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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early-onset developmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and restrictive or repetitive behaviours.sup.1,2. Family studies demonstrate that ASD has a substantial genetic basis with contributions both from inherited and de novo variants.sup.3,4. It has been estimated that de novo mutations may contribute to 30% of all simplex cases, in which only a single child is affected per family.sup.5. Tandem repeats (TRs), defined here as sequences of 1 to 20 base pairs in size repeated consecutively, comprise one of the major sources of de novo mutations in humans.sup.6. TR expansions are implicated in dozens of neurological and psychiatric disorders.sup.7. Yet, de novo TR mutations have not been characterized on a genome-wide scale, and their contribution to ASD remains unexplored. Here we develop new bioinformatics methods for identifying and prioritizing de novo TR mutations from sequencing data and perform a genome-wide characterization of de novo TR mutations in ASD-affected probands and unaffected siblings. We infer specific mutation events and their precise changes in repeat number, and primarily focus on more prevalent stepwise copy number changes rather than large expansions. Our results demonstrate a significant genome-wide excess of TR mutations in ASD probands. Mutations in probands tend to be larger, enriched in fetal brain regulatory regions, and are predicted to be more evolutionarily deleterious. Overall, our results highlight the importance of considering repeat variants in future studies of de novo mutations. A bioinformatics pipeline to identify tandem repeat mutations is developed and used to characterize precise changes in repeat copy number associated with autism spectrum disorder., Author(s): Ileena Mitra [sup.1] , Bonnie Huang [sup.2] , Nima Mousavi [sup.3] , Nichole Ma [sup.4] , Michael Lamkin [sup.2] , Richard Yanicky [sup.4] , Sharona Shleizer-Burko [sup.4] , Kirk [...]

Leucovorin is a reduced form of folic acid, which has multiple uses.1 In this case report, it is used in combination with fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer. We describe a 53-year-old male, who was started on FOLFOX 6 + bevacizumab who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to leucovorin. There have been very few cases of leucovorin hypersensitivity reactions reported in the literature. In this case, symptoms include flushing, hives, body pain, headaches, elevated blood pressures, and general discomfort. Although leucovorin reactions are considered rare, one should be aware of the types of reactions that can occur with leucovorin. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]