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Central hypothyroidism and dyslipidemia are well-known adverse events (AEs) of bexarotene therapy. Although hypothyroidism is known to cause dyslipidemia, no study has examined the association between hypothyroidism and dyslipidemia in patients undergoing bexarotene therapy. The aim of this study is to examine this association. A retrospective observational study was performed among 294 patients who initiated bexarotene therapy in Japan (nation-wide postmarketing complete surveillance). Jonckheere-Terpstra (one sided) test was performed to evaluate the effect of the bexarotene dose on lipid metabolisms, and regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations of bexarotene dose, free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI), and lipid metabolisms. Most patients developed hypothyroidism. Two-third of patients showed FT4 values below the lower limit at 1 week. Triglycerides (TG) increased in a bexarotene dose–dependent manner, and grade ≥3 AEs on hypertriglyceridemia was observed in 39% of the patients. Additionally, one-third of grade ≥3 AEs on hypertriglyceridemia occurred within 1 week. The delta_FT4 (difference in FT4 from baseline) negatively correlated with TG increase at 1 week (p = 0.012) but not with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increase at any week. Bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism is almost inevitable and occurred quickly. Bexarotene-induced hypertriglyceridemia showed positive bexarotene dose dependency and negative delta_FT4 dependency. Prophylactic and appropriate thyroid hormone compensation therapy and starting bexarotene at low doses with subsequent titration while managing dyslipidemia may have a beneficial effect for the successful continuation of bexarotene therapy without severe endocrine and metabolic AEs.

We report a case of sporotrichosis in an elderly male farmer at the site of a cat scratch scar.An 84-year-old Japanese farmer was scratched by his cat two months before his visit to our hospital.A skin biopsy was performed. Tissue culture revealed the presence of Sporothrix globosa.The patient was treated with oral itraconazole 200 mg/day for 13 months due to a slow healing ulceration, and the symptoms resolved. (71 words).

The diagnosis of hereditary skin tumors is difficult for “old” diagnostic tools such as immunohistochemistry. Whole-exome sequencing analysis as a “new” diagnostic tool enables us to make a final diagnosis in spite of unknown hereditary diseases in the past. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer are autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndromes characterized by uterine myomas, cutaneous leiomyomas, and aggressive renal cell cancer. The syndrome is associated with pathogenic germline variants in the fumarate hydratase gene. Herein, we demonstrate a pathogenic germline variant of the fumarate hydratase gene in a 60-year-old woman with multiple cutaneous leiomyomas, leading to the diagnosis of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Whole-exome sequencing analysis using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes revealed one germline variant in the FH gene on chromosome 1 (c.290G>A, p.Gly97Asp). She received total hysterectomy due to uterine myoma, which strongly supported the diagnosis. No tumor was detected in her kidney by computed tomography and ultrasound examination. Genetic examination for the mutation of the fumarate hydratase gene is important in order to reach the correct diagnosis and to detect renal cancer at its early stage.

Abstract The pharmacokinetics (PKs) and exposure–efficacy of dupilumab have not been fully described for adults with atopic dermatitis (AD). Our objectives were to analyze the PKs and exposure–efficacy of dupilumab in adults with AD and compare the results of Japanese and overall populations. Adults with moderate‐to‐severe AD were randomly assigned to dupilumab (300 mg weekly [qw] or every 2 weeks [q2w], 200 mg q2w, 300 mg every 4 weeks [q4w], or 100 mg q4w) or placebo for 16 weeks in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐ranging phase IIb trial (NCT01859988). This analysis included 379 patients (58 Japanese). Functional dupilumab concentrations increased in a dose‐dependent manner; at lower concentrations, increases were greater than dose‐proportional because of nonlinear, target‐mediated clearance. Dupilumab pharmacokinetics were comparable in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients with similar body weights. Week 16 efficacy parameters, including Investigator’s Global Assessment score 0/1, greater than or equal to 75% reduction from baseline in the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), and percentage change from baseline in EASI and pruritus Numerical Rating Scale, generally increased with week 16 trough concentration; the plateau of these exposure–efficacy relationships occurred for most patients at exposures associated with the 300 mg q2w and 300 mg qw regimens. Japanese ethnicity did not remain in the population PK model as covariate with or without accounting for body weight differences. In Japanese and non‐Japanese patients, efficacy responses increased with week 16 dupilumab trough concentrations in a similar manner. Dupilumab 300 mg qw and q2w regimens were recommended for further evaluation in larger phase III studies.

