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Improperly treated or discharged textile wastewater can have negative impacts on the environment, leading to the pollution of water bodies, disruption of ecosystems, and a reduction in biodiversity. This study investigated the effectiveness of MPR, which incorporates ZnO-kaolin, in treating textile wastewater. ZnO-kaolin photocatalyst was successfully produced and comprises selective elements using the precipitation method, and the physico-chemical properties were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray diffractometers (XRD). This study involved parameters such as initial pH (pH 6, 7, 8), ZnO-kaolin dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g/L), and initial concentration (90, 95, and 100%). The study suggests that the initial pH level has a significant impact on the efficiency of ZnO-kaolin in treating wastewater. The optimal pH for the removal of pollutants was determined to be 8 based on the presented data. The best amount of ZnO-Kaolin to use for effectively lowering pollutants in wastewater is 0.1 g/L, as shown by the higher percentages of color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. The results highlight the importance of the photocatalyst dosage in the effectiveness of the treatment process. The study suggests that the initial concentration of ZnO-Kaolin plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process. The results highlight optimal concentrations of 95% for achieving desired reductions in color, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and COD. This study presents significant potential for the textile industry to reduce environmental issues and move toward sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polluted river water treatment utilizes a mix of physical, chemical, and biological processes and activities. Conventional systems, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, have several limitations. Hence, the Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (MPR) is one of the most promising methods for polluted river water treatment. ZnO-Kaolin nanoparticles served as great photocatalysts for MPR performance. This study focuses on the pilot-scale hybrid MPR treatment of polluted river water under different light intensities (100, 125, and 225 watts) and irradiation times (20, 30, and 40 minutes). The treated water quality analysis is based on the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974). The kinetic rate was also investigated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. It was found that 225 watts and 30 minutes were the optimum values. The pilot scale hybrid MPR proved to fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that the degradation follows a chemisorption mechanism. In conclusion, we believe the hybrid MPR pilot-scale system will enhance efficiency in cleaning dirty river water, all while meeting the standards of the EQA 1974. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers provide essential resources for human use both in agriculture and aquatic ecosystems, which are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The polluted river water was treated using MPR incorporated Zno-Kaolin. The ZnO-Kaolin was synthesized through precipitation method and calcined at 550C. The characterization of the ZnO-kaolin was done using FTIR and XRD. It was found no impurities occurred during the synthesis. The Zno-Kaolin was then incorporated with MPR to investigate the reduction performance under different conditions, i) effect of initial pH, ii) effect of dosing and iii) effect of initial concentration. it was found that the optimal pH for the reduction is at pH 5, and at dosage 0.05 g/L. It was found the 100% concentration gave the highest reduction for all water quality index (salinity,TDS, conductivity). It can be concluded that MPR incorporated Zno-kaolin effectively treat polluted river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional technologies such as physical, chemical, and biological treatment have low efficiency, a tendency towards fouling, and use high energy consumption, respectively. Coagulation-flocculation base treatment, nearly 40-60%, during the latest technologies as an advanced organic process (AOP) with Fenton-reagents, nearly 80-85% in dissolved organic compound (DOC) reduction, respectively. It proves that emerging technology and new green technology are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is (i) to treat polluted rivers using pilot-scale MPRs with different initial pH of 5, 7 and 9 and adsorption-desorption time contact for 20, 30 and 40 minutes using 0.05 g/L ZnO-Kaolin loading, 225W light intensity, pressured one barg and 30 minutes' photocatalytic reaction time. (ii) analysing the physico-chemical quality of the water before and after the treatment as turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH levels using the HACH method with 90.89%, 84.93%, 83.19%, 99.38%, 19.47% and 0.63% removal efficiency respectively. (iii) Analyzing the kinetic reaction between the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models using turbidity data. In conducting the experiment, the sample of polluted river water was taken at Sungai Sembrong, Batu Pahat. From the result obtained, when pH five and time adsorption-desorption time contact for 30 minutes was the optimum condition for degrading and removing the organic matter. Moreover, it obeys the pseudo-second-order model, which relates to the chemisorption process between the ZnO-Kaolin and organic compounds. Overall, MPRs are claimed as a promising technology that is environment-friendly for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiophene, found in the fuels is a heterocyclic five membered ring consist of sulfur as the heteroatom, with two pairs of electrons at the S atom along with a pair in the six-electron π-system and the others in the ring. Thiophene give negative impacts to living things and also atmosphere. The presence of sulfur in fuels will lead to the emission of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere and lead to atmospheric pollution such as acid rain. Thiophene is difficult to remove by using conventional desulfurization process such as hydrosulfurization (HDS). Thus, photocatalytic process is the best alternative method available to degrade the thiophene. Photocatalytic process only requires minimal quantity of catalyst and the by product is almost zero or less harmful to environment and living things. The process efficiency depends strongly on the chosen photocatalyst. ZnO/KCC provide great potential as the photocatalyst. Hence, this review paper focus on the photocatalytic thiophene desulfurization using ZnO/KCC as the photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dip coating process promises good potential of nickel-alumina catalyst deposition on metal substrate for various applications especially in gas conversion reaction. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different calcination temperature on nickel-alumina catalysts thin film formation. Four different calcination temperature were used, which are 300°C, 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. The calculation process was conducted for a duration of 90 minutes. The deposited thin films were characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) equipment. The AFM result showed that the surface roughness of the nickel-alumina increase proportionally from 56 to 275 nm when the calcination temperature increased from 300 to 600°C. From an observation at high calcination temperature, the atom of grains assisted diffusion at the crystallite point causing grain with lower surface energy become larger. As the calcination temperature increase, the surface profile becomes rough and uneven representing high surface roughness. Thus, the effect of calcination temperature greatly influences the surface roughness of the nickel-alumina thin film.

The development of liquid phase Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for the gasoline fuel is becoming popular in spark ignition engines. In this research, an experimental work was conducted on a1.6L 4-cylinder multi-port injection engine. The engine was retrofitted with a Liquid Sequential Injection (LSI) LPG system. Its performance in terms of brake power, brake torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas emissions (CO, CO2, HC, O2, and NOx) were evaluated from 1500rpm to 4000rpm with half-open and wide open throttle positions. In comparison with gasoline, the brake torque and brake power for LPG were higher, but the BSFC and exhaust emission of CO and CO2for LPG are lower.