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Aim: This study aims to examine earthquake-related upper extremity orthopedic injuries, and in our clinic, the plastic, reconstructive, and esthetic treatment methods applied to them after the two biggest earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and was conducted with 38 earthquake victims who were treated at the plastic, reconstructive, and esthetic surgery unit of a medical school health and research hospital in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey. Patient data were obtained retrospectively from electronic medical records, and descriptive statistical methods, Chi-square test, and post hoc were used for data analysis. Results: Of the earthquake victims, 55% were between 18 and 35 years old, 68% were female, 63% underwent plastic, reconstructive, and esthetic surgery due to upper extremity injuries, 50% had skin grafting, and 15% had amputation. In addition, 18.4% of the earthquake victims underwent surgery 3 times, and 13% were operated on 7 times. Conclusion: Careful attention should be paid to the treatment of upper extremity injuries that occur during major earthquakes. Delayed or inadequate interventions can result in amputation, highlighting the importance of plastic, reconstructive, and esthetic surgeons in disaster response teams. If possible, conservative treatment should be preferred for fractures in disaster environments. Amputation should always be the last treatment option for crush injuries. In cases requiring surgery, time should not be wasted.

Structural electronics has garnered significant attention in the past decade. However, there remains a lack of a systematic approach in designing and manufacturing sensors that leverage both mechanical and electronic properties of materials for different applications. In this paper, we introduce a method for designing piezoresistive force sensors utilizing structural electronics and 3D printing techniques. Based on the principles of piezoresistive force sensing, we defined the geometric profile of the sensor by simultaneously maximizing strain and ensuring as uniform as possible stress distribution across the geometry. CAD models of the sensors were then formulated based on the optimized profile and fabricated using conductive filaments and the material extrusion 3D printing technique. Subsequently, we evaluated the accuracy, the sensitivity, and part-to-part variations of the sensors during loading and unloading. The influence of environmental temperature and humidity on the sensor’s response were also investigated and compensated. Experiment results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method and revealed potential application domains, as well as limitations of the sensors.

A surface $ \mathcal{M}^{2} $ with position vector $ r = r(s, t) $ is called a Hasimoto surface if the relation $ r_{t} = r_{s} \wedge r_{ss} $ holds. In this paper, we first define the Beltrami-Laplace operator according to the three fundamental forms of the surface, then we classify the $ J $-harmonic Hasimoto surfaces and their Gauss map in $ \mathbb{E}^{3} $, for $ J = II $ and $ III $.

Chure, also known as the foothills of the Himalayas that extends from east to west of Nepal, is an essential region due to the hotspot of biological diversity and various natural resources, including recharge groundwater for the Tarai region of the country. However, the Chure region has a high rate of soil erosion due to human activities and natural processes, a severe issue in the Chure region. This study looked at soil erosion in the Gwang Khola watershed in the Chure region. We used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to measure soil loss by soil erosion. The results showed that about 547,992.9 tons of soil were lost annually in the Gwang Khola watershed. The results indicated that 5,259.87 hectares of the land area were in a very low-risk zone for soil erosion. Similarly, 317.79 hectares of land had a moderate risk of soil degradation, while 13.59 hectares of forest area posed a high threat. The extreme-risk erosion area was situated above 1,250 m. In contrast, the moderate and the low-risk regions of soil erosion had a lower elevation range of 950 m to 1,250 m and 650 m to 950 m, respectively. The findings of this study may aid planners and policymakers in preventing soil erosion and protecting the ecosystem in this watershed and those with similar circumstances.

Liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a hyphenated analytical technique that combines the separating power of liquid chromatography with mass analysis capabilities. The aim of present study to identify and characterize different chemical compounds present in different (roots, leaves, stems and flowers fractions) parts of Prangos platychlaena Boiss. (family: Apiaceae) by LC-MS/MS method. The LC-MS/MS analysis for identification and characterization of phytocompounds in different extracts were performed, and that leads identification of five new compounds first time in P. platychlaena plant and they were psoralen, bergapten, 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen, isoimperatorin and pthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester. The identification and characterization of phytocompounds were performed on the basis on mass spectroscopy data and literature reports. The LC-MS/MS method was found simple and fast for identification and characterization of phytocompounds in different extracts of P. platychlaena.

The extraction, isolation as well as theoretical investigation of Cumcuma Xanthoriz (cxz) molecule was evaluated to ascertain the physicochemical properties (pc) of the investigated compound. The plant extracts were isolated and characterized using NMR, FT-IR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy study. Pre-geometry characterization as well as theoretical analysis were performed within the frame of density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311++ G (d,p) level of theory. Global descriptors were calculated at the same level of theory to ascertain the molecular stability, chemical reactivity of the investigated molecules. Stabilization studies was conducted to properly evaluate the stability of the complex and as such, the result obtained divulged that the charge delocalization from sigma (σ) to anti-sigma (σ*) molecular orbital contributed chiefly to the molecular stability of the studied compound. The calculated UV-Vis spectroscopy study reveal that all absorption spectrum occurred at the visible region (400nm-700nm) which correlate with the experimental ʎmax obtained. Excitation of CXZ was observed to emanate from π→π*electronic transition. Result from the topology and admet properties explicates that CXZ molecule exhibited good ADMET properties and therefore suggests its suitability as potential plant based drug.

Background:. Breast augmentation is one of the most common aesthetic surgical procedures. Tissue expansion followed by permanent implants is the most frequent postmastectomy breast reconstruction method. Implant contamination remains a critical problem with these procedures‚ resulting in acute infection as well as capsular contracture. To reduce the risk of implant contamination, the “no-touch technique” utilizing the Keller funnel has been adopted by many surgeons. This systematic review aims to investigate the advantages of the Keller funnel method for breast augmentation–reconstruction. Methods:. A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane database, and Google Scholar was performed between 2005 and 2021. All clinical-based, retrospective and prospective studies utilizing the Keller funnel method for breast implant insertion were selected. Results:. Six studies were identified for evaluation: five were retrospective cohorts and one was a prospective trial. No randomized controlled trials were found. Outcomes reported included lower rates of capsular contracture (RR, 0.42; P = 0.0006; 95% CI, 0.25–0.69), shorter incision lengths (35.5 ± 2.1 mm), less insertion time (mean = 6 seconds), and decreased complications, and one paper reported ultimately greater patient satisfaction with outcomes (BREAST-Q Score: 92%). Conclusions:. This review suggests that the Keller funnel is a useful method for no-touch breast augmentation and reconstruction surgery. The Keller funnel reduces subsequent capsular contracture rate, surgical time, and incision length and allows for easier insertion. However, our findings support recommendation of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial with larger population size and follow-up intervals.

