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This study investigates the establishment of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in Slovakia during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic from 1918 to 1938. It examines the centralist approach employed by the party to manage the Slovak provincial organization, which eventually clashed with the predominantly nationalist-driven efforts of the Slovak party leadership. The tensions between the Czech and Slovak parts of the party arose due to the absence of a provincial party executive committee, a lack of programmatic theses that considered the specific needs of the region, unresolved issues of financing the party's activities, and differing views on the political competences of the central and provincial party centres. These issues led to an internal party crisis in Slovakia in the mid-1930s, which was resolved by loosening the Slovak party organization's ties to Prague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Czech and Slovak National Socialists began to build a provincial party organisation in Slovakia shortly after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1919. Party structures were created mainly in eastern and western Slovakia in localities where a larger community of Czechs lived and partici- pated in the building of modern Slovakia. While on a local and regional scale the work was quite successful, despite the negative impact of relatively frequent reorganisation, and the county-based branches of the organisational structure proved their viability in particular. The Bratislava provincial party headquar- ters were slow and difficult to form due to Prague-centric tendencies in party management, intra-party disputes, and cadre deficits. The functionality of the provincial organisation was severely limited by the poor morale of the socially weak membership base, and the excessive dependence on party leadership in Prague, which was unable to fully meet the needs of the party in Slovakia. The success of the organisational efforts can be characterised as the establishment of a relatively branched system of affiliated (satellite) organisations, which, although not large in number, had a positive effect on the expansion of the party's electorate and its membership base. The organisational construction of the provincial organisation of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in Slovakia was limited primarily by its Czechoslovak, socialist, and progressive programmatic orientation, which did not correspond with the thinking of the majority of Slovak society. As a result, its membership remained relatively small throughout the lifespan of the Slovak provincial organisation of the party and its political position and importance in the Slovak party-political system remained more or less marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Slovak and Subcarpathian Ruthenia bishops of the Catholic and Greek Catholic Churches published a pastoral letter in November 1924 to respond to the fact that some members of these churches were members of communist, socialist or progressive organizations that rejected belief in God, criticizing the churches from atheistic positions and striving to create a secular society. The socialists, in an effort to expand their membership and electorate, went so far as to formally present themselves with Christian symbolism, which was supposed to deceive Catholics in a difficult social position and attract them to their ranks. The bishops reflected on this fact and, through the Pastoral Letter, explained to the members of their churches the destructiveness of socialist and progressive theories and recommended that they leave antiCatholic organizations. Those Catholics who deliberately failed to take their teachings and warnings into account had to expect that the church would not administer certain sacraments to them. The publication of the Pastoral Letter provoked a fierce reaction in socialist and progressive circles as an attack against the state, its constitution and laws, the government and the democratic system that threatened the very existence of the Republic. The Pastoral Letter and its authors, the Catholic Church, the Holy See and Czech and Slovak political Catholicism were violently attacked by journalists and it triggered a press affair. Subsequently, the question time of German Social Democrats in the Chamber of Deputies resulted in a government crisis solved not only by the government, parliament, and political parties, but also by the so-called Pětka (Committee of Five) as the supreme body of Czechoslovak politics. The search for a way out of the government crisis showed that the socialists, especially the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, did not want to defend their own ideology in the case, but used the publication of the Letter to pressure the Czechoslovak People’s Party, which, as part of the government coalition and the Švehla government, hindered the solution of the issue of regulating the relationship between the state and the Catholic Church. They wanted to force a change in its attitude by acting tactically with the idea of a minority government without the participation of the Czechoslovak People’s Party. However, the Czechoslovak People’s Party’s leaders handled the difficult situation it found itself in due to pressure from its coalition partners and the Catholic Slovak People’s Party and the Prague radical wing of its own party formed around Rudolf Horský, thanks to the prudent policy of its chairman Jan Šrámek. Although it agreed to negotiate a regulation of the relationship between the state and the churches, it defended the membership of the Czechoslovak People’s Party in the governing coalition, agreed to prosecute only those priests who manifestly violated the law and defended the right of bishops to act independently in public within the limits of the law. The article analyses and evaluates the attitudes and behaviour of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the question whether the Church᾽s posthumous respect for the founder of the Orthodox Church in the Czech lands, Matěj Pavlík (later Bishop Gorazd), in the second half of the 20th century has the features of natural esteem and gratitude for his merits, or whether the features of a cult of personality prevail. The manifestations of respect for Gorazd II and his life work have been apparent since 1945, when World War II ended. Their organizer was primarily the Orthodox Church itself. The Church presented the bishop in two ways: 1) as the founder and most important figure in the history of Czech Orthodoxy, and 2) as an Orthodox martyr, Czech patriot and a warrior against fascism who sacrificed his life for this idea. However, the second interpretation very soon prevailed. From February 1948, the cult of bishop Gorazd as a warrior against fascism took over, supported and enhanced by official communist propaganda. This was due to the fact that the leaders of the Orthodox Church fully supported the idea of socialism in Czechoslovakia. The above-mentioned cult of bishop Gorazd was linked to the myth of the Orthodox Church as a progressive, patriotic, and national church, which, in the years of war, sacrificed the most for the Czech nation and its future. Our research has confirmed the efforts to create a cult of a warrior against fascism and to forcibly update his life work so that it would appear to be conforming to the goals of a socialist political regime, which was, outside the public space, complemented with highlighting the features legitimizing his sacralisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings forward an outline of history of the so-called old urban middle class in the post-WWII Czechoslovakia, i.e., during the first period of the formation of 'People's Democracy' [...]

