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ABSTRACT Purpose: To histologically quantify the different tissues that make up the porcine ureter, (epithelial, connective, and muscular tissue) in the three segments labelled: cranial, middle and caudal, in order to identify the segment most compatible for use as a vascular graft. Methods: Fifteen porcine ureters were collected, divided into the three segments, and the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red and Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin. The immunohistochemistry technique was applied for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Collagen fibers, muscle, epithelium, and elastic fibers tissue were quantified, in the entire ureter, and divided into hemispheres, comparing the different segments. Results: When comparing hemisphere segments, significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) for collagen and muscle tissue, with the cranial segment presenting the greatest amount of these components when compared to the middle and caudal. No significant difference was observed between the segments when comparing the entire ureters. Conclusions: After comparing the segments by hemisphere, the cranial segment presented a slight advantage for use as a vascular graft due to presenting greater collagen fiber content.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To test the use of rainbow trout skin as a surgical mesh in abdominal hernioplasties in rats. Methods: The experiment involved 20 Wistar rats receiving implants of trout skin processed for disinfection in 0.5% glutaraldehyde and preserved in 100% glycerin. The animals were divided into four groups, divided at 7, 15, 30, and 90 days postoperatively. Clinical and infrared thermography evaluations were performed, and after euthanasia, assessments of adhesion formations and sample collection for histological evaluation were conducted. Results: The implant was observed to be intact, ensuring the integrity of the abdominal wall, support for the viscera, and normal mobility for the rats for up to 90 days. Low rates of clinical alterations were observed, with an intense inflammatory reaction up to day 7, chronic inflammation and the onset of angiogenesis at day 15, and a low inflammatory reaction with collagenous infiltrate and fibrosis at day 30. At day 90, the implants showed a collagenous and fibrotic infiltrate with a minimal inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusions: The surgical mesh of trout skin performed well, making it a potential alternative for surgical procedures in muscle aponeurotic corrections in the abdominal wall.

Purpose: Despite the high frequency of hernioplasties worldwide, their complications and recurrences are still a challenge to be overcome. The search for prostheses that aim to promote the correction of hernia defects has been a challenge. For this purpose, the materials used in hernioplasties must be biocompatible, promote the formation of little or no peritoneal adhesion, possess compatible texture and flexibility, providing the necessary resistance to protect the viscera and allow the movement of the abdomen. Methods: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bubble plastic (low density polyethylene, LDPE) as a material for the correction of hernia in the abdominal wall. For this, twenty male rats (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar variety) were used and divided into four groups of five animals. The animals were evaluated at 7, 15, 30 and 90 days after surgery according to clinical, thermographic and morphological parameters (macroscopic and microscopic). Results: The results showed that the bubble plastic induced inflammatory reaction in the initial period (7 day), followed by a reduction (30 day) to increase considerably at 90 days after the operation. Conclusion: So, bubble plastic can be used for temporary implants (up to 30 days).

New Zealand rabbits are widely used as experimental models and represent an important casuistic in veterinary practices. The musculoskeletal conformation of rabbits frequently leads to the occurrence of lumbosacral lesions with neural involvement. In order to contribute to the comparative anatomy and the understanding of these lesions, the origin and distribution of the obturator nerves of 30 New Zealand rabbits (15 males and 15 females) previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde were studied by dissection. The obturator nerves were originated from the ventral spinal branches of L6 and L7 in 63.3% of the cases, L5 and L6 in 13.4%, only L7 in 13.4%, L7 and S1 in 6.6 % and of L6, L7 and S1 in 3.3%. The spinal segment that most contributed to the formation of the nerve was L7 (86.6% of the nerves). The obturator nerves emitted in all the specimens, a variable number of branches for the internal obturator, external obturator, pectineum, adductor and gracilis muscles. No significant differences were observed between the frequencies of the origin and muscular branches of the obturator nerves when comparing sex and antimers. Keywords: animal anatomy; lagomorphs; lumbosacral plexus; nervous system; Oryctolagus cuniculus

Six thoracic limbs from four Leopardus geoffroyi specimens were dissected in order to describe origin and distribution of nerves forming the brachial plexuses. The brachial plexus is a result of connections between ventral branches of the last four cervical nerves (C5, C6, C7 and C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). These branches are the origin of the suprascapularis, subscapularis, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves to the intrinsic musculature, and form the brachiocephalicus, thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, long thoracic, cranial pectoral and caudal pectoral nerves to the extrinsic musculature. The C7 ventral branch is mainly responsible for formation of nerves (70.5%), followed by C8 (47.4%), C6 (29.5%), T1 (19.2%) and C5 (7.7%). From 78 dissected nerves, 65.4% of nerves resulted from a combination of two or three branches, while only 34.6% of nerves originated from a single branch. Through comparison with other carnivoran species, the origin and innervation area of the Geoffroyi's Cat brachial plexus were most similar to those of the domestic cat, particularly among those nerves extended to the intrinsic musculature. The results of this study suggest that nerve block techniques currently used in dogs and cats might be efficient in Geoffroyi's Cat too.Keywords: Animal anatomy; Pampa's biome; Wild carnivores; Wild felines

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a anatomia da glândula parótida de cabras da raça Saanen, onde foram utilizadas vinte e seis cabeças de cabras domésticas, de ambos os sexos, onde as glândulas e seus ductos foram dissecados para realização da mensuração e determinação de sua morfologia, assim como o trajeto percorrido pelo ducto. Foram encontrados valores próximos, indicando simetria bilateral da glândula parótidas nestes animais, apresentando sucinto formato de “Y”. Seu ducto parte da extremidade ventral da glândula, seguindo lateralmente ao ângulo da mandíbula contornando o masseter, onde abaixo do músculo zigomático, desemboca na cavidade oral, na papila parotídea.

ABSTRACT. Lima A.M., Ferreira L.T., Silva S.C., Jorge S.F., Ramos M.T., Pascon J.P.E., Moreira R.M. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. [Electrocardiographic evaluation in dogs of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro.] Avaliação eletrocardiográfica em cães da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 38(Supl.2):61-66, 2016. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23897-970, Brasil. E-mail: marceloabidu@gmail.com In Rio de Janeiro, the Army, the Military Police and the Municipal Guard use dogs for routine patrol and detection of drugs, weapons, explosives and people. The most used breeds are German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Malinois Belgian Shepherd, Dutch Shepherd, and Doberman. Although these animals follow a protocol of physical activity, the kennel does not include a routine cardiovascular assessment and preventive hematologic exams. Forty four adult dogs were used, 13 Labrador Retrievers, 12 Malinois Belgian Shepherds, 10 German Shepherds, eight Dobermans and five Dutch Shepherds, all clinically healthy and from the Military Police Battalion of Action with Dogs of the Rio de Janeiro state. The animals underwent computed electrocardiographic and hematological evaluations. All electrocardiographic variables were correlated with body weight. Among the five breeds evaluated in the present study, only the Labrador breed showed a positive correlation between the duration of the QT interval and weight. The other electrocardiographic variables did not show any correlation with body weight. There were differences in the electrical shaft angle in Dobermann breed dogs. Labrador breed dogs showed the highest values for P wave amplitude and the breed Dobermann the lowest values. Breed dogs Labrador and German Shepherd showed the highest values for R wave amplitude and the breed Dobermann the lowest values. The QT segment as Labrador breed dogs is directly proportional to body weight.