Mass Personalisation (MP) is becoming more significant to answer diversifying customer needs, as a result of the advancements in digital manufacturing. In contrary to the modular design in mass customisation, Design for MP (DfMP) proposes more profound changes in product and active user involvement in the design process, while maintaining mass efficiency. Traditional product development methodologies fall short in guiding MP, as it has the distinct differences with product variability and the customer involvement with specific needs. In this study, a dedicated design methodology for MP is presented, focussing on these key dimensions. The proposed methodology guides the designer through the development process of a user modifiable design and demonstrates how to facilitate the user involvement in reaching a personalised design. It proposes a flexible and adaptable seed design architecture, and an interactive customer co-creation process. The development of a seed design, construction of its design space, and management of the solution space with a design solution algorithm are elaborated. The application of the methodology was illustrated on the personalisation of knitted footwear, and 3D printed saxophone mouthpiece. The examples show the potential of the methodology to deal with coupled MP cases. A systematic approach to DfMP will allow expanding MP to more products, and acts as a foundation for the customer co-creation oriented design in the context of this emerging paradigm.

In the 3-dimensional Euclidean space E3, a quadric surface is either ruled or of one of the following two kinds z2=as2+bt2+c,abc≠0 or z=a2s2+b2t2,a>0,b>0. In the present paper, we investigate these three kinds of surfaces whose Gauss map N satisfies the property ΔIIN=ΛN, where Λ is a square symmetric matrix of order 3, and ΔII denotes the Laplace operator of the second fundamental form II of the surface. We prove that spheres with the nonzero symmetric matrix Λ, and helicoids with Λ as the corresponding zero matrix, are the only classes of surfaces satisfying the above given property.

The genus Pterocephalus, one of the most important genera of Caprifoliaceae family, comprises about 30 species which are usually found in sunny, dry, rocky crevices, mostly in Europe and Western Asia. Nine species are native to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Pterocephalus nestorianus Nab. is an important plant of this genera and locally known as Lawa. It is widely used in folkloric medicines in Kurdistan for treating inflammation and oral diseases. It is also widely used as ornamental plant and component of many herbal formulations, all around the world. The aim of the present study is to collect authentic literature on classification, geographic distribution, eco-cultural health, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological (environmental) activities and pharmacological properties of P. nestorianus.

In children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), prevalence of some autoimmune diseases like celiac disease (CD) has been increased. It is also reported that CD often can be asymptomatic and only serologically evident in patients with type 1 DM. In our study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of asymptomatic CD and the specificity and sensitivity of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA), anti-endomysium (EMA) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies that used for diagnosis of CD in these patients. Anti-gliadin-IgA, AGA-IgG, EMA, tTG-IgA levels were evaluated. Small-intestine biopsies were applied to the children that parents were positive for at least one of AGA-IgA, AGA IgG, EMA and tTG-IgA. A total of 268 Type 1 DM children were included in the study. Of these sixty-four children who had at least one serological positive underwent small intestine biopsies and in five children (1.9%) CD was diagnosed. Anti-endomysium and tTG-IgA positivity were detected in all cases with Celiac disease, and sensitivity was 100% for both and 95% and 86% for specificity, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of anti-endomysium and tTG-IgA antibodies were considered to be the most reliable indicator because of their higher specificity than other serological tests. Our results, which support current guidelines, suggest that children with Type 1 DM can be screened with tTG-IgA and EMA, which are the most sensitive and specific tests to detect asymptomatic CD in these patients. [Med-Science 2018; 7(4.000): 882-5]

Angiosarcomas are uncommon malignant tumors that arise from vascular endothelial cells with poor prognosis. Stewart–Treves syndrome (STS) is a type of cutaneous angiosarcoma that develops in chronic lymphedema. Although the majority of lymphangiosarcomas arise from areas of lymphedema as a consequence of lymph node dissection in radical mastectomy, it has also occurred in other causes of lymphedema. In the pathophysiology of lymphangiosarcoma, impairment of the local immune response and induced angiogenesis are emphasized. A 69-year-old male patient with a previous diagnosis of chronic lymphedema in his left lower limb presented with STS and widespread metastases. The patient refused the treatment for lymphedema and ignored the lesion due to its innocuous appearance. In addition, during the presentation, he had Stage 4 disease and, therefore, he was not a candidate for curative operative treatment. Early tumor resection or limb amputation has the best outcomes in the treatment.

Hepatitis C infection is a public health problem. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in seven regions of Turkey, by evaluating 7002 patients with chronic HCV in a six-year period. During the 2009–2014 period, serum/plasma samples from 7002 new consecutive HCV RNA positive patients were collected. The female patients were 3867 (55.2%). The genotype distribution of HCV patiens was evaluated by ages and years. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Mann–Whitney test and the χ2 analysis. During the six-year period, genotype 1b was the most common genotype (67.7%) followed by untypeable genotype 1 (7.7%), genotype 4 (7.3%) and genotype 3 (6.7%). In 2014, genotype 3 was the second most common one (11.3%) and genotype 4 was the third most common one (9.8%). In the group with

Patients in intensive care units (ICU) are at increased risk of corneal abrasions and infectious keratitis due to poor eyelid closure, decreased blink reflex, and increased exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the ocular surface problems in patients who stayed in ICU more than 7 days and were consulted by an ophthalmologist. There were 26 men and 14 women with a mean age of 40.1 ± 18.15 years (range 17–74 years). Conjunctiva hyperemia, mucopurulent or purulent secretion, corneal staining, and corneal filaments were observed in 56.25%, 36.25%, 15%, and 5% of the eyes, respectively. Keratitis was observed in 4 patients (10%) who were treated successfully with topical antibiotics. Mean Schirmers test results were 7.6 ± 5.7 mm/5 min (median 6.5 mm/5 min) in the right, and 7.9 ± 6.3 mm/5 min (median 7 mm/5 min) in the left eyes. Schirmers test results were

Timber extraction is a time-consuming and difficult stage of producing the wood-based forest products, involving economic and ecological sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimum extraction methods in terms of productivity and environmental effects by integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with geographic information systems (GIS). The study was implemented in the coniferous stands located within the borders of Baharlar Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in Ayvacık Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Balıkesir in Turkey. The main criteria in AHP were slope, skidding (transporting) distance, soil factor, stand age and yield. In the study, tractor skidding, tractor winching, chute system and skyline yarding methods were evaluated by considering environmental effects including residual tree damage and potential impacts on forest soil. In the solution phase, a total of eight suitability maps were produced for four extraction methods for productivity and environmental effects assessment. After the suitability maps were generated, digital data layers of working time were produced for each extraction method using equations about machine working times obtained from previous studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that skidding distance and slope were the criteria with the highest impact in almost all extraction methods for productivity and environmental aspects. In tractor skidding, it was found that soil factor and skidding distance have the highest impact in terms of environmental effects. When considering productivity, the results showed that the most commonly preferred extraction method was the tractor winching (43.30%), followed by the tractor skidding (25.34%). While the chute system was preferred in approximately 20.92% of the area, the least preferred method was the skyline yarding (10.44%). When evaluated in terms of environmental effects, it was determined that tractor skidding (34.02%) was widely preferred, followed by chute system (26.95%), tractor winching (20.96%) and skyline yarding (18.07%).

