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Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Religion was a main component of the Phoenician colonizing process, since temples exercised great influence in commercial transactions, an important aspect within this society. As a corollary, coinage, although maintaining a clear economic basis, also maintained a religious basis, which reinforced its legality. In Hispania, the underlying religious basis is well reflected in the diverse coinage issues of Hispanic mints, during the Phoenician-punic and republican Roman periods. Coinage mintage in this period, due to the great number of mints present, developed an extensive sacred iconography, both in relation to indigenous divinities, as well as the presence, after the Roman conquest, of Roman divinities and/or symbols, developed through a cultural syncretism of existing cults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paradoxa Stoicorum (The paradoxes of the stoics), show the reflections of Cicero with regards to a series of stoic principles, with a high Socratic influence. The Ciceronian virtus (virtue), moves away from the stoic utopia of the need to achieve the supreme virtue, in order to reach the supreme good, putting forward the idea, that perfect wisdom is inaccessible to humans, so that they can only try to approach it through reason, using opinions, speculations and understanding. A rejection of stoic dogmatism, that Cicero manages with incredible skill in his works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semi-arid vineyard agroecosystems, highly vulnerable in the context of climate change, the soil organic matter (OM) content is crucial to the improvement of soil fertility and grape productivity. The impact of OM, from compost and animal manure, on soil properties (e.g., pH, oxidisable organic C, organic N, NH4+-N and NO3−-N), grape yield and direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in vineyards was assessed. For this purpose, two wine grape varieties were chosen and managed differently: with a rain-fed non-trellising vineyard of Monastrell, a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Monastrell and a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The studied fertiliser treatments were without organic amendments (C), sheep/goat manure (SGM) and distillery organic waste compost (DC). The SGM and DC treatments were applied at a rate of 4600 kg ha−1 (fresh weight, FW) and 5000 kg ha−1 FW, respectively. The use of organic amendments improved soil fertility and grape yield, especially in the drip-irrigated trellising vineyards. Increased CO2 emissions were coincident with higher grape yields and manure application (maximum CO2 emissions = 1518 mg C-CO2 m−2 d−1). In contrast, N2O emissions, mainly produced through nitrification, were decreased in the plots showing higher grape production (minimum N2O emissions = −0.090 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1). In all plots, the CH4 fluxes were negative during most of the experiment (−1.073−0.403 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1), indicating that these ecosystems can represent a significant sink for atmospheric CH4. According to our results, the optimal vineyard management, considering soil properties, yield and GHG mitigation together, was the use of compost in a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard with the grape variety Monastrell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]