ABSTRACT. Rocha P.S., Araújo G.V.D., Sinquini P.H.C., Ferreira L.T., Santos C.M., Souza-Júnior P. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. [Compared craniometry in the Brazilian shorthair and Siamese cats.] Craniometria comparada em gatos Pelo Curto Brasileiro e Siamês. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária 38(Supl.2):57- 60, 2016. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropé- dica, RJ 23897-970, Brasil. E-mail: marceloabidu@gmail.com The phenotypic appearance of the feline head depends on the shape of the skull and is strongly related to breed specific skeletal features. The aim of this study was to compare the craniometric measurements in Brazilian Shorthairs and Siamese cats. The dissections were performed in 30 cadavers, 15 Brazilian Shorthair (“PCB”) - seven males and eight females and 15 cadavers of Siameses, seven females and eight males. Cats were positioned in right lateral decubitus and made a chest incision for removal from 6th to 10th ribs to cannulation of the thoracic aorta. Then, through the cannula the animals were fixed with formaldehyde 10% solution. After five days immersed in formaldehyde 10% solution, all the animals were washed in running water to conduct craniometry. The craniometric measurements were compared between sexes and races by unpaired t test. In the present study it was observed that the males of the Siamese breed showed skull length and width face larger than females.

ABSTRACT. Grillo G.F., Guimarães A.L.L., Couto S.R.B., Abidu-Figueiredo M. & Palhano H.B. [Comparison of pregnancy rate between heifers, primiparous and multiparous Nellore submitted to artificial insemination fixed time.] Comparação da taxa de prenhez entre novilhas, primíparas e múltíparas da raça Nelore submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(3):193-197, 2015. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. Email: helcimarpalhano@gmail.com The aim of this study was evaluate the reproductive performance of cows from Nelore in a program fixed time artificial insemination (TAI) pregnancy rates by comparing the categories of heifers, primiparous and multiparous. For the experiment, we used the Nellore females belonging to the same herd on property located in the coastal lowlands of the state of Rio de Janeiro, kept on pasture divided into three groups and submitted to the same synchronization protocol for TAI (D0- 2,0 mg of estradiol benzoate + bovine intravaginal device with 1.0g progesterone, D8- implant removal + 250μg of cloprostenol + 300 IU eCG, D9- 1.0 mg.of Bz. estradiol, D10- IATF). The groups were divided according to rank, in group I, n=150 heifers, group II, n=150 primiparous group III, n=181 multiparous all with body condition score (BCS with 1-5 scale) ≥ 2,0. The overall pregnancy rate was 86% (129:150), 45.3% (41:150) and 76.8% (139:181) to groups I, II and III, respectively. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and the results indicated a statistically significant difference (P

The present study aimed to describe the disposition and amount of circumvallate lingual papillae in Saanen goats using 26 goat tongues from the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Morphology of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, which were previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for later dissection of tongues that were removed from the oral cavity for the necessary studies. After identification, morphometric data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis for further description. In descriptive statistics, the mean of 17.85 was close to the median of 17.5 and the overall dispersion (standard deviation) was relatively low (2.24), which represents a coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.8 %. Confidence interval for mean with 95 % with 99 % confidence was also performed. Regarding the distribution of papillae, 21 tongues (80.7 %) of the total samples were located on the side of the tongue root, 3 tongues (11.5%) were distributed on the side of the tongue root, migrating toward the tongue median sagittal plane, 1 tongue (3.8 %) was located in the concave position on the side of the tongue root and 1 tongue (3.8 %) was disposed on the sides of the tongue, with some papillae arranged close to the region of the tongue median sagittal plane.

The present study aimed to describe the disposition and amount of circumvallate lingual papillae in Saanen goats using 26 goat tongues from the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Morphology of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, which were previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for later dissection of tongues that were removed from the oral cavity for the necessary studies. After identification, morphometric data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis for further description. In descriptive statistics, the mean of 17.85 was close to the median of 17.5 and the overall dispersion (standard deviation) was relatively low (2.24), which represents a coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.8 %. Confidence interval for mean with 95 % with 99 % confidence was also performed. Regarding the distribution of papillae, 21 tongues (80.7 %) of the total samples were located on the side of the tongue root, 3 tongues (11.5%) were distributed on the side of the tongue root, migrating toward the tongue median sagittal plane, 1 tongue (3.8 %) was located in the concave position on the side of the tongue root and 1 tongue (3.8 %) was disposed on the sides of the tongue, with some papillae arranged close to the region of the tongue median sagittal plane.

The aim of this study was to describe the main branches of the basilar artery, formation of the arterial circuit and the morphometry of the brain in adult crossbreed horses of both sexes. The setting was made by plastic tube inserted into the common carotid artery with 10% formaldehyde solution. After fixed, latex solution stained with pigment was injected. Craniotomy, morphometry of the brain and dissection were made to identify the main branches of the basilar arteries and the formation of the arterial circuit. The mean and standard error of the mean of the basilar artery was 3.629 cm ± 0.1550 in males and 4.423 cm ± 0.1990 in females (p=0.0037). In all animals the basilar artery originated from the fusion of the vertebral arteries giving rise to caudal cerebellar arteries, different numbers of branches to bulbus and pons, terminal branches and rostral cerebellar arteries. The arteries of the base of the brain depended on the carotid and vertebral-basilar systems. The brain circuit was closed rostrally and caudally in all horses.

ABSTRACT. Correia-Oliveira M., Oliveira I.M.S., Roza M.S. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. [Cardiac morphometry and distribution of coronary arteries in New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus).] Morfometria cardíaca e distribui- ção das artérias coronárias em coelhos Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cunniculus). Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária 36(2):159-166, 2014. Área de Anatomia Animal, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: marceloabidu@gmail.com The rabbit heart has been frequently used as an experimental model to study regional ischemia. However some aspects of their macro anatomy still need a more detailed description, especially the cardiac arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 15 of each sex, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40 cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The aim of this study was to determine the cardiac morphometry and main branches of the coronary arteries in New Zealand rabbits. The left coronary artery showed a bifurcation pattern with paraconal interventricular and left ventricular marginal branch in 86.66% of males and 93.33% of females and a trifurcation pattern with paraconal interventricular, left ventricular marginal and left circumflex branch in 13.33% of males and 6.66% of females. The paraconal interventricular branch occupied the groove of the same name in 13.33% of males and 46.66% of females. The sinuous interventricular branch occupied the groove in only 20% of males. This study showed no statistical difference between the measurements of height, width and thickness of the heart between both sexes.

