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Summary: Background: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38).

In Pakistan and other developing countries, the available data on the association of T2DM and HCV is limited. We therefore made an attempt to report the association of HCV and diabetes in Pakistani population through this meta-analysis. HCV and diabetes related studies were identified using various key words, from a number of databases including CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science and Embase. Using RevMan5, the main outcome was regarded as type 2 diabetes associations with hepatitis c virus infection in Pakistan. Independent analyses were made for “HCV in diabetic patients” and “diabetes cases in hepatitis C virus patients”. Using random effect model, odds ratios were calculated with 95% CIs (dichotomous data). I2 statistics were used to calculate heterogeneity. From a total of 53 studies, we finally selected 6 studies for the meta-analysis. Using random effects model, hepatitis c virus patients in 3 studies (n = 1,902) demonstrated that HCV is a risk factor in developing diabetes, contrary to patients with no HCV infection (OR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.06, I2 = 0%; RR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.07, I2 = 0%). The remaining 3 studies (n = 13,710) had reported HCV infections in type 2 diabetic patients and patients with no diabetes. Similarly, our meta-analysis revealed higher prevalence of HCV infections in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.17-0.42, I2 = 32%; RR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20-0.46, I2 = 32%) as compared to patients with no type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our meta-analysis demonstrates a significant link between HCV and T2DM. Further studies are recommended with adequate sample sizes.

Taking everything into account, the information and attention to diabetes was low, while the pervasiveness of these diseases was high among the number of inhabitants in blood benefactors. This examination discovered that monitoring and having higher diabetes related information can affect the predominance of these contaminations. This is especially the situation among diabetes patients, as the individuals who reacted accurately to in any event four of six information proclamations for every contamination were essentially connected with a negative disease status for the diseases, separately. 66.5% respondents didn't think about strategies to diminish diabetes, yet most showed that schooling on lessening diabetes is required. Hence, a legislature driven quest for proficient strategies to battle and announce sugar decrease is required so as to persistently give proper schooling. There is a need to bring issues to light and disperse proper information to patients and everybody to support uplifting perspectives, advance solid practices, and in this way diminish the spread of these diseases. This investigation has significant ramifications for general wellbeing arrangements and supports the requirement for conduct mediation systems to draw in individuals in solid practices, particularly sexual conduct.

Abstract Background The IκB kinase (IKK) complex, comprising the two enzymes IKKα and IKKβ, is the main activator of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, which is constitutively active in many cancers. While several connections between NF-κB signaling and the oncogene c-Myc have been shown, functional links between the signaling molecules are still poorly studied. Methods Molecular interactions were shown by co-immunoprecipitation and FRET microscopy. Phosphorylation of c-Myc was shown by kinases assays and its activity by improved reporter gene systems. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout and chemical inhibition were used to block IKK activity. The turnover of c-Myc variants was determined by degradation in presence of cycloheximide and by optical pulse-chase experiments.. Immunofluorescence of mouse prostate tissue and bioinformatics of human datasets were applied to correlate IKKα- and c-Myc levels. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU incorporation and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Results We show that IKKα and IKKβ bind to c-Myc and phosphorylate it at serines 67/71 within a sequence that is highly conserved. Knockout of IKKα decreased c-Myc-activity and increased its T58-phosphorylation, the target site for GSK3β, triggering polyubiquitination and degradation. c-Myc-mutants mimicking IKK-mediated S67/S71-phosphorylation exhibited slower turnover, higher cell proliferation and lower apoptosis, while the opposite was observed for non-phosphorylatable A67/A71-mutants. A significant positive correlation of c-Myc and IKKα levels was noticed in the prostate epithelium of mice and in a variety of human cancers. Conclusions Our data imply that IKKα phosphorylates c-Myc on serines-67/71, thereby stabilizing it, leading to increased transcriptional activity, higher proliferation and decreased apoptosis.

