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This work evaluates the optimum condition of the esterification reaction of oleic acid (OA) and ethanol by Dean-Stark trap (DS) and without technology, as well as the effects of the various factors’ interaction on the conversion rate of OA. The influences of OA/ethanol molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, temperature reaction, and time reaction on the conversion rate of OA were investigated. The response surface method (RSM) is combined to optimize the experimental scheme. The results showed that the conversion rate of OA reached the peak of 98.78% when the molar ratio of ethanol/OA was 9:1, the concentration of catalyst was 3%, the temperature reaction was 90 oC, and the reaction time was 10 hours. Compared with the esterification reaction without DS, the conversion rate of OA was 54.96%. FTIR analysis confirmed the changes of a functional group for the response, and GC-MS was for confirmation of the fragmentation mode of the esterification reaction that occurs. The availability of ethyl oleate derived from palm oil, aimed at surfactant production, provides an excellent feedstock to produce surfactants for cosmetic applications.

Surfactant is a palm oil-based product that was rapidly developed. One type of surfactant with several advantages is anionic surfactant, known for its good emulsion, detergency, and thermal stability. The synthesis of this surfactant involved three steps: first, the polymerization of glycerol with a variable KOH catalyst (1%-4% w/v); second, the esterification of the polyglycerol with oleic acid; and finally, the sulfonation of polyglycerol oleate with H2SO4. The molecular weight of the obtained polyglycerol was determined using the Ostwald method, and the polymerization process was confirmed with FTIR. Polyglycerol oleate was characterized by determining the acid number, ester number, ion number, and saponification number, and confirmed using FTIR and 1H-NMR. Sulfonated polyglycerol oleate was characterized using FTIR and 1H-NMR.

Sungkai (Peronema canescens J.) is an Indonesian native plant widely distributed on the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra. Potential of these plants is related to the presence of secondary metabolites, which can be obtained through extraction. In its application, plant extract requires a delivery system that can penetrate well into the skin and maximise the efficacy of the active ingredients, such as nanoemulsion, which has high kinetic stability due to the smaller droplet size. The research was conducted to compare the yields from the two extraction methods, the presence of active compounds in the plants related to their properties as antioxidants and then formulated into nanoemulsion. The results showed that Sungkai leaves extract contains active metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The extraction of sungkai leaves yields 15.91% and 14.71% for CE and UAE methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid values were 27.74 and 41.88 mg GAE/g extract; 17.60 and 36.02 mg QE/g extract; and IC50 values of 50.78 and 53.50, included in the strong antioxidant category. Stable nanoemulsion formulation was obtained by adding 1 gram of olive oil with a homogenisation speed of 15000 rpm, with particle size of 83.4 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.455.

Coconut fibers contain many lignocellulosic components; therefore, they have the potential to be used as cellulose‐based materials. This study aims to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for bioplastic applications from coconut fiber cellulose obtained from South Tangerang, Indonesia. The isolation of cellulose was conducted in two key stages: alkaline treatment using a delignification reactor and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The facile synthesis of CMC involved two important steps: alkaline treatment and carboxymethylation of isolated cellulose. The yield of cellulose isolated from coconut fiber was 16.39% for biomass and 64.84% for delignification products. The cellulose produced exhibited a crystallinity index (C.I.) of 89%. The yield of CMC was 14.67%, with a C.I. was 56.66%. The CMC obtained was categorized as having a medium molecular weight of 249,048 Da with a polymerization degree of 1046. Cellulose starts to decompose at a temperature interval of 292.05–381.45°C, whereas CMC decomposes at a lower temperature interval of 245.42–299.73°C. Thermochemical calculations were conducted by using the density functional theory (DFT), confirming a spontaneous reaction with a Gibbs free energy of −5.25 kJ mol−1. Bioplastics were fabricated in two stages: blending with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi) and plasticizing with glycerol. The addition of CMCh increased the C.I. and tensile strength, while the addition of glycerol to CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend‐based bioplastic reduced the C.I. and tensile strength, but enhanced the relative contact angle. Highlights: Cellulose was isolated from coconut fibers through a two‐stage process involving delignification and bleaching;Carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized by reacting the cellulose of coconut fibers with monochloroacetic acid in isopropanol with NaOH as the catayst;The optimum condition for achieving the highest elongation at break among the blending compositions was found in the CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend bioplastic;Adding up to 30 wt% glycerol decreased the tensile strength and increased the elongation at break;The addition of glycerol enhanced the hydrophobic properties of CMC/CMCh blend‐based bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional polyurethane (PU) is usually synthesized by a reaction between isocyanate and polyol. The use of isocyanate compounds is associated with significant health and environmental problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an environmentally friendly alternative method for manufacturing PUs without isocyanate routes. The aim of this research work was to synthesize green urethane from oleic acid, which included the following three stages: the synthesis of epoxidized oleic acid (EOA), the synthesis of carbonated oleic acid (COA), and the synthesis of green urethane from oleic acid (UOA). The resulting product was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses, and by determining the iodine number, oxirane number, and hydroxyl value. The results of FTIR and NMR showed that EOA was successfully synthesized. The optimum COA synthesis process was obtained on TBAB catalyst usage of 1% (wt/wt) at 140°C for 48 h with a 500‐rpm stirring rate and CO2 gas flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with the resulting COA oxirane value of 0.00. The optimum condition of UOA synthesis through the aminolysis process resulted in the use of LiCl of 19.8% (wt/wt) at 70°C for 3 h with a stirring speed of 1200 rpm with a UOA hydroxyl number generated of 237.93 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spreading behavior of a coating solution is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of spraying applications. It determines how evenly the droplets spread on the substrate surface and how quickly they form a uniform film. Fluid mechanics principles govern it, including surface tension, viscosity, and the interaction between the liquid and the solid surface. In our previous work, chitosan (CS) film properties were successfully modified by blending with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It was shown that the mechanical strength of the composite film was significantly improved compared to the virgin CS. Here we propose to study the spreading behavior of CS/PVA solution on fresh bananas. The events upon droplet impact were captured using a high-speed camera, allowing the identification of outcomes as a function of velocity at different surface wettabilities (wetting and non-wetting) on the banana peels. The mathematical model to predict the maximum spreading factor, βmax, was governed by scaling law analysis using fitting experimental data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships between βmax and the independent variables, Weber (We) numbers, and Reynolds (Re) numbers. The results indicate that liquid viscosity and surface properties affect the droplet's impact and spreading behavior. The Ohnesorge (Oh) numbers significantly influenced the spreading dynamics, while the banana's surface wettability minimally influenced spreading. The prediction model reasonably agrees with all the data in the literature since the R2 = 0.958 is a powerful goodness-of-fit indicator for predicting the spreading factor. It scaled with β m a x = a + 0.04 W e. R e 1 / 3 , where the "a" constants depend on Oh numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is a material that can be potentially used as a natural fiber resource. Rice husk (RH) and sugarcane bagasse (SB), respectively containing 36.6% and 60% cellulose, are fibers that have the potential for biocomposite formation. In this study, an amine magnetic biocomposite (B-MNH2) was prepared by a one-step solvothermal reaction. Delignified RH and SB fibers at a ratio of 1:1 were added to a mixture of ethylene glycol, iron chloride, and 1,6-hexanediamine, and kept in a stainless steel autoclave reactor at 200 °C for 6 h. The obtained B-MNH2 contained 64.5% of Fe and 2.63 mmol/g of amine. Its surface area increased significantly from 9.11 m2/g to 25.81 m2/g after amine functionalization, and its optimum adsorption for Pb(II) ions was achieved within 360 min at 596.82 mg/g and pH 5. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order mechanism fitted well to the adsorption model. Other parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), and dye during adsorption were also reduced by about 67.7%, 95.6%, and 89%, respectively. B-MNH2 showed a slight decrease in performance by only 8% after the fourth repeated use. The amine magnetic biocomposite led to the development of a potential adsorbent due to the high surface area, stable material, and easy separation, and was capable of absorbing contaminants from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premise of this work is the modification of the properties of chitosan-based film for possible use in food packaging applications. The biofilm was prepared via thermal and mechanical treatment through blending polymers with chitosan using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and loading different types of chemical agents, i.e., citric acid (CA), succinic acid (SA), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The modification was carried out under high-speed homogenization at elevated temperature to induce physical cross-linkage of chitosan polymer chains without a catalyst. The findings showed that PVA improved the chitosan films' Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb). The presence of chemicals caused an increase in the film strength for all samples prepared, in which a 5% w/w of chemical in the optimum composition CS/PVA (75/25) provided the maximum strength, namely, 33.9 MPa, 44.0 MPa, and 41.9 MPa, for CA-5, SA-5, and TEOS-5, respectively. The chemical agents also increased the water contact angles for all tested films, indicating that they promoted hydrophobicity. The chemical structure analysis showed that, by incorporating three types of chemical agents into the CS/PVA blend films, no additional spectral bands were found, indicating that no covalent bonds were formed. The thermal properties showed enhancement in melting peak and degradation temperature of the blend films, compared to those without chemical agents at the optimum composition. The X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited that PVA led to an increasing crystallization tendency in the blend