O conhecimento das variações anatô- micas é importante para procedimentos cirúrgicos e radiológicos e tem um significado prático e teórico para a pesquisa experimental e a prática cirúrgica em animais domésticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a origem, esqueletopia e medida da artéria celíaca em gatos. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 cadáveres de gatos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com média do comprimento rostro-sacral de 47,9cm e 46,6 cm respectivamente. Os gatos foram posicionados em decúbito lateral direito e feita uma incisão torácica para remoção da 6ª e 7ª costelas para canulação da porção torácica da aorta. Em seguida, o sistema vascular foi lavado com solução salina, fixado com solução de formaldeido a 10% e preenchidos com solução de Petrolátex S-65 corado. Após cinco dias imersos em solução de formaldeido a 10%, todos os animais foram lavados em água corrente. A artéria celíaca foi dissecada e medida “in situ”. A artéria celíaca surgiu como uma artéria única em 15 (100%) fêmeas examinadas. Nos machos a artéria celíaca surgiu como uma artéria única em 12 (80%) gatos; em três (20%) gatos foi observada a presença do tronco celíaco-mesentérico. O comprimento médio da artéria celíaca nas fêmeas foi de 1,32 cm, emergindo em nível da 13ª vértebra torácica em dois (13,3%) animais, entre a 13ª vértebra torácica e a 1ª vértebra lombar em um (6,7%) animal, em nível da 1ª vértebra lombar em seis (40%) animais, e entre a 1ª e 2ª vértebra lombar em seis (40%) animais. O comprimento médio da artéria celíaca no sexo masculino foi de 1,27 cm, emergindo em nível da 13ª vértebra torácica em três (20%) animais, entre 13ª vértebra torácica e 1ª vértebra lombar em três (20%) animais, em nível da 1ª vértebra lombar em quatro (26,7%) animais, entre a 1ª e 2ª vértebra lombar em um (6,7%) e em nível da 2ª vértebra lombar em quatro (26,7%) animais. Não foi observada relação entre o comprimento da arté- ria celíaca em função do comprimento rostro-sacral. A origem da artéria celíaca independe do sexo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of body condition on pregnancy rate of Nellore cows, commercial herd undergoing artificial insemination programs in fixed time (TAI). 181 cows were used multiparous Nellore, the coastal plains region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, with more than one hundred days after birth, kept on pasture and divided into two groups subjected to the same synchronization protocol for TAI (D0-2 , 0 mg of estradiol benzoate + device with 1.0 g bovine intravaginal progesterone implant removal D8-250?g of cloprostenol + + 300 IU of eCG, D9-Bz 1.0 mg. Estradiol, D10-TAI). The groups were divided according to body condition score (BCS with scale of 1-5) in Group I, n=96: BCS ? 3,0, Group II, n=85: BCS ? 2.5 ? 2.0. All females were exposed to bulls, from 24 hours to pass after TAI, remaining with them until the end of the breeding season. The overall pregnancy rate was 86.5% (83:96) and 65.9% (56:85) for group I and group II, respectively. Data were evaluated by chi-square analysis and the results show a statistically significant difference (P O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da condição corporal sobre a taxa de prenhez de vacas Nelore, rebanho comercial, submetidas a programas de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Foram utilizadas 181 vacas multíparas da raça Nelore, na região das baixadas litorâneas do estado do RJ, com mais de cem dias decorridos do parto, mantidas em regime de pasto e divididas em dois grupos submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de sincronização para IATF (D0- 2,0mg de benzoato de estradiol + dispositivo intravaginal bovino com 1,0g de progesterona, D8- retirada do implante + 250?g de cloprostenol sódico+ 300 UI de eCG, D9- 1,0mg Bz. Estradiol, D10- IATF). Os grupos foram divididos segundo escore de condição corporal (ECC com escala de 1-5) em: grupo I, n=96: vacas com ECC ? 3,0 e grupo II, n=85: vacas com ECC ? 2,5 ? 2,0. Todas as fêmeas foram expostas aos touros, a partir de 24 horas após a IATF para repasse, permanecendo com os mesmos até o fim da estação de monta. A taxa de prenhez total foi de 86,5% (83:96) e 65,9% (56:85) para os grupos I e grupo II, respectivamente. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e os resultados analisados apontam diferença estatisticamente significativa (P

In the study 30 specimens of adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 males and 17 females were used. After fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution and performing the injections with latex solution stained with pigment, the animals were dissected to identify the disposition of the lienal arteries. The statistical analysis was made by the Qui-square (X2) test, with a 5% level of significance, to test if the nullity hypothesis is true for the of lienal artery main ramifications. The relations between the lienal artery and spleen length with rostrum-sacral length were calculated by the correlation coefficient “r” varying between -1 and +1, that is, -1 ? r ?+1. The mean length of the lienal artery was 5.96 cm. In all (100%) dissected rabbits the lienal artery, originated directly from the celiac artery as an only one artery giving different numbers of branches to the spleen: one branch in seven (23.3%) animals, two branches in seven (23.3%) animals, three branches in 10 (33.3%) animals, four branches in four (13.3%) animals and five branches in two (6.7%) animals. From the spleen, the lienal artery gave different numbers of branches to the stomach greater curvature: one branch in seven (23.3%) animals, two in four (13.3%) animals, three in five (16.7%) animals, four in three (10%), and five in only one (3.3%) animal. Positive correlation was observed between the lienal artery and spleen length with the rostrum-sacral length. The number of lienal artery branches is not gender dependent.Na presente pesquisa foram utilizados 30 espécimes de coelhos adultos Nova Zelândia, 13 machos e 17 fêmeas. Após fixação com solução de formaldeido a 10% e preenchimento do sistema arterial com solução de látex corado procedeu-se a dissecção para a observação da disposição das artérias lienais. A análise estatística foi realizada através teste do X2 (Qui-quadrado), ao nível de significância de 5%, para testar se a hipótese de nulidade é verdadeira para o número de ramificações principais da artéria lienal. As relações do comprimento da artéria lienal e do baço em função do comprimento rostro-sacral foram calculadas através do coeficiente de correlação “r”, que pode variar entre -1 e +1, isto é, -1 £ r £ +1. A média do comprimento da artéria lienal foi de 5,96 cm. Em todos os coelhos dissecados (100%) a artéria lienal se originou diretamente da artéria celíaca como uma artéria única, emitindo diferentes ramos para o baço: um ramo em sete (23,3%) animais, dois ramos em sete (23,3%) animais, três ramos em 10 (33,3%) animais, quatro ramos em quatro (13,3%) animais e cinco ramos em dois (6,7%) animais. Do baço a artéria lienal emitiu diferentes números de ramos para a grande curvatura do estomago: um ramo em sete (23,3%) animais, dois em quatro (13,3%) animais, três em cinco (16,7%) animais, quatro em três (10%), e cinco em apenas um (3,3%) animal. Foi observada correlação positiva entre o comprimento do baço e da artéria lienal em função do comprimento rostro-sacral. O número de ramificações da artéria lienal independe do sexo do animal.

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as características histológicas da língua de Caiman latirostris. O epitélio da região dorsal da língua do C. latirostris é do tipo estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado. Este epitélio de revestimento e o tecido conjuntivo subjacente formam projeções distribuídas na superfície dorsal da língua, denominadas papilas linguais, semelhantes às papilas filiformes. A lâmina própria adentra profundamente em cada papila, sendo composta por um tecido conjuntivo propriamente dito, denso não modelado, nódulos linfóides, vasos sanguíneos e nervos. Não foi observada a presença de glândulas salivares mucosas ou serosas. A submucosa se caracterizou por uma região claramente demarcada com uma grande quantidade de tecido adiposo e músculo estriado esquelético. A morfologia da língua em C. latirostris difere daquela encontrada em outros répteis pela existência do epitélio queratinizado, presença apenas de papilas filiformes e ausência de botões gustativos e, portanto, talvez a função principal da língua esteja relacionada em auxiliar na mastigação e deglutição do alimento, refletindo uma correlação entre morfologia e condições de habitat em que este animal vive.

O nervo femoral foi estudado em 33 caprinos recém-natos da raça Saanen (22 machos e 11 fêmeas), que, após morte natural, foram fixados com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Nos machos, o nervo femoral teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L4 e L5 em oito animais (36%); em seis animais (27%) teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L5 e L6; em cinco animais (23%) teve sua origem no ramo espinhal ventral de L5; em dois animais (9%) teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L4, L5 e L6; em um animal (5%) teve sua origem dos ramos espinhais ventrais de L5 e L6 e no ramo espinhal ventral de S1. Nas fêmeas, teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L4 e L5 em sete animais (64%); em três animais (27%) teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L5 e L6 e em um animal (9%) teve sua origem nos ramos espinhais ventrais de L4, L5 e L6. Os nervos femorais emitiram, em todos os animais, número variável de ramos para os músculos psoas maior, psoas menor, quadríceps femoral, sartório e pectíneo. Palavras-chave: nervo femoral; Saanen; variação.