Success of model forests, which are organized to support sustainable management of forests in collaboration with environmental, social, and economic forces on forest-based large territories, depends on the development of civil society index dimensions de"ned as “stakeholder participation,” “organizational structure,” “environment,” “values,” and “impact.” In this study, which was carried out within the scope of Yalova Model Forest, situation analysis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was used as a method. Literature and o'cial documents, expert opinions on “stakeholder engagement,” and data obtained through a 30-question survey were used as material. In this study, “historical development,” “legal regulations,” “activities” of Yalova Model Forest and weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, threats of civil society index and strategies pertaining to them were determined. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was conducted by forming four separate focus groups for four dimensions of the Yalova Model Forest civil society index. According to the results of this study, the stakeholder participation dimension was concluded to be exceedingly inadequate. This is evidenced by advocate stakeholders’ insu'cient participation rates in activities, absence of adverse stakeholders in this reconciliation platform, and the fact that 99% of dormant–indi(erent stakeholders are unaware of this organization’s existence. Therefore, stakeholder participation dimension should be strengthened and the strategic plans that will be implemented should be prepared with the participation of stakeholders. Otherwise, Yalova Model Forest’s existence, as a civil society organization, will be jeopardized. However, active advocate stakeholders’ enthusiasm about resolving problems is reassuring for the future of Yalova Model Forest.

İnsanların düşüncelerini ve duygularını ifade etmek için kullandıkları temel araç olan dil, iletişim kurmanın yanı sıra insanların düşünce süreçlerini de şekillendirmekte ve toplumsal etki oluşturmaktadır. Belirli bir konu ya da tartışma çerçevesinde kullanılan dil ise ‘söylem’ olarak ifade edilmektedir. Söylemin toplumsal etkisi, kullanılan dilin doğru veya yanlış algılanmasına, belirli bir toplumsal kesime yönelik olup olmamasına ve insanların düşüncelerini nasıl şekillendirdiğine bağlıdır. Politika, reklam, eğitim gibi birçok alanda kullanılan dil ve söylem yoluyla medya toplum üzerinde istediği şekilde bir etki oluşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu açıdan kitle iletişim araçlarının en önemlilerinden biri olan gazeteler, toplumsal etki oluşumunda önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Gazeteler, toplumun geniş kesimlerine ulaşabilen ve çeşitli konularda farkındalık yaratmaya yardımcı olan güçlü bir medya aracıdır. Okuyucularına haberleri sunarken, belirli bir olayı veya konuyu farklı açılardan ele alarak toplumu da şekillendirmektedir. Bu da toplumsal etkinin oluşmasında gazetelerin rolünü artırmaktadır. Gazeteler, afetin etkilerini topluma duyurarak, halkı bilgilendirmek, yardım talep etmek, toplumda dayanışma ve iş birliği duygularını güçlendirmek gibi önemli birçok görevi de yerine getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Özellikle depremler gibi afetlerde, halka doğru ve doğru bilgiler sunarak, afetin olası etkileri hakkında bilinçlendirme yapmaktadırlar. Aynı zamanda, afet bölgesindeki durumu, kayıpları ve hasarları halka duyurarak, yardım çağrılarında da bulunmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, yayın politikaları farklı olan Hürriyet, Sabah ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerinin 6 Şubat 2023’te Kahramanmaraş merkezli yaşanan depremde manşetlerinde gösterdikleri tavır ve duruşları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, toplumun birlik ve beraberlik içerisinde olması gereken zamanlar olarak değerlendirilen afet ve savaş hali gibi durumlarda, gazetelerdeki ayrıştırıcı veya birleştirici dilin kullanımı da ortaya koymayı amaç edinmektedir.

In this study, it is aimed to examine the attitudes of amateur football players towards football. The study group of the research consists of 194 football players who play football actively in Sivas and Yalova provinces in the 2021-2022 season. Data collection in the study consists of two parts. In the first part, the personal information form created by the researchers was used, and in the second part, the Football Attitude Scale (FUTÖ) scale, which Kayapınar and Kaan's validity and reliability were made (2021), was used. In the analysis of the data in this study, the SPSS 25.00 package program was used, and it was evaluated at the 95% confidence interval and at the 0.05 significance level. Descriptive statistics were calculated regarding age, gender, educational status, geographical region, province and the position information of the participants in football. It was decided whether the data showed a normal distribution or not by looking at the kurtosis skewness values. In terms of statistics, Independent Sample t test, Anova test, frequency, percentage and reliability coefficient calculations were made. As a result; When the attitudes of the participants towards football in the gender variable are examined, there is a statistically significant difference in favor of the female participants between the scale total score and the sub-dimensions of the scale, social effects, performance, and psychological effects. It was seen that there was a statistically significant difference in the sub-dimensions, and there was no statistically significant difference between the province and location variables, the total score of the scale and all sub-dimensions.

Introduction: The measures taken against Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) positively impacted the reduction of its transmission. In addition, these measures also significantly decreased the spread of infections caused by other respiratory viruses. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of respiratory virus infections, other than SARS-CoV-2, during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and investigated their course during both the quarantine and normalization periods. Materials and Methods: Swab samples sent to Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory between May 2017 and May 2022 to determine the viral agents of respiratory tract infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were retrospectively scanned. Results: A total of 187,240 SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were performed between April 1, 2020, and May 31, 2020, and 14,773 (9.82%) tests were reported as positive. Based on our observation, the viruses demonstrating a decrease during the pandemic period were influenza A and B, seasonal H1N1, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, and human herpes virus 7. No changes were observed in the infection rates of parvovirus B19, adenovirus, and human rhinovirus. Conclusion: In our study, we observed a serious decline in the cases caused by other respiratory viral agents and the detection rates of these agents during the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. This can be attributed to the extensive impact of the measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate the spread of respiratory infections. Our results are a reflection of this situation. We believe that the data obtained from a large number of samples will serve as a guide for managing infections during the current pandemic and for future experiences.

We explored the self-reported antibiotic stewardship (AS), and infection prevention and control (IPC) activities in intensive care units (ICUs) of different income settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire to collect data about IPC and AS measures in participating ICUs. The study participants were Infectious Diseases–International Research Initiative (IDI-IR) members, committed as per their institutional agreement form. We analyzed responses from 57 ICUs in 24 countries (Lower-middle income (LMI), n = 13; Upper-middle income (UMI), n = 33; High-income (HI), n = 11). This represented (~5%) of centers represented in the ID-IRI. Surveillance programs were implemented in (76.9%−90.9%) of ICUs with fewer contact precaution measures in LMI ones (p = 0.02); (LMI:69.2%, UMI:97%, HI:100%). Participation in regional antimicrobial resistance programs was more significantly applied in HI (p = 0.02) (LMI:38.4%,UMI:81.8%,HI:72.2%). AS programs are implemented in 77.2% of institutions with AS champions in 66.7%. Infectious diseases physicians and microbiologists are members of many AS teams (59%&50%) respectively. Unqualified healthcare professionals(42.1%), and deficient incentives(28.1%) are the main barriers to implementing AS. We underscore the existing differences in IPC and AS programs’ implementation, team composition, and faced barriers. Continuous collaboration and sharing best practices on APM is needed. The role of regional and international organizations should be encouraged. Global support for capacity building of healthcare practitioners is warranted.

