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Fokus för denna studie är svenska förskolerektorers kontroversiella frågor, ett hittills obeforskat område. Syftet är att synliggöra några av de kontroversiella frågor som rektorer i förskolor hanterar i sin vardag med ambitionen att öka kunskapen om förskolerektorers ledarskap. Studien har en explorativ ansats och den teoretiska utgångspunkten grundas i begreppet dilemmatiska rum vilket vidareutvecklats till kontroversiella rum i artikeln. Vi menar att kontroversiella frågor är konstruerade i en specifik social kontext vilket påverkar hur rektorer positionerar sig. I analysen synliggörs hur de kontroversiella rummen är konstituerade. Resultatet grundas i sju semistrukturerade intervjuer. I resultatet synliggörs hur rektorerna behöver navigera i tre olika kontroversiella rum i relation till lojalitet, ledning och värden. Rektorers kontroversiella rum kan ses som ett uttryck för en utmanande position som kräver att man måste ta hänsyn till många intressen i sitt ledarskap. Att dessutom göra det i en verksamhet som präglats av en stark egalitär kultur gör själva ledarskapet till en utmaning. I denna kontext riskerar många ledarhandlingar upplevas som kontroversiella även om det är en naturlig del av att vara rektor.

Automated vehicles (AV) can increase safety, reduce congestion, and provide environmental benefits to the urban transport system. Nonetheless, AV’s governance in the urban transport system is challenging. This paper proposes a novel interdisciplinary methodology and contributes to the governance debate from the ‘policy’ and ‘polity’ dimensions. We attempt to draw insight from the Norwegian cultural context and a willingness to use AV survey in Oslo, Norway. We then attempt to provide insight into the workable governance approach for AV deployment in the Oslo region, Norway. Our result suggests that less than half of the people in the Oslo region are willing to use AV. Based on our analytical insight, we argue that a workable governance approach for AV that will allay fears of privacy loss while making people feel safe and secure, manage uncertainty, pessimism about technological innovation, and embrace time-honoured Norwegian traditions should be considered to support the deployment of AV in Norway.

A “file-to-factory” process of computer technology is a way to both maximise efficiency throughout the building process, increase a building׳s performance, and be able to add interesting architectural possibilities throughout the design phase. The authors investigate a novel approach that produces a set of building trajectories rather than a set of buildings, yet yields a series of build-able examples of those trajectories. This paper evaluates how this series of stacked multi-storey timber buildings can be both incorporated within a file-to-factory process, and give rise to creating new innovative solutions throughout the entire design and manufacturing process.This process is applied to a real Swedish project called Zembla. It redefines the notion of sprawl, turning it into a progressive tactics for linking the city fabric to rural areas. It is a post-sustainable file-to-factory-produced timber ground-scraper; soaring above ground and water, suggesting a new way of making city-sized buildings for the future.A plug-in grid-shell structure is designed to contain a minimal amount of timber elements, beams make up the lattice, cross-laminated panels add structural support, surfaces come together to form the living capsules. Having the structure undulate across the topography and touching the ground in as few places as possible uses the dichotomy between landscape and urbanism, bringing the city to the people living in less densified areas. Each living unit is customised to its topological conditions within the grid. Keywords: Multi-storey timber buildings, File-to-factory, Modular systems, Grid shells, Slotting, Living capsules

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal atresias and urological defects are main causes of pediatric surgery in infants. As copy number variants (CNVs) have been shown to be involved in the development of congenital malformations, the aim of our study was to investigate the presence of CNVs in patients with gastrointestinal and urological malformations as well as the possibility of tissue‐specific mosaicism for CNVs in the cohort. Methods We have collected tissue and/or blood samples from 25 patients with anorectal malformations, esophageal atresia, or hydronephrosis, and screened for pathogenic CNVs using array comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). Results We detected pathogenic aberrations in 2/25 patients (8%) and report a novel possible susceptibility region for esophageal atresia on 15q26.3. CNV analysis in different tissues from the same patients did not reveal evidence of tissue‐specific mosaicism. Conclusion Our study shows that it is important to perform clinical genetic investigations, including CNV analysis, in patients with congenital gastrointestinal malformations since this leads to improved information to families as well as an increased understanding of the pathogenesis.

This paper investigates ways in which weathering-related site conditions can be allowed to inform the design process in order to improve a building's geometry and performance. Providing a building design with the capacity to remember past experiences and anticipate future events can provide substantial gains to the architectural configuration and engineering of a timber façade. A new theory of architecture is outlined based on recent “teleodynamic” theories—a hypothesis about the way far-from-equilibrium systems interact and combine to produce emergent patterns. The proposed explanation considers nested levels of thermodynamic systems applied to an architectural context: “homeodynamic” operations that involve equilibration and dissipation of constraint combine to produce self-organising “morphodynamic” procedures that amplify and regularise site-specific constraining data streams. A teleodynamic design reconstitutes itself by combining morphodynamic processes so as to optimise its relationship to the past, present, and future. A novel teleodynamic design tool called Contextual Optimisation Workspace (COW) is assembled within the Grasshopper visual programming environment. The tool is used to carry out four experiments that combine to produce the teleodynamic design of an urban wooden façade, exemplifying an alternative framework for the design of wood-based structures. The first experiment investigates a variegated grid combining two distinct subdivision methods (an orthogonal grid and a Voronoi tessellation), transmuting one system into another. The second and third experiments focus on durability aspects of a wooden façade and devise strategies for how the effects of photochemical degradation and wetting due to driving rain might be minimised using the COW tool. The fourth experiment optimises the building for daylight based on an illuminance simulation. Using simulation and anticipation to add the advantages of site- and time-specific data streams as a design strategy can effectively suspend an algorithm-driven design iteration in time and space in order to allow it to be parametrically influenced by past or future events such as unique site and project conditions. The COW tool can be used to produce such teleodynamic designs.

We have used the transfer matrix approach to investigate the LA phonon transmission along the [0 0 1] growth direction in GaAs/GaAlAs superlattices and in Ga1-xAlxAs alloys. Our calculated minigap in the phonon dispersion induced by the zone folding matches reasonably to the phonon filtering experiment. However, in the regime of phonon ballistic transport, we found insignificant effect of zone folding on phonon thermal conductance. On the other hand, the alloy scatterings largely suppress the phonon transmission probability and so lower the phonon thermal conductance of alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

develops two new systems for catalytic carboxylation of alkenes. Use of palladium-(II) as catalysts and benzoquinone as cocatalyst; Use of hydrogen peroxide in acetic and acid solution.