O objetivo desta investigação foi caracterizar a morfometria do encéfalo e a formação do circuito arterial em equinos adultos mestiços de ambos os sexos. A fixação foi feita através de cânula plástica introduzida na artéria carótida comum com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Em seguida, foram feitas repleções vasculares com solução aquosa de Petrolátex S65 corado com pigmento Suvinil vermelho. Procedeu-se a craniotomia, remoção e morfometria dos encéfalos e dissecção para a observação das ramificações principais da artéria basilar e formação do circuito arterial. A média mais erro padrão da média do comprimento da artéria basilar foi de 3,629 cm ± 0,1550 nos machos e 4,423 cm ± 0,1990 nas fêmeas (p=0,0037). Em todos os equinos dissecados, a artéria basilar originou-se da convergência das artérias vertebrais, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base do encéfalo estiveram na dependência dos sistemas carótico e vértebrobasilar. O circuito arterial do cérebro apresentou-se fechado rostral e caudalmente em 100% dos animais dissecados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cérebro, circuito arterial, equino

. O conhecimento das variações nos vasos ovarianos possui importância em programa de sistematização da anatomia radiológica e cirúrgica, tanto para o homem, quanto em animais destinados a pesquisa e treinamento cirúrgico. Este relato descreve um caso raro em que a veia ovárica esquerda drena diretamente para a veia lienal em uma cadela adulta “sem raça definida”. Esta variação vascular não foi previamente descrita em carnívoros. O conhecimento da existência de variações na veia ovárica em cães, contribui para o melhor entendimento das alterações anatômicas que podem ocorrer na vascularização da região abdominal. Este relato também é importante para a realização de procedimentos angiográficos, clínicos e cirúrgicos que envolvem essa região.

ABSTRACT. Grillo G.F., Guimarães A.L.L., Soares J.R., Mello M.R.B., Alonso L.S., Abidú-Figueiredo M. & Palhano H.B. [Effect of gynecological screening on rates of conception and gestation total of Nellore cows submitted to three protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI).] Efeito da triagem ginecológica sobre as taxas de concepção e gestação total de vacas Nelore submetidas a três protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(3):250-254, 2015. Área de Anatomia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Seropédica, BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. Email: helcimarpalhano@gmail.com The aim of this study was to assess the rates of total conception and gestation of Nellore cows total, commercial herd in the region of the coastal plains of the state of RJ, subjected to three hormonal protocols for synchronization of ovulation with screening of females for inclusion in the TAI program. Two hundred and six lactating females with multiple calvings history were used (60 to 100 days after parturition), divided into four groups: I - Ovsynch, n = 55, II - Ovsynch + progesterone, n = 55, III - EB. + P4 + eCG, n = 48, IV - EB. + P4 + eCG, n = 48. All females were exposed to bulls of Simmental breed, from 24 hours to pass after TAI. The conception rates and pregnancy rates were 45.5% overall (25:55) and 81.8% (45:55) for group I, 61.8% (34:55) and 87.3% (48 : 55) for group II, 62.5% (30:48) and 87.5% (42:48) for group III, 60.4% (29:48) and 83.3% (40:48) for group IV, respectively. The results, after analysis by the chi- -square showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) among protocols, as compared to the conception and pregnancy rates after transfer with total bulls. Thus, the use of gynecological screening for insertion of cows in the TAI program of the respective property, allows adaptation of the protocols for ovarian function, providing good pregnancy rates independent of the protocol used.

In recent years, avian medicine has advanced in the recognition of kidney diseases, but little is known about the morphology and renal morphometry of the common ostrich Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758. This study aimed to describe the morphometry and location of kidneys in the common ostrich. Twenty-six cadavers, aged one to seven days, which died of natural causes on a farm in the municipality of Magé, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were donated to the Department of Animal and Human Anatomy at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The specimens were identified, sexed, and fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. The kidneys and renal divisions were measured using a precision digital caliper. The kidneys of S. camelus are elongated, and lobular, and have three renal divisions (cranial, middle, and caudal). The average length of the right kidney was 6.69 ± 0.83 cm, and the left kidney was 6.87 ± 0.81 cm. The body length correlated positively and significantly with the lengths of the right kidney (r = 0.8273, p = 0.0017) and left kidney (r = 0.8534, p = 0.0008) in females. The renal cranial limit was observed at the eighth lumbar vertebra (L8) in 22 kidneys (42.3%), and the caudal limit, at the eighth sacrocaudal vertebra (Sc8) in 11 kidneys (21.2%), and the second caudal vertebra (C2) in 11 kidneys (21.2%). The morphometric dimensions and skeletopy of the ostrich kidney contribute to the field of comparative avian anatomy and assist in the interpretation of imaging techniques.

ABSTRACT: Heartworm disease is a zoonosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis, a nematode parasite of worldwide distribution and considered one of the most virulent of dogs, which are definitive and infected hosts during the blood meal of vector mosquitoes (Aedes sp., Anopheles sp. and Culex sp.). The disease has a worldwide prevalence, with a higher incidence in tropical and subtropical climate areas, and affects animals of any breed, sex, and age group. Most animals are asymptomatic, but the disease can cause various cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms. The pathophysiology is related to vessel obstruction and an intense inflammatory reaction in the lung parenchyma, with cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms leading to signs that can be severe and lead to the death of the host. It can be diagnosed through blood tests, and chest X-rays are used to assess the severity of clinical signs and help establish a prognosis. Cardiovascular alterations appear as an increase in vascular caliber, an increase in the right heart silhouette, and pulmonary patterns compatible with infection. This study aimed to describe the conditional radiographic changes caused by the parasite in the lungs, intrathoracic vessels and heart in 30 dogs, independent of breed and sex, with an average age of 9.9 years and an average weight of 10.25kg, originating from routine care at a veterinary hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, from January 2022 to December 2022. All animals were diagnosed with a positive heartworm infection and cardiorespiratory symptoms as essential conditions for participation in the study. The animals were x-rayed and had their lung patterns evaluated, in addition to measuring their vascular caliber and cardiac indices using vertebral-heart size (VHS), manubrium-heart size (MHS) and sphericity index (CSI). Most animals presented pulmonary patterns such as bronchoalveolar and bronchial and increased VHS and MHS indices. Increased and borderline values of CSI measurements were found in half of the patients, demonstrating that the parasite can trigger significant radiographic changes or present potential further worsening.

Estudos voltados ao comportamento das artérias coronárias foram desenvolvidos em várias espécies, de modo a elucidar a variabilidade da sua distribuição e suas correlações morfofuncionais, como os tipos de irrigação e possíveis riscos de infarto do órgão. Com o aumento da frequência de felinos domésticos na rotina clínica de pequenos animais forçando a especialização de profissionais capazes de conhecer e considerar as diferenças morfológicas para o diagnóstico clínico mais assertivo, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a origem e distribuição das artérias coronárias dos gatos domésticos. Utilizou-se vinte e nove espécimes de gatos domésticos, quinze fêmeas e quatorze machos, fixados com solução de formaldeído a 10%, injetados com látex líquido corado com corante sintético e alocados em solução formaldeído a 10% por no mínimo 7 dias, sendo posteriormente dissecados. O método usado para determinar o padrão de dominância coronariana foi baseado na origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, sendo capaz de ser definido como uma dominância direita, esquerda ou equilibrada. O padrão de dominância nos gatos domésticos foi determinado como equilibrada (69%) e esquerda (31%), contrariando a literatura vigente para o ensino de anatomia animal, podendo-se observar ainda presença de anastomose entre as coronárias e ponte miocárdica em alguns indivíduos. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo reforçam a existência das particularidades interespecíficas em carnívoros domésticos. Neste contexto, a descrição das artérias coronárias de gatos domésticos contribui para a anatomia animal aplicada, uma vez que o entendimento acerca dos vasos que nutrem o miocárdio permite análises anatomopatológicas mais assertivas para a espécie.