Abstract Background Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCLs) often have skin dryness and skin barrier dysfunctions, which are also seen in atopic dermatitis (AD). Expression of keratinocyte proline‐rich protein (KPRP) was decreased in the epidermis of AD, which led to barrier defects and further allergic inflammation. Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze KPRP expression in CTCL. Materials & Methods Skin samples of CTCL and healthy control were collected, and KPRP mRNA expression in the skin tissue was analyzed. We also performed immunohistochemistry of KPRP protein. Results Keratinocyte proline‐rich protein (KPRP) mRNA expression was decreased compared with normal skin. KPRP expression was positively correlated with that of filaggrin and loricrin, and it was negatively correlated with serum interleukin‐2 receptor levels. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that KPRP was detected in upper part of granular layer of epidermis in normal skin and in early‐stage CTCL, but rarely detected in the advanced‐stage CTCL. Conclusion In conclusion, we revealed the decrease in KPRP expression in CTCL.

Abstract Objectives Although the prognosis of Sézary syndrome (SS) is highly unfavorable, the prognostic factors have not been fully understood. In this study, we tried to investigate the prognostic factors in Japanese SS patients for the first time. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 19 SS patients who visited our hospital between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2019. The collected clinical findings were age, gender, performance status (PS), and TNMB staging at diagnosis. TNMB staging was determined according to the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas and the cutaneous task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria. The collected hematological findings were serum levels of soluble IL‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), and immunoglobulin E (IgE), Sézary cell count, Sézary cell ratio among white blood cells, and eosinophil count in peripheral blood at diagnosis. Results We analyzed the correlations between overall survival and various clinical and hematological findings. In the log‐rank test, PS1‐3, N2‐3 stage, higher serum levels of LDH (≥355 IU/L), sIL‐2R (≥1729 U/ml) and TARC (≥19,867 pg/ml), and higher Sézary cell count (≥7480/μl) and Sézary cell ratio among white blood cells (≥52%) at diagnosis were associated with decreased overall survival. Conclusions This is the first report evaluating prognostic factors in Asian SS patients. This study may contribute to selecting the treatment strategy and improving survival and quality of life of Asian SS patients.

There are various types of skin immune responses including inflammatory skin diseases and skin malignancy. Macrophages and fibroblasts are skin resident cells that had been overlooked in terms of immunological research targets. In this review, cross talk among macrophages, fibroblasts, and migratory immune cells in skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), contact hypersensitivity, psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, melanoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is described. Macrophages are important in AD by antigen-presenting phagocytosis, production of inflammatory cytokines, removal of apoptotic cells, and mediating clusters between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. They are also increased in lesional skin of psoriasis, especially in stable plaques, and an increased ratio of M1/M2 macrophages and tumor necrosis factor-α production by macrophages are essential for development of psoriasis. The progression of skin malignancy is mediated by macrophages through promotion of tumor survival pathways via expression of cytokines and growth factors, interaction with regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and suppression of function of tumor-infiltrating T cells by immunosuppressive cytokines and programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1. Fibroblasts play important roles in development and maintenance of AD lesions through expression of CC chemokine ligand (CCL)17, CCL11, CCL26, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)12, CCL19, and periostin, interacting with T helper (Th)2 cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, DCs, and keratinocytes. They also play important roles in psoriasis, expressing interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor, production of fibronectin, and changes in the proteomic profiles. Fibroblasts have a critical role in the progression skin malignancy via expression of cytokines, suppression natural killer (NK) functions, and establishment of Th2-dominant microenvironment. Thus, cross talk among macrophages, fibroblasts, and migratory immune cells including T cells, DCs, and NK cells in skin diseases is important and those skin-resident cells are attracting therapeutic targets in the near future.

Tumor cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma express limited numbers of chemokine receptors. We investigated the expression patterns of CXCR3, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR10 in mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome, lym­phomatoid papulosis and anaplastic large cell lymphoma in 121 skin biopsy samples. CXCR3 was expressed in 86% of mycosis fungoides cases but in no anaplastic large cell lymphoma cases. CCR3 was expressed in 73% of cases of CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphomatoid papulosis and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome patients with high CCR3 or CCR4 expression had a poorer survival prognosis than mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome patients whose tumor cells did not express these receptors. CCR10 was expressed in 50% of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome cases and in 13% of cases with CD30+ lym­phoproliferative disorders. These results suggest that differential patterns of CXCR3, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR10 expression are useful for the diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Moreover, expression of CCR3 or CCR4 suggests a poor prognosis in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome.