Copyright of Cultural History / Kultúrne Dejiny / Kulturgeschichte is the property of Verbum - Vydavatel'stvo KU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the eastern territory of the Czechoslovak Republic, after its establishment and after the end of the Great War, the Orthodox Church, suppressed by the adoption of what was called the Union of Uzhhorod (1646), started to revive. The evolving Orthodox movement, characterized by a wave of conversion of the population from the Greek Catholic Church to Orthodoxy, and often connected with the forcible seizure of the churches, parishes, and property of the Uniates, was faced by both the authorities in Prague and locally with the aim of calming the situation and organizing the Orthodox Church. Bishop Gorazd (Pavlík) was also involved in this effort in the mid- 1920s as the supreme representative of the Czech Orthodox eparchy. His involvement in Subcarpathian Ruthenia went through a development symbolized by terms as an observer, organizer, and beholder. This paper evokes his interventions in the development of those times and evaluates their quality. Bishop Gorazd came into contact with the Orthodox movement in Subcarpathian Ruthenia in the early 1920s. The focus of his local involvement dates back to 1926 – 1931, when the Ministry of Education entrusted him with the role of an unofficial government representative for this territory in the affairs of the Orthodox Church. At the same time, he served as a supervisor of Serbian bishops, who served as delegates to the Serbian Orthodox Church. The bishop made a significant contribution to the establishment of the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo and to ensuring its economic operation. The accession of Bishop Damaskin (Grdanički) to the position of the first official patriarch of the Orthodox Church in Subcarpathian Ruthenia ended Gorazd’s official engagement, and he continued to have only friendly contacts with the local Orthodox community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before World War I, Czech political Catholicism had gone through a process of establishing independent political parties (in the 1890s) that subsequently became a constituent part of the Czech--and Austrian--political [...]

Czech historiography shows certain deficits in the sphere of interest in the topic of the political organization of the social class of traders, craftsmen and merchants at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At the same time, the middle class is important for the stability of society. The processes of political differentiation taking place in the Czech lands since the 1890s affected this social class with an almost tenyear time lag. They were strongly affected by the consequences of the electoral reform of 1907, which meant a transition from a curial electoral system to elections based on universal suffrage. Almost all relevant political parties responded to the reform by setting up affiliated organizations for traders. Part of the trade movement rejected the behaviour of political parties and, as an alternative to it, followed the principle of an estates organization for a long time. It sought to establish a political party, the membership base of which would consist exclusively of members of the trade estate. The consequence of these processes was the organizational and political fragmentation of traders and the emergence of political competition perceived as a weakening in the promotion of small-scale production interests. We consider the establishment of the Progressive and Independent Czech Traders' Party (Strana pokrokového a neodvislého živnostnictva českého) to be the first attempt to form an estates political party of traders. It appeared in the political system of Bohemia for a short time from 1903 to 1907. It was an honorary-type political party (or a pre-party formation), whose membership base mainly came from the territory of southern Bohemia, although its ambitions extended to expanding its scope to the entire territory of the country. It presented the economic programme of Czech traders and wanted to take a leading position within the trade movement. It declared the main goal of its activity to be the representation of traders at the Bohemian Diet and the Imperial Council through deputies professionally associated with the small-scale producers' class, while their political profile was not yet a decisive criterion for their selection. The organizers of other estates political parties of traders, established after 1907 and operated in the period before the First World War, drew on the experience of the party. The failure of the Progressive and Independent Czech Traders' Party strengthened the process of seeking political identity in parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life and work of the lawyer, politician and publicist Aleksey Yulianovich Gerovskiy was influenced by his family affiliation. Many members of his extended family were persecuted and punished by the Habsburg Monarchy regime due to their Russophile political orientation and activities. Gerovskiy himself was imprisoned in 1913 for allegedly preparing a coup to annexe Transcarpathia to the Russian Empire. He managed to escape from prison and emigrated to Russia, where he experienced both revolutions. During the Civil War, he joined the White Army fighting the Bolsheviks. After its defeat, he found a new home in Carpathian Ruthenia, which became an integral part of the newly formed Czechoslovak Republic. He was an intellectually gifted, organisationally capable, and extremely active man who, since the early 1920s, devoted all his efforts to the idea of