The impact of high-speed exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young racehorses has been extensively discussed because of concerns regarding animal health and welfare. This study investigated the correlation between age, degree of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis, sex, and career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil from 2012 to 2015. We performed a retrospective evaluation of 286 dorsopalmar radiographs of the left radiocarpal region of young horses and their racing performance. Distal radial epiphyseal closure was classified into three degrees: A, B, or C. Performance data included the number of races raced, athletic career length, and the number of races per month. The variables were subjected to regression analysis. At the time of radiographic examination, male horses were significantly older than females, and horses with epiphyseal closure degrees differed with age. Age at first race was 33.08±3.81 months, the average of races raced was 18.32±15.14 races, athletic career duration was 20.37±13.82 months, and the number of races raced per month was 0.93±0.46 races. Age influenced (P>0.001) the distal radial epiphyseal closure on racehorses, but sex did not (P=0.218 for males and P=0.275 for females). An inverse association was observed between age at the first race, the number of races raced per month, and athletic career duration. The frequency of race and the age at the first race influenced athletic career duration. Keywords: Athletic performance; distal radial epiphyseal closure; radiography

Nasua nasua is a carnivore belonging to the family Procyonidae and is widely distributed throughout South America. The details of its anatomy are fundamental to the application of antomy and understanding of its natural history. This study aimed to measure the average length, width, thickness, and volume of the kidneys; the average length of the renal artery and vein, and to describe the renal and vessel skeletopy in Nasua nasua. For this purpose, 32 kidneys and renal vessels of 16 cadaveric specimens (eight male and eight female) were dissected and measured using a digital caliper. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between the rostrum-sacral length and the renal and vessel variables. The kidneys had a "bean-shaped" aspect with smooth surfaces and were unipapilate. On average, the N. nasua kidneys measured 30 × 16 × 13 mm, with no significant difference between the sexes. The average right renal artery (1.74 ± 0.67 cm) was longer than the left (1.26 ± 0.43 cm), and the right renal vein (1.22 ± 0.34 cm) was shorter than the left renal vein (1.82 ± 0.46 cm) (p < 0.05). One male animal (6.8%) presented with a double right renal vein as an anatomical variation. Both the right and left kidney cranial poles prevailed at the level of the L2 vertebra, assuming a practically symmetrical position. There was a positive and moderate to high correlation between rostrum-sacral length and renal dimensions and renal vessel lengths. The present data may be useful for interpreting the diagnosis of nephropathies that affect renal dimensions in this species and may contribute to the comparative anatomy of carnivorans. Keywords: Neotropical carnivorans; Nephrology; South American coati; Vascularization; Wild carnivores

The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro state use dogs as a decisive tool for patrol and detection of drugs, weapons, and explosives. Complementary tests, such as echocardiography, are essential to maintain the integrity of these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the echocardiographic parameters of the working dogs belonging to the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro and compare them with the available data. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed on 48 healthy adult dogs from the Canine Action Battalion of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample consisted of 13 Labrador Retrievers, 12 Malinois Belgian Shepherds, 10 German Shepherds, 8 Dobermann Pinschers, and 5 Dutch Shepherds. Echocardiographic variables were correlated with body weight (BW). A positive correlation (P=0.0142, r=0.6837) between BW and the diameter of the left atrium was found in Malinois Belgian Shepherds. In German Shepherds, a positive correlation between BW and the internal diameter of the right ventricle during diastole (P=0.0320, r=0.6757) was observed; in addition, a positive correlation between BW and left ventricular internal diameter (P=0.0344, r=0.6689) during diastole was also found. Echocardiographic evaluations of these working dogs differed slightly from those previously established for similar-sized dog breeds.

Objective. The aim of this study was explored the duplicity of renal artery in a specimen of Cerdocyon thous, focusing on the possibilities of clinical-surgical implication of this anatomical variation. Materials and methods. Were dissected 32 specimens of Cerdocyon thous, obtaine from the collections of the Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Morfologia dos Animais Domésticos e Selvagens do Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Universidade Federal do Pampa. Results. Were observed a numerical variation in the left renal artery in an adult female cadaver. The left kidney had two renal arteries, one cranial and another caudal. The first renal artery of the left kidney, measuring 2.25 cm in length, originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Moreover, it emanated two pre-hilar branches, one dorsal and one ventral, with the ventral branch supplying also to the adrenal gland. The second renal artery also originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra and measured 2.36 cm in length. It also emitted two pre-hilar branches, one cranial and another caudal, which emitted the ureteral branch. Conclusions. Numerical variations of the renal arteries should be considered in the execution of surgical, radiological and experimental procedures in order to avoid mistakes made due to lack of knowledge of the possibility these variations both in domestic and wild animals.

Entre os anos de 2013 e 2016 foram utilizadas 31 fêmeas bovinas mestiças das raças Gir e Holandês, em diferentes estágios de gestação, multíparas com idade entre 4 e 8 anos e escore de condição corporal (ECC) médio 3 em escala que variou de 1 a 5 (1 muito magra e 5 muito gorda) do Setor de Bovinocultura de leite da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal comparativamente entre Inseminação Artificial convencional (IA) e Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Foram avaliados parâmetros de desenvolvimento do esqueleto axial e apendicular, assim como do alantóide, âmnio e frequência cardíaca. Os dados obtidos ao longo dos três anos de avaliação neste estudo permitiram concluir que a ultrassonografia em modo B, por via transretal, representa uma ferramenta segura para o acompanhamento gestacional no primeiro trimestre de gestação das fêmeas avaliadas, sendo as variáveis analisadas de alta confiabilidade para o estudo da viabilidade embrionária e fetal bovina no primeiro trimestre de gestação. O uso de hormônios para sincronização da ovulação e IATF, não influenciou o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal de vacas leiteiras mestiças, concluindo-se que produtos oriundos de IA convencional e IATF, apresentam padrão de desenvolvimento no primeiro trimestre de gestação sem diferenças significativas.

PURPOSE: To update the gross and sonographic anatomy and propose landmarks to perform ultrasound-guided (US-guided) axillary brachial plexus block (BPB) in rabbits. METHODS: Forty New Zeeland's rabbit (NZR) cadavers were dissected and the nerves were trimmed, identified, measured, and photographed. Additionally, in twenty NZRs, sonographic images of brachial plexus (BP) were performed through a simple-resolution ultrasound device. The US-guided block was achieved through a minimum volume of lidocaine necessary to surround the BP roots. The effectiveness of the brachial plexus block was assessed on sensitivity and motor functions. RESULTS: The BP resulted from connections between the ventral branches of the last four cervical spinal nerves and the first thoracic spinal nerve. In the axillary sonoanatomy, the BP appeared as an agglomerate of small, round hypoechoic structures surrounded by a thin hyperechoic ring. The amount of time and the minimum volume required to perform was 4.3 ± 2.3 min and 0.8 ± 0.3ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The gross and sonographic anatomy of the BP showed uncommon morphological variations. Moreover, from sonographic landmarks, we showed complete reproducibility of the axillary US-guided brachial plexus block with simple resolution equipment and small volume of anesthetics required.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the ovaries and the oviduct of juvenile females of the broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802), using light microscopy, histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. The ovarian cortex was observed to contain groups of germinative cells and abundant previtellogenic follicles at different stages of development. In previtellogenic follicles, the oocyte was surrounded by a single cuboidal layer of granulosa cells, supported by the theca layer. The theca was formed by a concentric layer containing collage nous fibers, predominantly type I, and several smooth muscle fibers. The inner perivitelline layer appeared as a narrow basophilic region between the oocyte and the granulosa. The ovarian medullary region of loose connective tissue contained blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as numerous lacunae, being covered by a simple squamous epithelium, supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The oviduct of C. latirostris showed five histologically distinct regions: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The infundibulum was composed of an irregularly folded mucosa covered by a simple columnar epithelium with the presence of ciliated cells, weakly reactive to PAS staining. In the magnum, the mucosa was highly folded, and pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains mucous cells, which reacted positively to PAS staining. The isthmus was lining by an epithelium of ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells, but no gland was visualized in mucosa. In the uterus, the folded mucosa was composed of a simple epithelium of high cylindrical cells and the lamina propria, which was predominantly formed by strongly birefringent fibers, but yellow-green weakly birefringent fibers were also present. The epithelium of the vagina contained intensely ciliated and non-ciliated cells, both of which were positive to PAS staining and no gland was observed in this region. Although the ovary and the oviduct showed some morphological particularities, they are similar to other crocodilians.