Nevus sebaceus is a benign tumor that is present at birth and is often seen on the scalp or face. Secondary malignant tumors sometimes occur in nevus sebaceus in adulthood. Herein, we present two malignant tumors arose from nevus sebaceus. One is basal cell carcinoma on the face and the other is sebaceus carcinoma on the lower back, where nevus sebaceus rarely occurs. Basal cell carcinoma sometimes develops in sebaceus nevus after a few decades, seen usually on the scalp or face. Sebaceus carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that arises in nevus sebaceus.

In many malignancies, dysregulation of the Notch pathways, composed of 4 Notch receptors (Notch1–4) and 5 Notch ligands (Jagged1–2, Delta-like ligand-1, 3–4), is associated with their development. In mycosis fungoides, interaction between Notch1 and Jagged1 is known to activate the Notch pathways and promote the proliferation of tumour cells. However, the involvement of other Notch ligands has not been reported. This study investigated the roles of Delta-like ligand 4 in mycosis fungoides. Delta-like ligand 4 mRNA levels in lesional skin of patients with mycosis fungoides were significantly elevated compared with those of normal controls, and correlated with disease-specific mortality. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated prominent expression of Delta-like ligand 4 on vascular endothelial cells and tumour cells in mycosis fungoides lesional skin. In addition, Delta-like ligand 4 augmented the proliferation of cutaneous T-cell lym­phoma cell lines. These results suggest that enhanced Delta-like ligand 4 expression may contribute directly to the progression of mycosis fungoides through proliferating tumour cells.

Abstract is missing (Short communication)

BACKGROUND: Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that has shown impressive efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma. In mice, the addition of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to drinking water leads to acute colitis that can serve as an experimental animal model for human ulcerative colitis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Bortezomib treatment was shown to potently inhibit murine DSS-induced colitis. The attenuation of DSS-induced colitis was associated with decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon. Specifically, bortezomib-treated mice showed significantly decreased numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Bortezomib treatment significantly diminished interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, cytoplasmic IFN-γ production by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes was substantially decreased by bortezomib treatment. Notably, bortezomib enhanced T cell apoptosis by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB activation during DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Bortezomib treatment is likely to induce T cell death, thereby suppressing DSS-induced colitis by reducing IFN-γ production.

Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a proteolytic enzyme potentially modulating angiogenic processes and extracellular matrix remodeling. While matrix metalloproteinases are shown to be implicated in tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc), the role of cathepsins in this disease has not been well studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of CTSB in SSc. Serum pro-CTSB levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 55 SSc patients and 19 normal controls. Since the deficiency of transcription factor Fli1 in endothelial cells is potentially associated with the development of SSc vasculopathy, cutaneous CTSB expression was evaluated by immunostaining in Fli1(+/-) and wild type mice as well as in SSc and control subjects. The effects of Fli1 gene silencing and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on CTSB expression were determined by real-time PCR in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and dermal fibroblasts, respectively. Serum pro-CTSB levels were significantly higher in limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and late-stage diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) patients than in healthy controls. In dcSSc, patients with increased serum pro-CTSB levels showed a significantly higher frequency of digital ulcers than those with normal levels. CTSB expression in dermal blood vessels was increased in Fli1(+/-) mice compared with wild type mice and in SSc patients compared with healthy controls. Consistently, Fli1 gene silencing increased CTSB expression in HDMECs. In cultured dermal fibroblasts from early dcSSc, CTSB expression was decreased compared with normal fibroblasts and significantly reversed by TGF-β1 antisense oligonucleotide. In conclusion, up-regulation of endothelial CTSB due to Fli1 deficiency may contribute to the development of SSc vasculopathy, especially digital ulcers, while reduced expression of CTSB in lesional dermal fibroblasts is likely to be associated with skin sclerosis in early dcSSc.

Dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes promote the pathogenesis of the skin inflammation, such as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been implicated in the promotion of skin inflammation upon its extracellular release as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule. However, whether and how HMGB1 in keratinocytes contributes to ACD and other skin disorders remain elusive. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the Hmgb1 gene is specifically deleted in keratinocytes, and examined its role in ACD models. Interestingly, the mutant mice showed exacerbated skin inflammation, accompanied by increased ear thickening in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenezene-induced ACDs. The mRNA expression of interleukin-24 (IL-24), a cytokine known to critically contribute to ACD pathogenesis, was elevated in skin lesions of the mutant mice. As with constitutively expressed, IL-4-induced Il24 mRNA, expression was also augmented in the Hmgb1-deficient keratinocytes, which would account for the exacerbation of ACD in the mutant mice. Mechanistically, we observed an increased binding of trimethyl histone H3 (lys4) (H3K4me3), a hallmark of transcriptionally active genes, to the promoter region of the Il24 gene in the hmgb1-deficient cells. Thus, the nuclear HMGB1 is a critical "gate keeper" in that the dermal homeostasis is contingent to its function in chromatin remodeling. Our study revealed a facet of nuclear HMGB1, namely its antiinflammatory function in keratinocytes for the skin homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-19 (IL-19), a pro-inflammatory cytokine known to stimulate the production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, is induced by IL-17A and highly expressed in the lesional skin of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). This aim of this study was to investigate whether IL-19 is involved in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and AD. IL-19 levels were significantly higher in the sera of patients with AD and those with advanced-stage CTCL than in normal controls, correlating significantly with clinical disease markers. IL-19 mRNA levels in lesional skin of both diseases were significantly elevated. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that IL-19 was expressed in the epidermis of AD skin and CTCL skin. In vitro, IL-17A and IL-4 increased IL-19 mRNA expression in human keratinocytes. Thus, IL-19 was increased in the sera and skin of AD and CTCL. These results suggest that IL-19 is important for bridging Th17 to Th2 in these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCL17 is expressed in a variety of cancers and promotes tumor progression by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs suppress tumor immunity by attracting regulatory T cells (Tregs) into tumor sites through CCL5. In this study, we examined the role of CXCL17 in skin disorders. CXCL17 mRNA levels in psoriasis skin, but not in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis or cutaneous T cell lymphoma, were significantly higher than those in normal skin. CXCL17 was mainly expressed in the epidermis, and IFN-γ dose-dependently increased CXCL17 expression by human keratinocytes in vitro. As CXCL17 mRNA expression was increased by treatment with imiquimod (IMQ), we examined the effects of CXCL17 in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Injection of recombinant CXCL17 into the ear before and during IMQ application decreased ear thickness, inflammatory cytokine expression, and the number of infiltrating cells compared with PBS injection. Flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescent staining revealed that the numbers of MDSCs, which are CD11b+Gr-1+, and that of Tregs, which are CD4+CD25+, were higher in the ear of the CXCL17-injected mice than in PBS-injected mice. MDSCs, but not Tregs, showed chemotaxis to CXCL17 in vitro. When mice were injected with anti-CCL5 Ab or anti-CCL4 Ab simultaneously with recombinant CXCL17, ear thickness and cytokine expression increased to a similar level of mice treated with PBS and control IgG, suggesting that these chemokines were important for anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, CXCL17 attenuates IMQ-induced psoriasislike skin inflammation by recruiting MDSCs and Tregs, which may be important for regulating excessive inflammation in psoriasis skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis is regarded as an essential step in supporting tumour growth and metastasis. In haematological malignancies, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), angiogenesis is increased and serum levels of some pro-angiogenic markers are elevated. The aim of this study was to investigate expression levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in lesional skin and sera in patients with CTCL, and to assess the association of these factors with development of CTCL. A further aim was to investigate the effect of PlGF on lymphoma cell growth in vivo using a tumour inoculation model. Expression of PlGF and VEGF-A were significantly elevated in CTCL skin. Tumour cells expressed PlGF in some cases. Serum PlGF levels were increased in patients with advanced CTCL and correlated with disease markers. Moreover, PlGF enhanced lymphoma cell growth in vivo through increasing tumour vasculature. These findings suggest that angiogenesis plays a role in the progression of CTCL and raises the possibility of using inhibitors of PlGF in CTCL therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Chemerin is a member of adipocytokines with a chemoattractant effect on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and macrophages and pro-angiogenic properties. We investigated the potential role of chemerin in the development of SSc. Methods. Chemerin expression was evaluated by immunostaining and/or real-time quantitative RT-PCR in human and murine skin. The mechanisms regulating chemerin expression in dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells were examined using the gene silencing technique and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Serum chemerin levels were determined by ELISA in 64 SSc patients and 19 healthy subjects. Results. In SSc lesional skin, chemerin was up-regulated in small blood vessels, while it was downregulated in fibroblasts surrounded with thickened collagen bundles. The decreased expression of chemerin was significantly reversed by TGF-b1 antisense oligonucleotide in cultured SSc dermal fibroblasts and chemerin expression was markedly decreased in dermal fibroblasts of bleomycin-treated mice. Gene silencing of transcription factor Fli1, which binds to the chemerin promoter, induced chemerin expression in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and Fli1+/- mice exhibited elevated chemerin expression in dermal blood vessels. Serum chemerin levels inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in SSc patients with renal dysfunction. In SSc patients with normal renal function, patients with digital ulcers had higher serum chemerin levels than those without. Conclusion. Chemerin is down-regulated in SSc dermal fibroblasts by autocrine TGF-b, while it is upregulated in SSc dermal blood vessels through endothelial Fli1 deficiency. Increased chemerin expression in dermal blood vessels may be associated with the development of digital ulcers in SSc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which