Objective:Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite. It is regarded as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in congenital contamination and immunosuppressive patients. This study aimed to determine the seropositivity of T. gondii in various ages and patient groups, as well as to reveal the current immune status, especially in risk groups.Methods:Results of T. gondii serology conducted between 2015 and 2019 in the medical microbiology laboratory in a university hospital were retrospectively analyzed. In the study, anti-T. gondii IgM, anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, and anti-T. gondii IgG avidity test results were investigated by the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay method. Additionally, seropositivity rates among immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women, which are risk groups for toxoplasmosis, were revealed. In the identification of the immunosuppressed patients, groups with significant immunosuppression were retrospectively determined by examining their files.Results:The serology of T. gondii was investigated in serum samples of a total of 20.875 individuals, among which 6.220 (29.8%) are males and 14.655 (70.2%) are females. Anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG positivity rates were significantly higher in women than in men. When all years are evaluated, IgM positivity in 16.448 patients and IgG positivity in 4.427 patients were investigated. In the 5-year period, T. gondii IgM seropositivity and T. gondii IgG seropositivity was among all the patients was 2.4% and 24.1%, respectively. While the rate of T. gondii IgG seropositivity in women of childbearing age was 36.1%, it was 42.4% in pregnant women and 14.6% in immunosuppressed patients.Conclusion:T. gondii serology follow-up of pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients in terms of reactivity of latent infection should be advised and toxoplasmosis should be considered in suspicious clinical cases.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and seasonal distribution of rotavirus group A and enteric adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 in all age groups admitted to our hospital with acute gastroenteritis. Materials and Methods: Results of the patients from all ages with the pre-diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis between January 2016 and December 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 10,049 patient results in which rotavirus antigen was investigated in stool samples and 11.482 patient results in which adenovirus antigen was investigated in stool samples were included in the study. Rotavirus and adenovirus positivities were investigated by using immunochromatographic method. Results: In the distribution of rotavirus and adenovirus antigen positivity according to years, the highest positivity for both viral agents was recorded in 2016 and in winter months. According to this result, rotavirus positivity rate was 18.4% and adenovirus positivity rate was 3.5% in 2016. While the frequency of rotavirus antigen positivity was the highest in the age group between 0-2 years the frequency of adenovirus antigen positivity was the highest in the age group between 3-5 years. Conclusion: The epidemiology of the disease must absolutely be followed up with surveillance studies within the scope of fight against viral gastroenteritis. Our study in which there are data of four years will contribute to establishing the country data.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of the inhaler technique used among asthmatic patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) due to acute asthma attack. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 patients with childhood asthma were enrolled in this study. A survey consisting of 22 questions was conducted on patients and/or their parents during ED visits. Additionally, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors affect the use of rescue inhaler treatment. Results: In the study, although 258 patients were prescribed a rescue inhaler asthma treatment, only 212 (85.1%) used this treatment before the ED visits. Only 193 (78.4%) patients properly used an inhaler device. A total of 61 (23.7%) patients knew that they had run out of inhalers according to the number of doses recommended in the prospectus. According to multiple analysis, a close regular follow-up by the primary physician, by either allergist/immunologist or chest disease specialist, and the administration of inhaler by the parents were identified as independent risk factors for the use of rescue inhaler therapy. Conclusion: Only three-quarters of the patients were found to use rescue inhaler therapy correctly. The improper use of inhaler device was more common in adolescents who administered the drug themselves. Patients who were followed-up by either allergist/immunologist or chest disease specialist had a two times higher chance of using rescue inhaler therapy in this study.

The study was conducted to examine the effect of sports on students' self-control and self-management levels. The research group totally consists of 277 people, 125 of them are female and 152 of them are male, studying in the School of Physical Education and Sports in Bingol University in the 2018-2019 academic year. In order to gather data for the purpose of the research, "Self-Control-Self-Management Scale-SCMS" was used. The students participating in the research were asked personal information questions regarding their demographic characteristics. The research was carried out in SPSS 22 statistical package program and the significance level was taken as 0.05. For testing whether the collected data show normal distribution, the normality of the distributions (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and then skewness and kurtosis tests were examined. According to the test results, double comparisons are Mann Whitney-U, and multiple comparisons are Kruskal Wallis analysis. According to the answers given by the students participating in the research, the self-assessment and self-empowerment levels of the students who are doing licensed sports are significantly higher, female students are more self-confident in the activities that need to be done, and the self-management-control of the students engaged in individual sports levels were determined as higher.

Aim The two most common human polyomaviruses are the BK (BKV) and JC viruses (JCV). Diseases associated with polyomavirus usually occur in cases of severe cellular immunosuppression. BKV and JCV can cause many diseases, especially if they are reactivated in an immunosuppressed host. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods targeting the small and large T gene regions of the viral genome, considering polymorphisms occurring in the viral genome of BKV and JCV. Materials and Methods Urinary specimens of 82 patients were taken from immunosuppressed patient and sent to molecular microbiology laboratory of Meram Medical Faculty. The small t gene was investigated using a commercial kit (LightMix, Roche) by real-time PCR method. Large T gene was investigated by using the optimized in-house real-time PCR method. Sequence analysis was accepted as the standard method. Results BKV positivity was detected in 9 samples and JCV positivity in 61 samples by real-time PCR method specific to small t gene region; BKV positivity in 21 samples and JCV positivity in 67 samples were determined by real-time PCR method specific to the large T gene region. Statistically, there was a significant difference for BKV, but not significant difference for JCV detection between the two methods. Conclusion Different polymorphisms in the target gene regions were responsible for the different outcomes obtained from this study. With this sensitivity and specificity, in-house PCR method which we used is a candidate for routine diagnosis.

Amaç: Gereksiz test istemleri hasta güvenliği, çalışan güvenliği ve ortaya çıkardığı maliyet açısından araştırılmaya değer bir konudur. Bu çalışma, mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına tıbbi bölümlerden gelen tetkik istemlerinin gereksizlik, maliyet ve süre açısından retrospektif yaklaşımla analizini amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: 01.02.2015 – 10.02.2015 tarihleri ile 01.05.2015-10.05.2015 tarihleri arasında tarih aralığında gerçekleşen toplam 2820 test istemi retrospektif olarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizde, hastaların öyküleri, geçmiş laboratuvar sonuçları baz alınmıştır. Oluşturulan veri seti SPSS 20.0 ve MS Office Excel programına girilerek bulgular elde edilmiştir. Test istemlerinin "gereksizlik durumu" hastalara ilişkin cinsiyet, yaş, tetkik isteminin yapıldığı klinik veya poliklinik, hastaya ait ön tanı ve ana tanı bilgileri ile hastane bilgi yönetim sisteminde yer alan dijital kayıtlardaki tüm tıbbi bilgiler dikkate alınarak analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan analizler sonucunda gereksiz istemde bulunulan testlerin toplam sayısı 382 olarak bulunmuş olup, genel toplama oranı %13,5’dir. Araştırma sonucunda yoğun olarak gereksiz test isteminde bulunan bölümler çocuk hastalıkları anabilim dalı (% 4,89), iç hastalıkları anabilim dalı (% 4,22), aile hekimliği anabilim dalı (% 2,06) ve diğer anabilim dalları (% 2,38) olduğu görülmüştür. Söz konusu tarih aralığında analiz edilen sağlık kuruluşunda gerçekleşen gereksiz test istemlerinin, 2015 yılı Sağlık Uygulama Tebliği güncel fiyatlarıyla, maliyeti 3.083,20 TL bulunmuştur. Yıllık olarak değerlendirildiğinde ise gereksiz test istemlerinin maliyeti 55.497,60 TL'ye ulaşmaktadır. Araştırmada gereksiz çalışılan testler üzerinden hesaplanan zaman kaybı 6146 saattir.Sonuç: Tıbbi laboratuvardan talep edilen gereksiz tetkik istemleri sağlık hizmet sunucuları için mali bir yük oluşturmakta, klinisyenlerin gereksiz tetkik istemleri laboratuvar çalışmalarında zaman ve iş gücü kaybına, diğer taraftan hastaların tedavi süreçleri için zaman kaybı ve olumsuz durumlar oluşturmaktadır. Klinisyenlerin tanısal algoritmaları kullanmaları, hastane bilgi yönetim sistemleri üzerinde sadece klinisyenler tarafından tetkik istemi yapılması gerekmektedir. Sağlık yöneticileri bu zaman ve iş gücü kaybına odaklanarak çözüme yönelik önerileri geliştirmelidirler.

Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a well-known causative pathogen of cervical cancer. The distribution of HPV prevalence and genotypes differ between regions. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and genotype distribution among patients with cervical cytology. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,571 women aged 17-91 years who presented to the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Clinic of our hospital, between January 1, 2017, and July 30, 2019, were included. Samples were collected for cytology and transported to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) test. Cervical specimens were investigated for the presence of hrHPV and genotyping of HPV using a commercial kit (Nuclear Laser Medicine S.r.l., Milano, Italy) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Simultaneously, cytological examination was performed using conventional (Papanicolaou) method and interpreted according to the Bethesda system. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Of the 1,571 women with a mean age of 39.98 (±10.17) years, HPV DNA was negative in 972 (61.9%) patients, while 599 (38.1%) patients were positive for hrHPV. No significant difference was found between age groups in terms of HPV positivity (p=0.18). The most common hrHPV types detected were HPV16 (28.5%), HPV68 (18.7%), HPV51 (15.5%), HPV39 (15.4%), and HPV31 (13.4%), in descending order. Single HPV infections were found in 61.4% (368/599), while infections with multiple HPV genotypes were detected in 38.6% (231/599) of all cases. Conclusion: This study indicated that HPV infection is more prevalent than expected among women living in the central part of Turkey. Additionally, the high prevalence of non-vaccinable genotypes should be considered a regional difference, and the use of this knowledge for guidance in the selection and development prophylactic vaccines may lead to successful broader prevention.

Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a pandemic, a major global health concern. In this study, it was aimed to compare the clinical, laboratory and computed tomography (CT) findings of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection followed up in our hospital. Materials and Methods: In this study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive patients hospitalized between 01.03.2020-31.05.2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Computed tomography images of the patients were grouped as typical, indeterminate, atypical, and no pneumonia based on the Radiological Society of North America. After recording patient information on SPSS, clinical and laboratory findings of the patients were analyzed by comparing them to CT findings. Results: Among 237 RT-PCR positive patients, 104 (43.9%) were female and 133 (56.1%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 50.46±17.26 (18-92) years and the mean symptom onset time of the patients was 3.75±2.72 (median: 3) days. Eighty-seven of the patients (36.7%) had contact stories. Twenty-three (9.7%) patients were healthcare professionals. Of the patients, 49.8% had a comorbid disease. The most common referral complaint was cough with 66.7%. The most common treatment that patients received was hydroxychloroquine (96.2%). Anemia was detected in 61 (25.7%) patients, leukopenia in 104 (43.9%), lymphopenia in 25 (10.5%) and thrombocytopenia in 14 (5.9%). High rates were detected for C-reactive protein (CRP) in 221 (84%) patients, ferritin in 190 (80.2%) patients, D-dimer in 144 (60.8%) patients, fibrinogen in 147 (62%) patients and sedimentation (SED) in 172 (72.6%) patients. Headache was detected higher in patients with typical pneumonia findings in thorax CT (p=0.006). A statistically significant difference wasn’t detected between other symptoms and CT findings. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts, SED, CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, fibrinogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.001) levels were observed to be higher in patients with typical pneumonia findings on thorax CT. Conclusion: Some laboratory parameters, especially acute phase reactants, were found to be higher in patients with typical pneumonia on thorax CT compared to patients without pneumonia. In this viral infection, patients should be evaluated together with clinical, laboratory and CT findings.

İnsan Parechoviruslar (Human Parechovirus; HPeV) tek iplikli, pozitif polariteli RNA viruslarıdır. Başlangıçta klinik ve morfolojik özelliklerine göre insan enterovirusları içerisinde Echovirus 22 ve 23 olarak tanımlansalar da, genom organizasyonu, yapı ve replikasyonlarında birkaç farklı özellikleriyle enteroviruslar ve diğer picornavirus gruplarından farklı oldukları gösterilmiştir. HPeV’ler genetik ve antijenik heterojenlik göstermekte ve birçok tipi dünyanın her yerinde bulunan insan popülasyonunda yaygın bir şekilde bulunmaktadır. HPeV1 en yaygın genotip olup sıklıkla gastrointestinal ve solunum yolu hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. HPeV3 enfeksiyonu yenidoğanlarda ve 3 aydan daha küçük infantlarda sepsis, meningoensefalit, nörolojik sekellere ve ölümlere yol açmaktadır. Küçük infantlarda tipik klinik tablo, ateş, şiddetli sinirlilik ve kızarıklıktan oluşur ve sıklıkla “ateşli, kırmızı döküntülü, kızgın bebekler” tanımına sebep olmaktadır. Günümüzde HPeV’lerin tanısı için en duyarlı metod real-time polimeraz zincir reaksiyonudur. Enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde şimdiye kadar kadar herhangi bir spesifik antiviral tedavi mevcut olmayıp monoklonal antikorların kullanımı değerlendirilmektedir. HPeV’ler üzerine yapılacak daha fazla çalışma ile bu virusların spesifik karakteristiklerinin anlaşılmasına ve uygun tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

Abstract It is known that anabolic steroids are used by athletes to increase their performance and cause many health problems. This study aims to analyze the effects of methenolone enanthate supplement with exercise on rats’ bones. The study was conducted with 28 28-day-old Wistar male rats obtained from the Chair of the Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center of Selcuk University. The rats were allocated into four groups: C (control, n:6), E (exercise, n:7), M (methenolone enanthate, n:7) and ME (methenolone enanthate+exercise, n:8). The required doses were arranged weekly depending on the rats’ live weight for the groups given methenolone enanthate. The rats’ front and back extremity bones were dissected, and the humerus and femur bones were dried. Each bone’s length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness and medullary diameter points were determined. The results were presented as mean±SD. ANOVA and Duncan's test were used for inter-group comparison of the data. The threshold for statistical significance was p lt;0.05. The femur length was 32.46±0.29 in the C group, 32.60±0.64 in the E group, 31.37±0.50 in the ME group and 31.67±0.52 in the M group. The humerus length was 26.42±0.28 in the C group,26.23±0.59 in the E group, 25.31±0.40 in the ME group and 25.35±0.45 in the M group. The femur and humerus length was statistically significantly shorter in the groups that received methenolone enanthate supplement (M and ME) than that of the other two groups (p lt;0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the C, E, M and ME groups in terms of the cortex and corpus thickness and medullary diameter of their femur and humerus bones (p gt;0.05). It was concluded based on the study results that methenolone enanthate supplement causes early epiphyseal closure in rats’ femur and humerus bones and stops the increase in these bones’ length. In addition, exercise was found not to reduce this negative effect of methenolone enanthate. Although the prohibited substances classified as anabolics are considered to increase performance by some athletes, these substances are not recommended for use due to their negative effects on athletes’ health. Keywords: anabolic steroids, methenolone enanthate, rats, femur, humerus