promoting the Carpathian Ruthenia autonomy within the Czechoslovak Republic. He believed that the Czech political elites deliberately refused to grant autonomous status to the territory, thereby violating the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He had a wide network of international contacts and constantly established new ones with the aim of creating political pressure on the Prague government and especially Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš, which would force them to change their policy towards Carpathian Ruthenia. He also subordinated his involvement towards this goal in the then rapidly developing Orthodox movement. He first tried to establish his connection with the Russian Orthodox Church, but when that failed, his efforts were aimed at supporting the goals of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia. He directed the activities of the Central Executive Committee of the Religious Communities of the Carpathian Ruthenia Church, which he headed, in its intentions. Gerovskiy's anti-Czechoslovak activities serving the interests of the enemies of the successor state and the irredenta in 1927 resulted in the loss of citizenship, forced departure to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and finally to the USA. However, even then, he did not give up on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study concentrates on the analysis of "Operation 100", which was drafted by the Communist Czech and Slovak State and party authorities in 1951 in the connection to the attempts for consolidation of the situation in Eastern Slovakia after dissolution the Greek Catholic Church. It was believed by the organisers that after the liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church (1950), the fusion of two Churches would take place very quickly and the believers would be transferred to the successor Orthodox Church. The reality of the years 1950-1951 was, however, different and the organisers needed to prevent a scandal. One of the solutions was a forced resettlement of all the priests (without reference to their age, health condition, or civil profession), who rejected to convert to the Orthodox Church. The "State Church office" in Prague in cooperation with their colleagues in the Bratislava branch drafted in mid-1951 a plan called "Operation 100", on the basis of which the priests were supposed to be moved to the Czech lands, especially the border areas, with their families (originally about 100 priests). The aim was to incorporate them into Czech society as workers. The plan was implemented in 1951-1952. The study analyses the conditions, course of events and the aftermath of the resettlement and hints at the circumstances of the 1956/1962 revision of the persecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to the problem of modernism in the work of the first patriarch Karel Farsky. The aim is to delineate specific moments that are characteristic of his thought within the framework of modernism in theology. The study does not aim to place Farsky within a historical context, but in the context of the history of thought. The figure of Alfred Loisy is also used for comparison with the direction of modernism in a wider European context. In several places the work draws on the conclusions of two already published studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main study objective was to describe the differences of selected foot morphological parameters in terms of laterality in present elderly women. Methodology: Research group consisted of 310 elderly women attending the University of the Third Age of the Faculty of Physical Culture of the Palacký University in Olomouc. A podograph (Capron Podologie, France) was used to acquire footprints using the plantographic method. Length, width and angle parameters and the Chippaux-Smiřák index were evaluated using the NOHA program to assess the longitudinal foot arch condition. We used basic descriptive statistics to describe acquired measurements. T-test for independent samples was used to determine the differences between the right and left foot. Results: The elderly women had the highest incidence of the normally arched longitudinal foot arch second degree (Right: 51.3%, Left: 57.4%). When evaluating the average values of the Chippaux-Šmiřák index (Right: 35.7% ± 9.8%; Left: 34.1% ± 11.2%), significant differences (p = 0.00054) between the right and left foot were found. The average big toe rightward misalignment was 9.8° ± 8.1° and leftward misalignment was 10.7° ± 8.9°. The average little toe angle misalignment was 17.5° ± 6.8° (R) and 16.9° ± 6.8° (L). Conclusions: More than 80% of elderly women attending U3A had normally arched foot second degree (N2). Statistically significant differences in relation to the laterality were found in the forefoot length, heel angle, foot angle and the Chippaux-Smirak index. The big and little toe misalignment in terms of laterality may be assessed as similar, without any significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historica Olomucensia: Journal for Central European History is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study intends to reconstruct the trip of a squire-vicar of the Orthodox eparchy of Michalovce, Metod (Kančuha), into the American Carpatho-Russian diocese, in the jurisdiction of Constantinople Patriachate, and to Johnstown, in Penssylvania, in the USA, in 1964, which, in fact, changed into an emigration. One year later, he came back to his home country, because of an amnesty by the president, but the totalitarian regime and the leadership of the Church precluded him, in consequence, from a return to