The femoral nerves were studied in newborn goats of Saanen breed (22 males and 11 females) that were collected after natural death and fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. In males the femoral nerve arose from the ventral spinal branches of L4 and L5 in eight animals (36%); in six animals (27%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L5 and L6; in five animals (23%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L5; in two animals (9%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L4, L5 and L6 and in one animal (5%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L5 and L6 and the ventral spinal branches of S1. In females the femoral nerve arose from the ventral spinal branches of L4 and L5 in seven animals (64%); in three animals (27%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L5 and L6 and in one animal (9%) it arose from the ventral spinal branches of L4, L5 and L6. In all animals, the femoral nerves were distributed in different branches to the major and minor psoas, femoris quadriceps, sartorius and pectinius muscles.

The brachioradialis is an important muscle that acts in the external rotation of the forearm (supination). However, its occurrence is controversial and little studied in the order Carnivora. Thus, this study investigates the occurrence and anatomo-functional arrangement of this muscle in wild carnivorans species. Fifty-eight thoracic limbs of specimens from species of Canidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae and Felidae were dissected. Measurements of the length of the muscle (ML), the length of the forearm (FL), latero-medial width of the muscle (MW) and the lateral-medial diameter of the forearm (FD) were obtained to establish the ratios MW/FD and ML/FL in order to investigate the relative proportion of the muscle in relation to the forearm of each species. The brachioradialis muscle was identified in all species, although it was unilaterally or bilaterally absent in some canid individuals. The ratios demonstrated significant differences in the anatomical proportions among the families, with greater functional importance in the mustelids, procyonids, and felids because of a set of elaborate movements in the thoracic limb of representatives of these families when compared to canids.

PURPOSE:To assess pain in the immediate postoperative period in cats submitted into two different celiotomy techniques for ovariohysterectomy.METHODS:Fourteen healthy female cats up to three years old with a mean weight 2.75kg, without breed specification, were used in this double blind experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: I- ovariohysterectomy by lateral approach (LA) or II - by midline approach (MA). The anesthesia consisted of acepromazine (0.1 mg.kg-1) and midazolam (0.25mg.kg-1)followed isoflurane vaporization to induce and maintain hypnosis. A bolus of fentanyl (5μg.kg-1) was administered intravenously to provide intraoperative analgesia. After surgery, pain scores were assessed through a multidimensional composite pain scale at four different times.RESULTS: Generally all factors related to psychomotor changes and pain expression showed higher scores in cats neutered by LA, but only psychomotor changes and total pain score presented statistical differences (pCONCLUSIONS: Multidimensional analgesic scales were highly reliable. There was a tendency for the cats neutered by lateral approach to suffer more postoperative pain, including requiring a large number of analgesic rescues.

PURPOSE: To determine the minimum volume of methylene blue (MB) to completely color the brachial plexus (BP) nerves, simulating an effective anesthetic block in cats. METHODS: Fifteen adult male cat cadavers were injected through subscapular approach with volumes of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ml in both forelimbs, for a total of 30 brachial plexus blocks (BPB). After infusions, the specimens were carefully dissected preserving each nervous branch. The measurement of the effective area was indicated by the impregnation of MB. Nerves were divided into four segments from the origin at the spinal level until the insertion into the thoracic limb muscles. The blocks were considered effective only when all the nerves were strongly or totally colored. RESULTS: Volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered insufficient suggesting a failed block, however, volumes of 5 and 6 ml were associated with a successful block. CONCLUSIONS: The injection of methylene blue, in a volume of 6 ml, completely colored the brachial plexus. At volumes of 5 and 6 ml the brachial plexus blocks were considered a successful regional block, however, volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered a failed regional block.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n2p147 O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as principais ramificações da artéria basilar, a formação do circuito arterioso, e a morfometria do encéfalo em coelhos adultos de ambos os sexos. Foi realizada canulação da aorta torácica através de incisão lateral, fixação com solução de formaldeído a 10% e preenchimento do sistema arterial com solução de látex corado. Procedeu-se à craniotomia, remoção e morfometria do encéfalo, além de dissecção para a observação das ramificações principais da artéria basilar e da formação do circuito arterioso. A média e erro padrão do comprimento da artéria basilar foram de 1,293 cm ± 0,024 nas fêmeas e 1,227 cm ± 0,025 nos machos. Em todos os coelhos dissecados, a artéria basilar se originou da anastomose das artérias vertebrais, direita e esquerda, emitindo a artéria cerebelar caudal, ramos variados para bulbo e ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base do encéfalo estiveram na dependência dos sistemas carótico e vértebro-basilar. O circuito arterioso do cérebro estava fechado rostralmente em 10 machos e 12 fêmeas e fechado caudalmente em todos os animais dissecados.

Samples of ten penises of Mediterranean buffaloes and ten penises of Red Sindhi cattle were used. The thickness of the tunica albuginea (TA), distribution of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and volume density (Vv) of elastic system fibers in TA, corpus cavernosum (CC) and corpus spongiosum (CS) were evaluated. The Vv of elastic system fibers in buffalo and bovine penis was respectively 4.07% ±0.88% and 3.36% ±1.21% in TA; 17.32% ±2.21% and 13.14% ±1.27% (CC), 26.58% ±4.31% and 31.36% ±3.67% (CS). The CC of buffalo presented higher Vv of elastic fibers than bovine, while in the CS the Vv of elastic fibers in buffaloes was smaller than in cattle. The TA thickness showed a significant difference among the species studied. The arrangement of SMC in the bovine penises and in the water buffalo suggests that this pattern is common to animals that have fibroelastic penises.

Heart anatomy in the ostrich has been reported, but there are few information on the histological features of the atrioventricular valves. Hearts of young ostriches were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 24 h and dissected to characterize their macroscopic anatomy. Samples of valves were harvested and stained with Mallory’s trichrome, Gomori’s trichrome, and Picro-Sirius red, for later analysis. The right atrioventricular valve consists of a muscle flap with two fixations. The left atrioventricular valve consists of two layers of endocardium with a layer of connective tissue between them. The free border of the tricuspid valve supports a varying number of chordae tendineae. One of the cusps is attached to the septum, while the other two cusps are attached to the opposite wall. The aortic valve, as well as the pulmonary trunk valve, consists of three cusps. The right atrioventricular valve showed up only as a muscle flap of myocardium coated with a thin layer of dense connective tissue, with two fixations. In the connective tissue, we find a predominance of type I collagen fibers and a lesser amount of type III, with a small presence of elastic fibers. The presence of Purkinje fibers were also usual in the valvular subendocardium, suggesting that they directly participate in the transmission of nervous stimulation to the muscle fibers within the valves. The left atrioventricular valve consisted of 3 cusps, a dorsal, a left, and a right.

The broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, is widely distributed in countries of South America. In Brazil it is considered an endangered species because of natural habitat destruction and illegal hunting. In reptiles, the thyroid gland plays an integral part in ecdysis, reproduction, tail regeneration, growth, endocrine function and metabolism rate. The aim of the present study was to characterize the thyroid gland morphology of C. latirostris, based on histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The thyroid glands were fixed in Bouin's fluid and serial cross sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Mallory’s trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB pH 1.5 and 2.5). The immunohistochemical technique for 5-HT-IR cells was used. The thyroid gland has a dense irregular connective tissue forms a capsule enveloping the gland. There are several follicular acini of varying size lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium in the thyroid gland. The follicles are connected by interfollicular connective tissue which contains blood vessels. We observed the presence of lymph nodes around the entire gland. There was a positive PAS reaction and negative AB reaction in the colloid. 5-HT-IR cells were detected around the follicle cells. No striking morphological differences were observed between C. latirostris and other domesticated mammals.