Bu araştırmada Türkçe Öğretmenliği lisans programında okuyan son sınıf öğrencilerinin ve Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı lisans programında okuyan ve pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan öğrencilerin öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik algısının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma modeline göre hazırlanmış bu çalışmada olgubilim (fenomoloji) deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya, bir devlet üniversitesinde Türkçe Öğretmenliği programının son sınıfında okuyan Okul Deneyimi ve Öğretmenlik Uygulaması I-II derslerini almış 18 öğrenci ve aynı üniversitede Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı programında son sınıf öğrencisi olan ve pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan (Öğretmenlik Uygulaması dersi almış) 23 öğrenci katılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanan verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Öğretmenlik meslek algısının Eğitim Fakültesinde okuyan öğrenciler ve pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan öğrenciler arasında çeşitli açılardan farklılıklar taşıdığı görülmüş; Eğitim Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin bu mesleğe yönelik algılarının daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Satellites have a dark region and a bright region in their orbit path. The flywheel energy storage unit is an electric energy provider for a satellite in the dark region. Brushless dc motors (BLDC) are used in the flywheel energy storage unit. The current surge of the BLDC motors is an undesirable situation for solar panels which are used in the satellite motion systems and satellite power systems. Therefore, the current reference method (CRM) is preferred in these systems. The setting of the controller parameters (proportional (P), integral (I) and derivative (D) ) is an important problem for the control of the BLDC motor current. Optimum performance cannot be obtained by the calculation of PID parameters using conventional methods. In recent years, hybrid genetic algorithms (GA) are used in the solution of complex problems. In this study, a CRM method was proposed to protect the satellite power system and solar panels. The defined block diagram for the CRM method was used to control the current of the BLDC. In order to calculate conventional method and hybrid GA-based method, the performance of the PID controllers was compared by using MATLAB/SimPowerSystem blocks.

The aim of this research is to determine the level of professional anxiety of the teacher candidates who are studying in the departments of the Faculty of Sports Sciences, is the prediction of starting teaching profession and continuing their profession; is to examine the anxieties of the profession in terms of various variables. The universe of research; Selcuk University, and the sample is constituted.by 88 female, 163 male, total 251 students who are studying at Sports Sciences Faculty 3rd and 4th grade of Selcuk University in 2017-2018 education period,In the research,the eight sub-dimensions which are the professional anxiety sub-dimensions;task-centered anxiety, economic / social centered anxiety, student / communication centered anxiety, colleague and parent centered anxiety, personal development centered anxiety, assignment centered anxiety, integration centered anxiety, school management centered anxiety are evaluated according to socio-demographic characteristics applying the Vocational Anxiety Inventory and demographic information form containing the questions determined by the researchers as the data collection tool. (Cabı and Yalçınalp 2013) It has been checked that if the data show normal distribution by Kurtosis – Skewness coefficent interval, it was found that the data were distributed normally since the subject interval did not exceed the values ​​of +2.0 and -2.0. (George and Mallery, 2010) Independent group t test was used for binary cluster comparisons since the data showed normal distribution. For this study, the Cronbach Alpha coefficent was calculated as 0.88. Significance level in the study was taken as 0.05. At the result of the research, no statistically significant difference was observed in all the sub-dimensions of the students who participated in the research, according to the educational level of the parents, age and gender. As a result of examining according to the class level variable; While no statistically significant difference was observed between the Economic / Social Centered Anxiety, Student Communication Centered Anxiety, Personal Development Centered Anxiety, Integration Centered Anxiety and School Management Centered Anxiety sub-dimensions, It was determined that the anxieties of students with 4th grade education level were higher than those of 3rd grade students in colleague and parent-centered anxiety and assignment-centered anxiety dimensions.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of physical activity on anger level in autistic individuals. Study sample included parents of 40 autistic children (n=20 experimental and n=20 control) aged 10-14 years from Malatya Private Sevgi Yolu Rehabilitation Center. Three days a week for 16 weeks, the experimental group did the activities of one-hour walk, jogging, double-leg jump, and walking along a balancing beam. Individuals in the control group continued their daily routine without participating in any activity during this period. Anger levels of autistic individuals were identified using the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Inventory (TAAEI) developed by Spielberger et al. (1983) and adapted to Turkish by Özer (1994). The inventory was completed by the parents of the individuals both in the experimental and control groups following the 16-week activity program. The collected data was analyzed at the significance level of 0.05 (i.e. a confidence level of 95%) in SPSS version 22.0. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between trait anger, controlled anger, expressed anger and suppressed anger scores (p lt;0.05). The results showed that anger levels of the autistic individuals participating in the physical activity program were lower and the physical activity in autistic individuals helped anger control. It is recommended that autistic individuals participate in low intensity activities for at least 3 days a week. By teaching autistic individuals how to keep their anger under control, interpersonal and family conflicts, feelings of guilt, low self-esteem and some behavioral (e.g. shyness, crying, unhappiness, anorexia, bulimia) and physiological problems (e.g. sweating, headache, difficulty in breathing) can be avoided.

The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of the sports injuries in 15-17-year-old male athlete students participating on school teams (volleyball, basketball, football and handball) and their level of knowledge about these injuries. The sample of the research consists of 233 athlete students (n=89 footballers, n=37 volleyball players, n=46 basketball players and n=61 handball players) in 15–17 age group participating on school teams of thirteen different high schools in Kütahya. The questionnaire form developed was used to determine the injuries in athlete students that participated in the study. The data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0. According to the statistical analysis, it was found that the athlete students who got injured most were of footballers with %45.2 (n=47) and those who got injured least were volleyball players with %10.6 (n=11). It was seen that injuries occurred mostly during competitions (n=82). The majority of the athlete students reported that they had very little (n=117) and average (n=107) information on sports injuries. The results showed that injuries occurred more in football and handball players and mostly during competitions. Protective measures need to be taken in the sports, especially in football, handball and basketball, where tackles are frequently experienced during competitions. Also, it was seen that athlete students had very limited knowledge about sports injuries.