is part of a family of secreted glycoproteins that are structurally similar to angiopoietins, is principally expressed in the liver and is involved in lipid metabolism and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of serum ANGPTL3 levels, measured with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in patients with systemic sclerosis. Serum ANGPTL3 levels correlated positively with skin score in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis with a disease duration ≤ 6 years. Furthermore, the prevalence of digital ulcers was significantly higher in patients with elevated serum ANGPTL3 levels than in other patients. Moreover, among patients excluding diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis with disease duration ≤ 6 years, serum ANGPTL3 levels correlated positively with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure. In conclusion, ANGPTL3 may contribute to the development of progressive skin sclerosis and proliferative obliterative vasculopathy, such as digital ulcers and pulmonary vascular involvement leading to pulmonary arterial hypertension, in systemic sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary cutaneous follicular helper T (TFH)-cell lymphoma has recently been proposed, and is characterized by proliferation of malignant T cells expressing TFH-cell markers, such as CXCL13, accompanied by numerous reactive B cells. We report here a patient whose skin histology showed massive infiltration of both T and B cells, with a proliferation of arborizing high endothelial venules and follicular dendritic cells. Infiltrating T cells were positive for CXCL13, programmed death (PD)-I, inducible T-cell co-stimulator, and BCL-6. Southern blot analyses using DNA from the skin revealed monoclonality of both T and B cells. The patient had marked resistance to treatments, and complete remission was achieved only after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The present case showed overlapping features with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), although systemic symptoms were not observed. Further study is needed to define the criteria of this provisional entity, representing the cutaneous counterpart of the nodal follicular peripheral T-cell lymphoma or AITL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis is a crucial process in the growth and progression of cancer, correlating with the metastatic potential of tumour cells. Angiopoietins are ligands for the endothelium-specific tyrosine kinase Tie2 receptor, which comprise 4 structurally related proteins, termed angiopoietin (Ang)-l, Ang-2, Ang-3 and Ang-4. The roles of Ang-1 and Ang-2 have recently been clarified as crucial in angiogenesis. In this report, we measured serum Ang-1 and Ang-2 levels in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Serum levels of Ang-2, but not Ang-1, in patients with Sézary syndrome were significantly higher than those in patch mycosis fungoides (MF), plaque/tumour MF, and healthy controls. In patients with CTCL, serum Ang-2 correlated with disease activity. Moreover, the numbers of Ang-2+ cells in lesional skin of CTCL were significantly larger than those in normal skin. These results suggest that Ang-2 may have important roles in the development of CTCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitization and challenge using dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induce contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with Th1 cell infiltration, whereas those using FITC generate CHS with Th2 cell infiltration. In this study, we attempted to determine the role of CXCR3, a chemokine receptor, in Th1- and Th2-type CHS induced by DNFB or FITC using CXCR3-deficient (CXCR3-/-) mice. Ear swelling was prolonged after DNFB challenge in CXCR3-/- mice, which was accompanied by increased Th1 cytokines and decreased TGF-β and IL-10 expression at a late time point of CHS, whereas there was no significant difference between wild-type and CXCR3-/- mice in FITC-induced CHS. In Th1-type CHS, the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was decreased in the challenged ear of CXCR3-/- mice compared with that of wild-type mice, suggesting that CXCR3 would be important in migration of Tregs into the site of inflammation. Moreover, we examined the characteristics of CXCR3+ Tregs both in vitro and in vivo, revealing that CXCR3+ Tregs expressed high levels of TGF-β and IL-10 as well as IFN-? compared with CXCR3- Tregs. When CXCR3-/- mice were injected with CXCR3+ Tregs, the prolonged ear swelling induced by DNFB was normalized. Taken together, our results suggest that CXCR3+ Tregs play a key role for quenching Th1-type CHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Cathepsin V (CTSV) is a proteolytic enzyme potentially modulating angiogenic processes, collagen degradation and keratinocyte differentiation. We aimed to investigate the clinical association of serum CTSV levels and the mechanism by which CTSV expression is altered in SSc. Methods. Serum CTSV levels were determined by ELISA in 51 SSc and 18 healthy subjects. CTSV expression was evaluated by immunostaining in SSc and normal skin and by RT-real-time PCR in normal and SSc dermal fibroblasts, normal dermal fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 or Fli1 siRNA and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) treated with Fli1 siRNA. Results. Serum CTSV levels were significantly lower in dcSSc and lcSSc patients than in healthy controls. In early-stage dcSSc, serum CTSV levels were remarkably and uniformly decreased compared with healthy controls. The decrease in serum CTSV levels in mid- and late-stage dcSSc and in lcSSc was linked to the development of proliferative vasculopathy. CTSV expression was decreased in microvascular ECs, pericytes/vascular smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes of dcSSc and lcSSc skin and in dermal fibroblasts of dcSSc skin compared with control skin. Consistently, CTSV expression was decreased in cultured dermal fibroblasts from early-stage dcSSc. Furthermore, mRNA levels of the CTSV gene were significantly decreased in normal fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 or Fli1 siRNA and in human dermal microvascular ECs treated with Fli1 siRNA. Conclusion. Loss of CTSV expression may contribute to the development of fibrosis, vasculopathy and the altered phenotype of keratinocytes in SSc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous involvement is frequent in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Patients with ATLL manifest different types of skin lesions, including nodules, plaques, ulcers, erythroderma and purpura. It has been reported that the type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic factor for ATLL. We report here a rare case of a 62-year-old Japanese woman with smouldering-type ATLL, first manifested by lichen planus-like skin lesions on the lower leg. This case report highlights the multiplicity of skin manifestations in ATLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the soluble form of herpesvirus entry mediator (sHVEM) receptor expression and its ligand, lymphotoxin-like expression (LIGHT), in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The sHVEM, serum interleukin-2R, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 and eosinophil levels of patients with mycosis fungigoides and Sézary were measured. A higher level of sVEM and LIGHT levels was recorded.