Objective To assess the morphological changes of penile vascular structures and the corpus cavernosum area in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Materials and Methods Twenty male rabbits (2 months old) were divided into two groups with 10 rabbits each, the control group (CG) and the diabetic group (DG). The animals from DG received an intravenous injection of alloxan (100mg/kg) to induce the diabetes. Ten weeks after the induction of diabetes, all animals were euthanized. Two fragments of the penile shaft were harvested and samples were processed and paraffin embedded. Sections (5µm) were cut and stained for histological and immunohistochemical markers. Results Nuclear protrusion toward the lumen, and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed in the tunica intima of the dorsal artery of the penis in DG. The thicknesses of the tunica media increased significantly in DG (p = 0.0350). It was also observed a significant increase in the area of the tunica media (p = 0.0179). There was no significant change in smooth muscle cell density in the tunica media of the dorsal artery of the penis (p = 0.0855). The collagen fiber pattern of the tunica adventitia of the dorsal artery of the penis was different between the control and diabetic groups. There was a significant decrease in the area occupied by the cavernous sinuses in DG (p = 0.0013). Conclusion Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rabbits promotes important changes in penile vascular structures, thereby decreasing blood supply and affecting penile hemodynamics, leading to erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether elastic fiber content in the corpus cavernosum (CC), corpus spongiosum (CS) and tunica albuginea (TA) of the rabbit penis undergoes modifications with age. METHODS: Rabbits were sacrificed, in groups of ten animals each, at 30, 120, 240, and 730 days of age. Histological sections were obtained from the penile middle shaft and were stained with Weigert's resorsin fuchsin. The content of elastic fibers was determined using stereological methods, and was expressed as volume fraction. RESULTS: At 730 days of age, elastic fiber content was increased by 54% (p

PURPOSE: To investigate whether elastic fiber content in the corpus cavernosum (CC), corpus spongiosum (CS) and tunica albuginea (TA) of the rabbit penis undergoes modifications with age. METHODS: Rabbits were sacrificed, in groups of ten animals each, at 30, 120, 240, and 730 days of age. Histological sections were obtained from the penile middle shaft and were stained with Weigert's resorsin fuchsin. The content of elastic fibers was determined using stereological methods, and was expressed as volume fraction. RESULTS: At 730 days of age, elastic fiber content was increased by 54% (p

Modelos de doenças cardíacas foram desenvolvidos em diferentes animais. Investigações em modelos animais de grande porte possibilitam a transformação de descobertas da ciência básica em terapias clínicas. Trinta corações bovinos, de ambos os sexos, foram analisados; as artérias coronárias foram perfundidas com látex corado S-65 e depois fixadas em formol a 10%. As artérias coronárias e seus ramos foram dissecados até as ramificações visíveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a morfometria cardíaca e os principais ramos das artérias coronárias em bovinos. A artéria coronária esquerda se bifurcou em ramo interventricular paraconal e ramo circunflexo esquerdo em todos os corações dissecados. O ramo interventricular paraconal ocupou o sulco com o mesmo nome em todos esses corações. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo interventricular paraconal foi 15,50 ± 0,5705 nos machos e 15,44 ± 0,6032 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo circunflexo esquerdo foi 11,91 ± 0,4336 nos machos e 11,65 ± 0,4813 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento do ramo interventricular subsinuoso foi 10,37 ± 0,3727 nos machos e 10,44 ± 0,4415 nas fêmeas. A média ± desvio padrão do comprimento da artéria coronária direita foi 9,240 ± 0,4698 nos machos e 10,13 ± 0,5472 nas fêmeas.

Estudamos em 40 caprinos adultos da raça Bhuj Brasileira os aspectos histológicos do funículo espermático. Observamos que este se acha envolvido por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico denso, de espessura variável, pregueada em alguns pontos, e revestida por mesotélio que circunda todo o conjunto vásculo-nervoso, e projeta-se para formar o mesoducto deferente. Em posição subcapsular, verifica-se uma camada de tecido conjuntivo fibroelástico frouxo, de espessura variável, que circunda parcialmente o funículo espermático, isolando nas regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, conjuntos vásculo-nervosos, responsáveis pela nutrição do epidídimo. Na região do mesoducto deferente, o tecido subcapsular acompanhado de tecido adiposo constitui a camada interna deste meso, formando a sua adventícia e abrigando vasos e nervos deferenciais. Na região abdeferencial, pequenos acúmulos de tecido adiposo são vistos de permeio aos vasos e nervos desta região. Entre as artérias, veias e nervos testiculares, bem como entre os vasos das regiões deferencial e abdeferencial, observa-se o tecido conjuntivo denso, intervascular, rico em fibras elásticas, que constitui as adventícias contínuas destes vasos. O arranjo vascular mostra que o segmento da artéria testicular, contido no funículo espermático, apresenta trajeto sinuoso. Estando envolvido pelo plexo venoso pampiniforme, formado por veias testiculares desprovidas de válvulas de calibres variados, apresentando amplas comunicações entre si. As veias responsáveis pela drenagem do epidídimo e ducto deferente estão localizadas em posição subcapsular deferencial e abdeferencial e mostram-se providas de válvulas. O trato das artérias testiculares no funículo espermático apresenta como média e desvio padrão 134,6±38,1cm à direita, e 137,0±33,9cm à esquerda, não existindo diferenças estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5%, quando comparamos a média do segmento da artéria testicular contida no funículo espermático direito em relação ao esquerdo.

An epidemiologycal survey were carried out using the filter of Visser technique for the diagnosis of first-stage larvae (L1) of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples from 150 dairy calves in Paty do Alferes city, Rio de Janeiro state. Feces were individually collected directly of the rectal flask of 150 calves, with age varying between three and 12 months, coming from 15 rural properties in the municipal district Paty do Alferes-RJ. The following genera of nematodes were identified: Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp., Bunostomum spp., Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum spp. The genera of greater occurrence were Cooperia spp. (54%), Haemonchus spp. (50.6%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (48.7%). Of the total of inspected properties, 86.7% presented positive animals for Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. The genera Bunostomum spp. had presented smaller occurrence, with 12,7% of cases. The genera identified with the highest medium values of first-stage larvae in 15mL of faeces were: Cooperia spp. (812) and Haemonchus spp. (489). Foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico utilizando-se a técnica coproparasitologica do filtro de Visser para o diagnóstico de larvas de primeiro estágio (L1) de nematóides gastrintestinais em amostras fecais de 150 bezerros leiteiros do município de Paty do Alferes, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras individuais de fezes foram coletadas diretamente da ampola retal de 150 bezerros, com idade variando entre três e 12 meses, procedentes de 15 propriedades rurais no município de Paty do Alferes-RJ. Destas amostras, foram identificados os seguintes gêneros de nematóides: Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp., Bunostomum spp., Strongyloides e Oesophagostomum spp. Os gêneros de maior ocorrência foram Cooperia spp. (54%), Haemonchus spp. (50,6%) e Trichostrongylus spp. (48,7%). Do total de propriedades vistoriadas, 86,7% apresentaram animais positivos para Haemonchus spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. O gênero Bunostomum spp. foi o que apresentou menor ocorrência, com 12,7% de casos. Os gêneros identificados com os maiores valores médios de larvas de primeiro estágio em 15mL de fezes por amostra foram: Cooperia spp. (812) e Haemonchus spp. (489).