Objective:Allergic diseases are increasing in developed countries. Recent studies show that platelets (PLTs) may also be responsible for the development of allergies. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether allergic diseases are related to the levels of mean platelet volume (MPV) and other complete blood count (CBC) parameters.Method:In the present study, 337 pediatric patients (aged 2-18 years) who were admitted to the pediatric allergy clinics with a diagnosis of atopy, which was supported with the positivity of at least one skin prick test and/or total IgE and/or allergen-specific IgE, were included. The results of the patients including MPV and other CBC parameters and total IgE values were compared with 120 healthy sex and age-matched children.Results:There was no difference in hematocrit counts between the groups, but the hemoglobin level was higher in patients. The mean corpuscular volume was lower in the study group, which was not statistically significant. The white blood cell count and thrombocyte count of the patients were higher than those of the controls, but were not statistically significant. The MPV values were significantly lower in the patient group. There was a negative correlation between the MPV values and the thrombocyte counts in the study group. Finally, the MPV values were significantly higher in patients ≥6 years and females in the study group.Conclusion:PLTs cause inflammation by secreting mediators in children with allergy. When the thrombocyte count increases, the MPV decreases reversely. Thus, the MPV may be an effective and inexpensive indicator in the process of inflammation, but long-term studies are needed to evaluate asymptomatic and exacerbation periods.

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Amaç: Çoğu viral olmak üzere çeşitli enfeksiyon etkenlerinin alıcıya bulaşması kan transfüzyonlarının en sık karşılaşılan komplikasyonudur. Bu etkenler asemptomatik, akut, kronik ve latent enfeksiyonlara neden olabilirler. Transfüzyon için güvenli kan hazırlığı, ayrıntılı donör sorgulaması ve tarama testleri ile yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde kan ve kan ürünleri yasası gereği donörlerde bakılması zorunlu olan standart parametreler Anti-HCV, Anti-HIV 1/2, HBsAg ve VDRL/RPR’dir. Biz de çalışmamızda bu parametrelerle, Konya ilindeki HCV, HIV ve HBVprevalansını saptamayı amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2013-Nisan 2016 tarihleri arasında hastanemize kan vermek için başvuran toplam 79.099 donörün test sonuçlarını retrospektif olarak taradık.Bulgular: Tarananların %8,12’sinin (6.428) kadın, %91,88’inin (72.671) erkek olduğunu gördük. Donörlerin 646 (%0,82) tanesinde Anti-HCV pozitifliği, 45 (%0,06) tanesinde Anti-HIV 1/2 reaktifliği ve 2.225 (%2,81) tanesinde ise HBsAg pozitifliği saptadık.Sonuç: Çalışmamız sonucunda bölgemizde; Anti-HIV 1/2 reaktiflik oranlarının yıllar içinde değiştiğini, Anti-HCV ve HBsAg pozitiflik oranlarının yapılan diğer çalışmaların, en yüksek ve en düşük seropozitiflik oranları aralığında olduğunu görmekteyiz. ( Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 2017, 7(1):20-25 )

In this study, a control method is created to drive two parallel-connected permanent magnet synchronous motors fed by a single converter. Matrix converter used in this work provides ac-ac conversion in one stage. The matrix converter model and d-q model of dual PMSMs are performed in Matlab/Simulink. In industrial applications containing dual motors fed from a single converter, volume and weight of the drive system decreases, power electronics switches and other components are reduced and the installation cost decreases. Because of these advantages, many methods are being developed by researchers to control the dual motor drives. In this study, the motor control has been performed by using the average speed method. Control of dual permanent magnet synchronous motors with a single converter is implemented with ANFIS-based neural fuzzy controllers. All parameters of the motors are taken equal since two identical permanent magnet synchronous motors are considered. Two various operation conditions are investigated in the simulation. In the first case, one of the identical motors is operated on no-load, while the other one is operated with the rated load. In the second case, each motor is operated with various load torques varying with the time. Corresponding simulation results have been presented to show the performance of the drive system.

Türk Edebiyatı’nda önemli bir dönüm noktası olan Tanzimat Dönemi’nde edebi türlerin pek çoğunun ilk kez yazıldığı görülmektedir. Bu edebi türleri yazanların da çoğunlukla erkek yazar oldukları dikkat çekmektedir. O dönemde eğitime olan bakış açısı ve kız çocuklarının eğitimi konusundaki tutumların kadın yazarların arka planda kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Böyle bir dönemde ilk Türk kadın romancı olarak dikkat çeken Fatma Aliye Hanım ise kadın hakları ve kadın kimlikleri üzerine yazdığı eserleriyle Türk Edebiyatı’na önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Buna bağlı olarak da alan çalışmaların Fatma Aliye Hanım’ın romanlarındaki kadın tiplerinin farklı değişkenler çerçevesinde incelenmesini sağlamıştır. Ancak daha erken yaşlarda, kız çocuklarının nasıl bir eğitim alıp bu kadın kimliklerine büründüğüyle ilgili ise alanda çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple Fatma Aliye Hanım’ın romanlarıyla aktarılan kız çocuklarının eğitimi hakkında bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma Fatma Aliye Hanım’ın Muhadarat, Enîn ve Refet isimli romanları ile sınırlı olup nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu üç romandan kız çocuklarının eğitimi ile ilgili elde edilen sonuçların başında “Fransızca öğrenme” daha sonra da “piyano eğitimi alma” gelmektedir. Elde edilen diğer sonuçlar arasında ise Tanzimat döneminde maddi durumu iyi olan ailelerin özellikle kızları rüşde erdikten sonra özel hocalar ile kızlarının eğitimini devam ettirdikleri fark edilmiştir. Ayrıca fakir kız çocuklarının öğretmen olup para kazanmak için iptidai, rüştiye ve darülmuallimat okullarına gittiklerini, zengin kız çocuklarının ise özel hocalar dışında bu tür okullara da gittikleri süsünü vermek için bu tür okullara gönderildikleri fark edilmiştir.

Geleneğin sosyal hayattaki önemini inkâr edemeyiz. Çoğu zaman, gelenek ve görenek diyerek ifade ettiğimiz ve biraz da hafife aldığımız bu gerçek aslında gelişmenin ve ilerlemenin vazgeçilmez unsurudur. Geleneğin sosyal hayattaki bu önemi hiç şüphesiz sanat için daha çok geçerlidir. Edebiyat tarihimiz, geleneği sürdüremeyen birçok teşebbüsün başarısızlıkları ile doludur. Nev-Yunânîlik ve Nâyîlik bunlardan sadece ikisidir. Bu yazımızda önce, üzerinde çok fazla durulmayan her iki topluğun ilkeleri, mensupları ve bir araya geliş sebepleri ele alındıktan sonra Yahya Kemâl’in fikirlerinden nasıl etkilendikleri tespit edilmiş, daha sonra Nev-Yunânîler ve Nâyîler hakkında yapılan eleştiriler irdelenerek, başarısız da olsalar edebiyatımıza yapmış oldukları katkılar ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Hikâye, roman, masal, destan vb. anlatıma dayalı metinlerin okunup anlasılmasında birtakım zorluklarla karsılasıldığı bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu bakımdan bu tür metinlerin çözümlemeleri ile ilgili değisik yöntemler gelistirilmistir. Bu yöntemlerin genel amacı okunacak olan metnin konu, ana düsünce ve yan düsünceler, olay örgüsü, kahramanlar, yer, zaman vb açılardan çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun dısında anlatıma dayalı metinlerin özetini çıkarmak da okuyucular için ayrı bir zorluk olusturmaktadır. Çünkü okumaktan maksat, okuma kültürü olusturmak, öğrenmek ve okuduklarımızdan edebî bir zevk almaktır. Bu bakımdan bizim bu makalede ele aldığımız “Olay Çizgisi Odaklı” okuma yöntemimiz, yukarıda saydığımız zorluklara birkaç açıdan çözümler içerdiğinden önem taşımaktadır.