his pastoral activities. The case is set within the broader contexts of the squire’s life story. The study has the character of a primal outline of the problematic, with the aim of summing up the known facts to date, detect any empty spaces and identify follow-up research for this topic, concerning the history of the Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia, in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manuscrits: Revista d'Historia Moderna is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historiographical problems also include a problem of the jurisdictional affiliation of Orthodox Christians in the territory of Czechoslovakia in the inter-war period, or the conflict between the Serbian and Constantinopolitan Orthodox Churches over the administration of the Orthodox community in the aforementioned territory. As a matter of fact, up to the present, both the Orthodox themselves and historiography have been tackling this problem with difficulties. They have mostly tried to solve it by one-sided preference of one or the other side and have interpreted and evaluated the activities of both Orthodox factions, symbolized by the personalities of bishops Gorazd and Sawatij, accordingly. In this context, the need for a deeper knowledge of the life and work of archimandrite Sawatij (whose civil name was Antonín Vrabec), the most important figure of the early Orthodox Church after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, is also becoming urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historica Olomucensia: Journal for Central European History is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Securitas Imperii is the property of Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the testimony of the personal doctors of Rudolf II, the fatally ill emperor remained fully conscious until his death in Prague Castle on 20 January 1612 between six and seven o’clock in the morning. The contents of the autopsy report suggest that neither an advanced infectious, probably syphilitic disease, nor tuberculosis, as was claimed both in older and more recent specialized literature, could have been the only cause of Rudolf II’s death. While the health of the emperor was also affected by respiratory and digestive diseases, his death may have been accelerated by heart disease. After the autopsy, embalmment and dressing of Rudolf II’s dead body, it was publicly exposed in the audience hall on the second floor of Prague Castle South Wing on 21 January. During the night before 6 February the corpse was carried through the Vladislav Hall to the All Saints’ Church in Prague Castle where it was temporarily shown in an open coffin. The celebrations of the immortality of the deceased emperor’s social body culminated in Catholic funeral services in Antwerp, Brussels, Florence, Madrid, Prague and cities of the Holy Roman Empire. Each of these last farewells to Rudolf II differed in timing, expense, attendance of funeral guests and dramaturgy of symbolical ceremonies. From the display of his corpse until the requiems, Rudolf II entered the collective memory of contemporaries as a virtuous monarch, Christian knight and a fighter for the Catholic confession, who by the grace of God took over the sovereign efforts of his famous ancestors from the Habsburg dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of building design codes using allowable stress method (ASM) and limit states method (LSM) standards must feature safety considerations for the load and resistance factors. The American Institute of Steel Construction's load factor design standards have been criticized for failing to consider such safety precautions. Extensive engineering research and experience as established as vital factors in developing such standards.

Die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten von wetterfestem Stahl sind im Vergleich mit herkömmlichem Kohlenstoffstahl erheblich niedriger. Trotzdem muss beim Konstruktionsentwurf ein möglicher Einfluss von Korrosion auf die zuverlässig funktionierende Konstruktion für den gesamten Zeitraum ihrer geplanten Nutzungsdauer berücksichtigt werden. Bei der praktischen Gestaltung wird der Einfluss der angenommenen Korrosionsverluste für gewöhnlich über Dickenzuschläge eliminiert, welche zur Dicke der Elemente, die durch statische Berechnung ermittelt wurde, addiert werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung der Dickenzuschläge angeführt, die bei Entwürfen für Brückenkonstruktionen aus wetterfestem Stahl genutzt werden kann. Dies wird an Hand eines Modellbeispiels erklärt. Design of corrosion allowances on weathering steel bridges. The corrosion rate of the weathering steel is considerably lower than that of the standard carbon steel. Nevertheless possible effects of corrosion losses on reliable service of the structure throughout the designed service life should be considered when designing the structures. In practice, the effects of the expected corrosion losses are typically eliminated by corrosion allowances which are added to the thickness of the element calculated in static analyses. This paper introduces a new method used for calculation of corrosion allowances on weathering steel bridges. This will be explained using an example of a bridge structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitude of Czechoslovakian politician Tomáš G. Masaryk and the Czech Realist political faction toward Roman Catholic Modernism as a clerical movement for reform. Topics include Masaryk's religious views, the thought of theologian Albert Ehrhard, and the role of atheism in the political party Česká strana lidová (Czech People's Party).