films. The morphological observation proved that no irregularities were detected in CS/PVA blend films, representing high compatibility with both polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has three main disadvantages, i.e., poor mechanical properties, low thermal stability and water sensibility. To overcome these disadvantages, TPS properties can be improved by starch modification, adding reinforcements and blending with other polymers. In this research, to prepare modified TPS, starch modification was carried out by in situ modification. The modified TPS was prepared by adding Arenga pinnata palm starch (APPS), glycerol and benzoyl peroxide simultaneously in the twin-screw extruder. Morphology analysis of TPS revealed that the starch granules were damaged and gelatinized in the extrusion process. No phase separation is observed in TPS, which exhibits that starch granules with and without benzoyl peroxide were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The addition of benzoyl peroxide resulted in increased density of TPS from 1.37 to 1.39 g·cm−3, tensile strength from 7.19 to 8.61 MPa and viscosity from 2482.19 to 2604.60 Pa.s. However, it decreased the elongation at break of TPS from 33.95 to 30.16%, melt flow rate from 7.13 to 5.73 gr/10 min and glass transition temperature from 65 to 52 °C. In addition, the thermal analysis showed that the addition of benzoyl peroxide increased the thermal stability of TPS and extended the temperature range of thermal degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of inorganic materials into polymer matrix using emulsion polymerization technique provides many advantages. In our work, we synthesized poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) with Cu2O incorporation into the polymer matrix. The process was optimized by varying monomers weight ratio and Cu2O weight percentage. The products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroccopy and Particle Size Analyzer. FTIR result showed that Cu was attached to carboxylic group indicated by the shift of C=O band. From particle size analysis, the variation of Cu2O % weight did not show any significant difference, but for 15%wt of Cu2O, the particle distribution was dispersed more uniformly.

Artemisinin is an effective medicine for malaria treatment. Artemisinin has poor solubility in water that lowers the bioavailability of the drug. Solid dispersion is an efficient method for oral bioavailability improvement. This present study is conducted to prepare and characterize artemisinin solid dispersion in maltodextrin and gum arabic. Solid dispersions are prepared using freeze‐dried method with a ratio of artemisinin and carriers 1:19 and ratios of maltodextrin and gum arabic 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The particle size of solid dispersions is decreased mechanically using high energy ball mill machine type Hem‐E3D. Artemisinin solid dispersions are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope, particle size analyzer, and different scanning calorimetry. The particle size of artemisinin solid dispersions in maltodextrin and gum arabic are 582–1196 nm after milling process. The solid dispersions are found to be in irregular shape and have good homogeneity. FTIR spectra of solid dispersion show lactone and peroxide group stretching peaks that indicate the presence of artemisinin in solid dispersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has been isolated using the steam explosion method. The objective of this research is to determine the thermal and morphological properties of CNF from pseudo‐stem fiber of abaca (Musa textilis). The obtained CNF is isolated using three steps: (1) Isolation of α‐cellulose using alkaline and acid hydrolysis, (2) treatment of obtained α‐cellulose with steam explosion methods in the presence of H2C2O4 11wt%, and (3) homogenization of CNF. The obtained CNF is characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and thermal analysis (TGA). The FT‐IR spectra of CNF show the presence of typical vibration from ─OH and ─CH3 at 3600–3300 and 2900–2800 cm−1. The TEM image shows the average fiber width of the obtained CNF is about 5.5 nm, which is in the range 2.90–8.32 nm. Based on XRD spectra, the crystallinity of CNF is higher than α‐cellulose. TGA analysis shows α‐cellulose has better thermal stability than raw abaca fiber and CNF. The presence of lignin and hemicellulose plays a big role in the low thermal stability of raw abaca fiber and CNF. This thermal stability is evaluated from the initial decomposition temperature of raw abaca fiber, α‐cellulose, and CNF at 284, 317, and 300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been known as bio‐based polymer for the development of bioplastic with promising properties such as biodegradable, biocompatible, non‐toxic, and renewable. However, its low thermal properties have limited its applications. Thus, in this study stereocomplex PLA (sc‐PLA) is investigated with the aim to improve thermal properties by mixing poly L‐lactic acid (PLLA) and poly D‐lactic acid (PDLA) in solution blend combination via electrospinning. The electrospun sc‐PLA fiber is prepared in combination of chloroform (CHCl3), N,N‐dimethylformamide, and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). The effect of solvents in the properties of sc‐PLA is analyzed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to understand chemical interaction between PLLA and PDLA. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermo gravimetric analyzer is used to understand the thermal properties of sc‐PLA. It is found that the optimum solvent combination for sc‐PLA nanofiber is CHCl3/HFIP 9:1 with the smallest nanofiber diameter 39.7 nm and the melting point improved by 47 °C compared with neat PLA due to stereocomplexation between PLLA and PDLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nanoencapsulated Centella asiatica and Zingiber officinale extract, with the dose of 3000 mg/day, in reducing cellulite and improving the composition of subcutaneous adipose. Methods: This study used the quasi-experimental with pre and post-controlled design using 38 female subjects who suffer cellulite and have BMI > 25, and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were grouped randomly into the 28-day treatment group, the 42-day treatment group, and control group. Subjects in the treatment groups received the tested herbal with 3000 mg/day (2 x 3 capsules @500 mg) that should be taken in determined duration. Appearance of cellulite and lipid profile were observed and body composition analysis was performed before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using T-test, Wilcoxon or Mann-Whitney, while the comparison of the three treatment groups was tested with ANOVA with 95% confidence level (p <0.05). Results: The administration of the drug for 28 days can significantly repair the cellulite grade. There was a significant improvement in cholesterol/HDL ratio, which showed that the 28-day treatment group was better than the 42-day treatment group. Compared to control group, the 28-day and the 42-day treatment groups showed better clinical improvements in total cholesterol, LDL, the ratio of LDL/HDL, fasting blood sugar, weight, BMI, body fat, body fat percentage, left and right arm fat, trunk fat, left thigh fat, and cellulite grade. Conclusion: Nanoencapsulated extract of C. asiatica and Z. officinale can improve cellulite, lipid profile, and subcutaneous fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the readiness of research toward commercialization becomes significant issues encountered by the institution working on research, innovation and technology development. Particularly in food processing area, the issue is much more involving other aspects aside from technological matter, hence, an assessment tool should be consider these aspects altogether to capture integrated perspective. This study explored the use of Innovation Readiness Level to measures the maturity of research from the perspective of technology, market, organization, partnership and risk. Case of surfactant researches in the Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences will be deployed as examples of study. According to the assessment, it has been obtained the surfactant recommended for further development towards commercialization of R & D results for food processing, i.e. Glycerol Mono Stearate (GMS), which has reached the level of IRL 3. This finding resulted some implications for improvements strategies to foster the research toward commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of the mixed costabilizers of cetyl alcohol (CA) and hexadecane (HD) in retarding Ostwald ripening occurring in the three-component disperse phase monomer miniemulsions at 25°C was investigated. The modified Kabalnov equation failed to describe the Ostwald ripening behavior. Thus, the miniemulsion disperse phase comprising monomer (methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (ST)) and the mixed costabilizers of CA and HD was simply treated as a pseudo-two-component disperse phase miniemulsion system. All the results that are self-consistent with one another justify the validity of the proposed pseudo-two component disperse phase miniemulsion model. A unique feature observed in this study is the synergistic effect of the mixed costabilizers of CA and HD in retarding the Ostwald ripening process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The method of solvothermal by one-step operation has been performed to synthesize of magnetic amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse biocomposites (SB-MH). The obtained SB-MH contains 62.34% of Fe, 17.8 mmol/g of amine, and a magnetic property of 19.46 emu/g. The biocomposite surface area increased significantly from 1.617 to 25.789 m2/g after amine functionalization. The optimum condition of SB-MH used for Pb(II) ion removal was achieved at pH 5 for 360 min with adsorption capacity of 203.522 mg/g. The pseudo 2nd order was well-fitted to the model of Pb(II) ion adsorption. Meanwhile, other contaminant parameters number of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and dye in wastewater were also remarkably reduced by about 74.4%, 88.0%, and 96.7%, respectively. The reusability of SB-MH with 4th repetitions showed only a slight decrease in performance of 5%. Therefore, the proposed magnetic amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse biocomposites lead to a very potential adsorbent implemented in high scale due to high surface area, easy separation, stable materials and capability to adsorb contaminants from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiesel synthesis of waste cooking oil (WCO) over a impregnated biochar catalyst was systematically studied. This research aimed to prepare Biochar-based material that comes from coconut coir, activate it, and apply it as a catalyst to the esterification reaction of high-FFA waste cooking oil. Activation of the catalyst was done by impregnation H2SO4 solution in Biochar. The obtained catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRF, XRD, surface area analyzer, and SEM-EDS. The esterification process was conducted by varying the catalyst weight (5, 7, and 10 wt%) and the reaction temperature (55 and 60 °C). The obtained liquid yields were characterized by GC-MS. The study found that the esterification process worked best with 10 wt% catalysts, a 1:76 mole ratio of oil to alcohol, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The waste cooking oil was successfully converted into biodiesel, reaching 84.50% of yield and 77.30% of purity (methyl ester content). Meanwhile, testing using national biodiesel standards with parameter limits of density, viscosity, iodine number, and acid number shows results that meet the requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]