Amaç: Antinötrofil sitoplazmik antikorlar, monositlerin lizozomları ve nötrofillerin sitoplazmik granüllerinde bulunan antijenlere karşı oluşan otoantikorlardır. Özellikle Wegener granulomatozis olmak üzere pek çok sistemik vaskülitte tanı değeri olan değerli bir prognostik belirteçtir. Çalışmada 2009 yılında otoimmün hastalık ön tanısı alan hastaların ANCA test sonuçlarının retrospektif olarak irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada hastanemizde 2009 yılında otoimmün hastalık ön tanısıyla Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarına gönderilen 1040 hastanın serum örneklerinde antinötrofil sitoplazmik antikorlar indirekt immunfloresans yöntemi ile incelenmiş, hedef antijenleri ve nötrofillerde oluşturdukları paternlere göre sitoplazmik cANCA veya perinükleer pANCA varlığı kalitatif olarak belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Toplam 1040 hastanın 44’ünde % 4,2 antinötrofil sitoplazmik antikorlar pozitif olarak bulunmuştur. Bunlar içinde 34’ü % 3,2 pANCA, 10’u % 1,0 cANCA’dır. Bu 44 hastanın 10’u % 22,7 kronik akciğer hastalığı, 5’i % 11,3 bağ dokusu hastalığı, 5’i % 11,3 artrit, 5’i % 11,3 sistemik hastalıklar, 4’ü % 9,09 romatoid artrit, 4’ü % 9,09 vaskülit, 4’ü % 9,09 iridosiklit, 2’si % 4,5 sistemik lupus eritematosus SLE , 2’si % 4,5 mikroskopik polianjitis, 2’si % 4,5 ülseratif kolit, 1’i % 2,2 lokalize skleroderma tanısı almıştır. Sonuç: ANCA pozitifliğinin özellikle vaskülitler başta olmak üzere otoimmün hastalıklarda tanı açısından önemli bir yeri vardır. ANCA tayini klinik tanıya yardımcı olarak araştırılması gereken önemli bir otoantikordur. Elde ettiğimiz veriler, hastanemizde ANCA testlerinin maliyet etkin kullanım politikalarının gözden geçirilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır

Background: Different serological tests are used in serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. The most widely used of these are Standard Tube Agglutination and Coombs anti-brucella tests. Whereas ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests have been in use for a long time, immuncapture agglutination test has been recently introduced and used in serological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic values of ELISA Ig M and Ig G and immuncapture agglutination tests with Coombs anti-brucella test.Methods: Sera from 200 patients with presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis were included into the study. Coombs anti-brucella test, ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests and Immuncapture test were investigated in these sera. Then, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values were calculated.Results: Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values were found to be 90,6 %, 76,3 %, 94,2 %, and 65,9 % respectively for the Immuncapture test, whereas they were found to be 73,7 %, 58,9 %, 84,2 %, and 42,8 % for Ig G and 72,2 %, 67,8 %, 85,2 %, and 48,7 % for Ig M. The Immuncapture test was found to be compatible with ELISA Ig M and Ig G tests but it was statistically incompatible with Coombs anti-brucella test.Conclusions: Immuncapture agglutination test yields similar results to those of Coombs anti-brucella test. This test is a useful test by virtue of the fact that it determines blocking antibodies in the diagnosis and follow-up of brucellosis.

Endülüs tarihine dair gerek Endülüslüler, gerekse Endülüslü olmayanlar tarafından birçok eser telif edilmiştir. Bunların bir kısmı günümüze kadar ulaşmamış veya kayıp durumdadır. Bu makelede bizzat Endülüslüler tarafından kaleme alınmış ve günümüze kadar ulaşmış kaynaklar tanıtılacaktır. Tabakat-teracim kitapları, fihristler, edebiyat tarihleri, fezail risaleleri, coğrafya ve seyahat kitapları, hukuk metinleri ile ilgili eserler kısaca tanıtılmaya çalışılacaktır

Aims: Hip fracture is the most serious complication of osteoporosis and the most disabling type of fracture. In this study, we aimed to compare femoral geometry in hip fractured male patients aged more than 65 years old with age matched controls. Patients and Methods: 20 male patients with a history of nontraumatic hip fracture and 19 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Bone mineral density of neck and trochanter of hip were measured by DEXA. In addition to BMD, an experienced radiologist measured proximal femur geometric parameters potentially involved in bone strength. Results: Mean BMDs of trochanteric region were not significantly different between groups, but mean BMDs of neck region were statistically significantly lower in the hip fractured group. Neck shaft angle and femur shaft width were the geometric parameters found to be significantly higher in the hip fractured group. The correlation between femur geometric and the anthropometric measurements was present only in the kontrol group. Conclusion: We concluded that besides femur geometric measurements, correlation between these measurements might be an important factors for the fracture risk. (From the World of Osteoporosis 2007;13:15-8)

In this article the experience of Andalus has been examined, in terms of “violence” which is relatively suited for an objective and descriptive expression. When doing this, first of all it has been tried to find the answer of how and what kind of violence in Andalus has been used in the disagreements and conflicts taken place between central administaiton and opposite groups, between two opposite groups, or between the central administration and free non-Muslim subjects (dhimmî). Besides, the struggles between the Muslim rulers in Andalus and the Christian kings in the North have been also examined with respect of the same question, and the reason and method of Christian Spain in its applying to violence within itself in its relations with the Muslim and Jewish communities who were the human heritage of Andalus have been dealt with

Tunus Kuzey Afrika'nın Akdeniz kıyısında olan ülkelerden birisidir. Doğusunda Trablusgarp (Libya), Akdeniz; batısında Cezayir; kuzeyinde Akdeniz ile çevrilidir. Osmanlılar, Doğu ve Batı Akdeniz'i kontrol eden Malta-Sicilya-Tunus üçgeninin bir ucunu teşkil eden bu yerin Akdeniz hakimiyeti için önemini anladılar. Devlet hizmetine giren Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa ilk seferini Tunus'a yaptı ve 1534 yılı sonlarına doğru Tunus ve limana hakim Halkulvad (Goulette) Osmanlı ülkesine katıldı. Fakat ertesi yıl, 1335 yazında bu bölge İspanyollar tarafından geri alındı. 1569 yılına kadar İspanyollarla yapılan mücadeleler sonunda Halkulvad hariç Tunus tekrar ele geçirildi. Uzun süren Tunus'un fethi işini sonuçlandırmak üzere; 1574 yılında Yemen fatihi Koca Sinan Paşa ve Kaptan-ı Derya Kılıç Ali Paşa görevlendirildiler. Aynı yıl Tunus tamamen ele geçirildi. 1881 yılında Fransızlar tarafından işgal edilinceye kadar 307 sene Osmanlı Devleti hakimiyetinde kaldı.