A case study describing neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) expressing interleukin-8 is presented. Topics discussed include the medical history of the patient, the clinical characteristics of ALCL, and how the diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma was made. The histological subtypes of ALCL are noted.

The article discusses a study on temporal variation of pruritus in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Topics addressed include pruritus intensity in pruritic dermatoses patients, sensitive chemokines associated with pruritus changes, and chemokines' serum cytokine levels. Also mentioned are the expression of Th1 chemokines in response to Th2-mediated inflammation and the use of visual analogue scale to assess pruritus intensity.

The article describes the case of a 60-year-old woman diagnosed with psoriasis who developed exacerbation of mycosis fungoides (MF) with large cell transformation while receiving treatment with infliximab. Topics discussed include the samples of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors used for patients with psoriasis, the results of skin biopsy and histological examination done on the patient and the administration of topical corticosteroids and oral etoposide.

CD137 and its ligand, CD137L, are expressed on activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells, respectively. Recent studies have shown that CD137L and CD137 are aberrantly expressed by tumor cells, especially in some hematopoietic malignancies, and interactions between these molecules on tumor cells promote tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the roles of CD137L and CD137 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), represented by mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Flow cytometric analysis showed that primary Sézary cells and CTCL cell lines (Hut78, MyLa, HH, SeAx, and MJ) aberrantly expressed CD137L. CD137L expression by tumor cells in CTCL was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Anti-CD137L--neutralizing antibody inhibited proliferation, survival, CXCR4-mediated migration, and in vivo growth in CTCL cell lines through inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK. Moreover, suppression of CD137L signaling decreased antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and phosphorylated Bad. We also explored the transcription factor regulating CD137L expression. Because GATA6 has been proposed as an oncogene in many types of tumors with aberrant CD137L expression, we examined GATA6 expression and the involvement of GATA6 in CD137L expression in CTCL. DNA hypomethylation and histone acetylation induced GATA6 overexpression in CTCL cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and knockdown by short hairpin RNA showed that GATA6 directly upregulated CD137L expression. Inhibition of GATA6 resulted in decreased survival and in vivo growth in CTCL cells. Collectively, our findings prompt a novel therapeutic approach to CTCL based on the discovery that the GATA6/ CD137L axis plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of CTCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]