The article presents a profile of Czech archbishop František Kordač, professor of Christian philosophy in the theological faculty of Charles University in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and the 26th archbishop of Prague. Kordač is described as an uncompromising and inflexible ascetic and scholar who was taken up with the social problems resulting from industrialization. His political work in unifying the Catholic political parties in the years prior to World War I is reviewed. A summary of his education and career as a professor and as a politically involved clergyman is provided.

Powerful computers on each designer’s desk, improvements in simulation technique, and advances in the reliability assessment theory make it possible to consider a transition from prescriptive concepts, such as partial factor design (PFD), to fully probabilistic concepts applicable in design practice, such as the feasible simulation-based reliability assessment (SBRA) method. Using a pilot example, the main differences between the PFD assessment procedure and SBRA procedure are demonstrated and described. Attention is focused on the substance of individual steps starting with the assignment (including a representation of loading, mechanical, and geometrical properties of the structure and characteristics of imperfections) and concluding the comparison with safety limits expressed vis-à-vis PFD by a ratio of demand and capacity (to be less than 1.0) and regarding SBRA by comparing the probability of failure Pf and design (target) probability Pd, i.e., Pfd. The potential, efficiency, and advantages of the proposed SBRA method are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing structures for longer life requires that a reliable means be developed to predict the mechanisms related to durability. The paper introduces the simulation-based reliability assessment (SBRA) method for the probabilistic prediction of chloride diffusion. Data are presented from the in-place measurement of chloride penetration and concrete cover from more than 200 samples taken from 40 bridge decks in the northeastern U.S. The bridge decks were constructed under identical construction and design specifications over a 13-year period and exposed to deicing salts as well as normal environmental cycles. The paper illustrates the effect of variations in diffusion coefficients and cover depths using histograms. The research used Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate Fick's second law using an expansion solution to Crank's error function. The result shows that the initiation of corrosion from the diffusion of chlorides can be delayed for decades by using high-performance concrete with lower diffusion coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we will try to describe and explain the relationship between the Nitra canon Andrej Cvinček (1880 – 1949) and Jan Šrámek (1870 – 1956), the chairman of the Czechoslovak People’s Party (ČSL). It must be said at the outset that this is a rather complex topic, because there are not enough archival sources regarding their cooperation. In particular, sources of a letter nature are absent, which are of key and irreplaceable importance for the analysis of personalities’ relationships. However, the correspondence from the first two years of operation of the Slovak ČSL was preserved. Although the letters are mainly of a formal nature, they also tell about the opinions and plans of both politicians. They reveal their character, human qualities, work commitment and approach to party problems, thanks to which we also gain a better clarification of the beginnings of the ČSL in Slovakia. It is a set of seventeen letters from the period 1927 – 1929, which have not been the subject of deeper reflection in either Slovak or Czech historiography. According to the preserved correspondence, Cvinček and Šrámek met from December 27, 1926 in Brno and worked on the party’s Slovak program. Cvinček was gradually profiled as the spiritus movens of the party in Slovakia. In addition to the creation of the political program, personal matters also rested on his shoulders, which increased his authority. He became the manager of the ČSL in Slovakia. The article shows how Canon Andrej Cvinček was an important and necessary support for the party chairman Jan Šrámek in the beginnings of the Slovak ČSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents an analysis of satirical images published during the election campaign in May 1946. Both the National Socialists and the Communists addressed their readers in their party newspapers with humorous images that not only illustrated the main ideas of the political subjects, but also became an important part of the electoral contest. The images mocked current events and political actors in an ironic way and engaged readers directly in the campaign. The party newspapers were not restrained about attacking their opponents and associating them with the tragic events of the Second World War. The objective of the study was to subject the images to a discursive and comparative analysis and to ascertain whether there were similarities in the published drawings during the election campaign that could assist in comprehending the manner in which political communication was conducted at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]