Knowledge of the renal vessels variations has importance in a systematization program of radiological and surgical anatomy, both in humans and animals, applied for research and surgical training. Renal arteries have been considered by dissective or angiographic study means. Particular attention has been paid to the study of these vessels, outlining the variations noticed among various animal species. The renal arteries sites of origin of the abdominal aorta vary according to the renal topography of the different animals. As a rule, the right artery arises more cranially than the left one, according with the most cranial position of the right kidney. Thus, the goal of this article is to describe a case of a left double renal artery originating from the ventral portion of the aorta, in a three old male cat cadaver, formalin-preserved at 10% and with latex colored vascular injection. It was observed that the left kidney was supplied by two arteries of different topography and arrangements, showing duplicity of the renal artery.O conhecimento das variações nos vasos renais possui importância em um programa de sistematização da anatomia radiológica e cirúrgica, tanto para o homem quanto para animais destinados a pesquisa, ensino e treinamento cirúrgico. As artérias renais têm sido estudas tanto radiograficamente quanto através de dissecção. Atenção particular é dada ao estudo desses vasos enfatizando as variações entre as diferentes espécies animais. O local de origem das artérias renais a partir da aorta abdominal varia de acordo com a topografia renal nos diferentes animais. A artéria renal direita se origina mais cranialmente que a esquerda de acordo com a posição mais cranial do rim direito. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um caso de dupla artéria renal esquerda originando-se da superfície ventral da artéria aorta abdominal em um cadáver de gato macho com três anos de idade. O mesmo foi fixado e preservado com solução de formaldeído a 10% e teve o seu sistema arterial preenchido com látex corado. Observou-se que o rim esquerdo foi suprido por duas artérias renais, de diferente topografia e arranjo, caracterizando duplicidade da artéria renal.

A busca pela compreensão do funcionamento do sistema nervoso resultou em um aumento de estudos morfológicos sobre a vascularização encefálica em diferentes espécies animais. As artérias encefálicas são a principal rota para transporte de sangue para o cérebro e, portanto têm um papel essencial na manutenção de atividade normal do mesmo, o que desperta, devido sua importância funcional, o interesse pela realização de vários estudos. A artéria caroticobasilar foi investigada em animais da ordem Perissodactyla, de espécies da família dos eqüídeos. Pesquisou-se a frequência da artéria caroticobasilar em 30 encéfalos de equinos adultos e mestiços, do sexo masculino. As observações realizadas mostraram que este importante vaso apresentou as seguintes frequências absolutas e percentuais: presente em 15(50 %) dos encéfalos examinados sendo 4 (13,3%) no antímero direito, 6 (20%) no antímero esquerdo e 5 (16,7%) em ambos os antímeros.The search for the functional understanding of the nervous system has resulted in an increase of morphological studies about encephalic vascularization in different animal species. The encephalic arteries are the main rote for blood transport to the brain and therefore have an essential role in the maintenance of normal brain activity. The functional importance of these vessels has led to various studies. The caroticobasilar artery was investigated in animals of order Perissodactyla, in species of Equidae family. The frequency of caroticobasilar artery was studied in 30 adult male crossbreed brain horses. The observations showed that this important vessel presented the following absolute and percentual frequencies: present in 15 (50%) brains 4 (13.3%) in the right antimere, 6 (20%) in the left antimere and 5 (16.7%) on both antimeres.

The presence of the multiple renal artery in dogs, supplying the left kidney, has been reported in 12-15%. New surgery technics in the urogenital tract and the utilization of model for renal transplantation are of clinical significance when considering surgery of that kidney. Courses of anatomy directed veterinary medicine and animal anatomy for students of courses of graduation in the areas of agrarian and biological sciences, use anatomical material proceeding from domestic animals in considerable volume. The use of the material of the laboratories of anatomy for studies of frequency of anatomical variations constitutes way of together contribution to the applied areas, such as the surgery and the clinic. The objective of this report is to presentation of the left multiple renal artery case, originating from the ventral portion of the aorta, in female dog cadaver, with two months, formalin-preserved at 10% and with latex colored vascular injected.A presença de artéria renal múltipla em cães ocorre geralmente do lado esquerdo, em uma freqüência de 12 a 15 %. O avanço de técnicas cirúrgicas no trato urogenital e a utilização de modelos para transplantes renais tornam importante o conhecimento das variações possíveis no que se refere à vascularização dos rins. Cursos de anatomia veterinária e anatomia animal direcionados para estudantes de cursos de graduação nas áreas de ciências agrárias e biológicas, utilizam material anatômico proveniente de animais domésticos em volume considerável. A utilização do acervo dos laboratórios de anatomia para estudos de freqüência de variações anatômicas constitui meio de contribuição junto às áreas aplicadas, tais como a cirurgia e a clínica. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso de artéria renal esquerda dupla, com origem na porção ventral da aorta, em cadáver de cão sem raça definida, com cerca de dois meses de idade, preservado em solução de formol a 10% e com injeção vascular de látex corado.

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.Os coelhos têm sido usados como modelo experimental em diferentes patologias e para estudos de toxicologia, farmacologia e cirurgia em várias universidades. Entretanto apesar de sua grande utilização, muitos aspectos de sua macroanatomia, em especial os que se referem ao sistema vascular arterial que irrigam as viscerais abdomino-pélvicas ainda carecem de uma descrição mais detalhada, pois os vasos arteriais apresentam grande variabilidade na sua distribuição e trajeto. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos, 13 machos e 17 fêmeas, pesando em media 2,5 kg e apresentando comprimento rostro-sacral em torno de 40cm. A artéria aorta torácica foi canulada e através da mesma foi feita à fixação com solução de formaldeído a 10% e repleções vasculares com solução de Petrolátex S65 corado. A artéria celíaca e suas ramificações proximais foram dissecadas ao longo do seu percurso, registrando com auxílio de um paquímetro seu comprimento e sua esqueletopia. A artéria celíaca teve sua emergência de forma única diretamente da artéria aorta abdominal em todos os animais dissecados. Emitiu inicialmente a artéria lienal e a seguir a artéria gástrica esquerda que se continuou como hepática em todos os 30 animais. A artéria celíaca teve sua origem entre a 12ªe 13ª vértebra torácica em 11 animais (36,7 %), na 13ª vértebra torácica em 6 (20 %), entre a 13ª vértebra torácica e a 1ª vértebra lombar em 12 (40 %) e na 1ª vértebra lombar em apenas 1 animal (3,3%). O comprimento médio da artéria celíaca foi de 0,5cm. Não foi observada relação entre o comprimento da artéria celíaca e o comprimento rostro-sacral dos coelhos. O número de artérias gástricas esquerdas, ramificações principais da artéria lienal, bem como a origem da artéria celíaca independeram do sexo do animal.

O conhecimento das variações nos vasos renais possui importância na anatomia radiológica e cirúrgica, tanto para o homem quanto para animais destinados a pesquisa, ensino e treinamento cirúrgico. As artérias renais têm sido estudadas tanto radiograficamente quanto através de dissecção. Atenção particular é dada ao estudo desses vasos enfatizando as variações entre as diferentes espécies animais. O local de origem das artérias renais a partir da aorta abdominal varia de acordo com a topografia renal nos diferentes animais. A artéria renal direita se origina mais cranialmente que a esquerda de acordo com a posição mais cranial do rim direito. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever um caso de duplicidade de artéria renal esquerda, originando-se da superfície lateral da artéria aorta abdominal, em um cadáver de coelho macho com três anos de idade. O mesmo foi fixado e preservado com solução de formaldeído a 10% e teve o seu sistema arterial preenchido com látex corado em vermelho. Durante a dissecção observou-se que o rim esquerdo foi suprido por duas artérias renais, de diferente topografia e arranjo, caracterizando duplicidade da mesma. Variações numéricas das artérias renais em coelhos devem ser consideradas em procedimentos cirúrgicos e experimentais, evitando a ocorrência de erros causados por desconhecimento da existência de artérias renais duplas.