in the analysis, leaving seven athletes in total. Following whole-body 3D manual digitization, several temporal and kinematic variables were calculated for the run-up, take-off, and flight phases of each jump. During SU jumps, athletes raised the center of mass to a greater extent (p

This study tested the performance of OpenPose on footage collected by two cameras at 200 Hz from a real-life competitive setting by comparing it with manually analyzed data in SIMI motion. The same take-off recording from the men's Long Jump finals at the 2017 World Athletics Championships was used for both approaches (markerless and manual) to reconstruct the 3D coordinates from each of the camera's 2D coordinates. Joint angle and Centre of Mass (COM) variables during the final step and take-off phase of the jump were determined. Coefficients of Multiple Determinations (CMD) for joint angle waveforms showed large variation between athletes with the knee angle values typically being higher (take-off leg: 0.727 ± 0.242; swing leg: 0.729 ± 0.190) than those for hip (take-off leg: 0.388 ± 0.193; swing leg: 0.370 ± 0.227) and ankle angle (take-off leg: 0.247 ± 0.172; swing leg: 0.155 ± 0.228). COM data also showed considerable variation between athletes and parameters, with position (0.600 ± 0.322) and projection angle (0.658 ± 0.273) waveforms generally showing better agreement than COM velocity (0.217 ± 0.241). Agreement for discrete data was generally poor with high random error for joint kinematics and COM parameters at take-off and an average ICC across variables of 0.17. The poor agreement statistics and a range of unrealistic values returned by the pose estimation underline that OpenPose is not suitable for in-competition performance analysis in events such as the long jump, something that manual analysis still achieves with high levels of accuracy and reliability.