Transport of glucose across the eukaryotic cell membranes is carried out by members of the glucose transporter (GLUT) family which is mainly divided into three classes (I, II and III) on the basis of phylogenetic relationship. In humans, one member of Class I called GLUT2 is encoded by solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 (SLC2A2) gene located on third chromosome. Protein mediated glucose movement across cell membranes is made possible through GLUT2 that is a trans-membrane carrier protein. It regulates the entry of glucose and secretion of insulin in the pancreatic cell. It has three isoforms and the longest isoform consists of 524 amino acid. There are 13 extracellular, 12 transmembrane and 5 cytoplasmic domains in human GLUT2. The risk of Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS), diabetes, breast cancer (BC) and Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with improper functioning of GLUT2. The most frequent form of genetic changes is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). Non synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) can result in alterations of amino acids and subsequent changes in phenotype. In this study, in-silico analysis was done to find phylogenetic relationship of human GLUT2 protein and possible deleterious effect of nsSNPs of its coding region. Clustal Omega was used to make phylogenetic tree. SIFT, PolyPhen, PROVEAN and SNPeffect were used to predict deleterious or tolerated SNPs. 167 nsSNPs were predicted to be damaging by SIFT, 65 to be possibly damaging and 77 to be probably damaging by PolyPhen. PROVEAN predicted 162 nsSNPs to be neutral and 138 to be deleterious. 101 SNPs were found to be damaging by three algorithms; SIFT, PolyPhen and PROVEAN.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. The most common type is type II diabetes and is characterized by insulin resistance or relative insulin deficiency. Objectives: This study was performed to discover whether Complte blood count is a suitable indicator for development of type II diabetes complications. Methods: 137 type II diabetic patients with high blood glucose level were included in this study and their complete blood count was recorded. Demographic and laboratory data were also noted. Result: WBC, Hb, Hematocrit, MCH had abnormal values. As the results of this study show, higher leukocyte counts was correlated with uncontrolled diabetes. Accompanied by other markers, chronic inflammation that can be shown by this factor could be related to pathogenesis and the progression of these diabetes-related complications. Conclusion: Complete blood count test could be considered as an appropriate clinical examination for early diagnosis and prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications thus reducing morbidity and mortality from diabetes mellitus.

Chitosan and heparin-based hydrogels possess potent properties such as air permeability, absorption and water retention. Our group has previously reported heparin-loaded, freeze-dried porous hydrogels, using chitosan/PVA and variable concentrations of PCL. Significant angiogenic effect of these hydrogels was observed. In this follow-up study, we have investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of increased angiogenesis due to these heparin-releasing chitosan-based hydrogels, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cells were cultured in complete ECM media and supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin. HUVECs were treated with heparin-releasing chitosan-based hydrogels in different concentrations (H4, H8 and H16) for 1, 3 and 7 days. RNA was extracted using trizol and quantified by nanodrop. Primers were designed for the target genes including VEGF, VEGFR, Ap-1, BCL-2, HIF-1, BAX, IL-1 and TNF-α. Gene expression analysis were performed using PCR. Gel electrophoresis was used to visualize results. MTT and DCFH-DA assays were performed to check cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) respectively. Hydrogels H8, had significantly high effect on the expression of VEGF and VEGFR, as compared to H4 and H16. At day 1, most of the target genes showed higher expression. HIF-1 showed high expression at day one, with a gradual decrease at day 3 and 4. We observed no expression of AP-1 with hydrogels H4, H16 and control, but a high expression with hydrogels H8, at day 1 and 3. BCL-2, IL-1and TNF-α also revealed high expression with hydrogels H8. A low expression of BAX was observed in all cases. Our study demonstrates high expression of genes with H4 probably due to high concentration of heparin. Similarly, at day 1, the high expression is attributed to the fact that these hydrogels release maximum heparin in the first 24 h.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that can result in permanent vision loss by damaging optic nerves due to higher pressure in the eye. Although most of the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms involved in glaucoma are undetermined but alteration in ocular blood flow(OBF)in tissues such as optic nerve, retina, choroid and iris is an important risk factor for glaucoma. Various factors such as limited knowledge of the factors causing optic nerve damage, confusion in the measurement assays and lack of therapies, make hindrances in the understanding of glaucoma. Researchers are continuously accumulating evidence to suggest that alterations in OBF play important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma but most of the times they have diverse and contradictory conclusions regarding changes in the OBF and risk of glaucoma. In this article we have reviewed different aspects of glaucoma and the effect of OBF in the disease progression

Objectives: In-house preparation of chemically competent andelectrocompetent Top 10 E. coli is not only economical butmeets the needs for most of the molecular cloning work. Forsuch transformations an optimum range of plasmidsupercoiled DNA is needed. Therefore, the present studydescribes the modification of two protocols for the preparationof such cells, and optimization of the amount of plasmidsupercoiled DNA required for better efficiency.Materials and methods: As most of the available protocols torender bacterial cells competent need special media orchemicals and are time consuming, the methods from HelenDonis-Keller Laboratory Manual of Washington University inSt. Louis and Goldberg Laboratory Standard Protocols of theUnited States Department of Agriculture have been used aftermeticulous selection and with few modifications for preparingchemically competent and electrocompetent Top 10 E. coli,respectively. The transformation was carried out using pUC19supercoiled plasmid DNA.Results: The transformation efficiencies of chemicallycompetent and electrocompetent Top 10 E. coli were found tobe 1.1 x 106 and 7.88 x 107 tranformants/μg of DNA,respectively. Such efficiencies are slightly higher than therequired (105-106 transformants/μg DNA) for most of thecloning experimentation.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicatethat for sufficient transformation competence rates theoptimum range of plasmid supercoiled DNA is 10 ng forchemically competent and 0.1 ng for electrocompetentTop 10 E. coli.