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Abstract Background Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a major infectious disease that impacts the poultry industry worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, no effective vaccine has been developed against ALV because of mutations that lead to resistant forms. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop antiviral agents for the treatment of ALV infections and RNA interference (RNAi) is considered an effective antiviral strategy. Results In this study, the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) proviral genome, including the gag genes, were treated as targets for RNAi. Four pairs of miRNA sequences were designed and synthesized that targeted different regions of the gag gene. The screened target (i.e., the gag genes) was shown to effectively suppress the replication of ALV-J by 19.0-77.3%. To avoid the generation of escape variants during virus infection, expression vectors of multi-target miRNAs were constructed using the multi-target serial strategy (against different regions of the gag, pol, and env genes). Multi-target miRNAs were shown to play a synergistic role in the inhibition of ALV-J replication, with an inhibition efficiency of viral replication ranging from 85.0-91.2%. Conclusion The strategy of multi-target miRNAs might be an effective method for inhibiting ALV replication and the acquisition of resistant mutations.

With the rapid development of mobile crowdsourcing,crowdsourcing programs in the market have sprung up.They distribute tasks and use the power of the crowd to perform the tasks for collecting data and an effective incentive mechanism in mobile crowdsourcing becomes very important.However,the existing incentive mechanisms nowadays partially consider the reputation value,location and execution time of workers,which makes it difficult for crowdsourcing platform to select high-quality workers and assign multiple tasks on limited budgets or other constraints.To solve the above problems,this paper proposes an incentive mechanism on the basis of the multi-constrained worker selection (MSIM),which relies on two related algorithms.One is the algorithm of worker selection based on improved reverse auction model,which comprehensively considers many important limitations to select great workers to perform the tasks,such as worker reputation,geographical location,task completion degree and result quality.The other is the algorithm of reward and punishment by evaluation,which contains the evaluation of task-perceiving results and workers' reputation.The experimental results showed that not only can MSIM select excellent workers,but also it improved the credibility of the task results and the reputation of workers.It is proved within this paper that the MSIM is an effective incentive mechanism.

Background: Adipose stem cell‐derived exosomes (ADSC‐EXO) and botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) individually showed a therapeutic effect on skin wound repair. Aims: This study investigated their synergistic effect on promoting skin wound healing in vitro and in vivo and the underlying molecular events. Methods: ADSCs were isolated from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to obtain ADSC‐EXO by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation and were confirmed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Human skin fibroblasts (HSF) were cultured and treated with or without ADSC‐EXO, BTX‐A, or their combination. Changes in cell phenotypes and protein expression were analyzed using different in vitro assays, and a rat skin wound model was used to assess their in vivo effects. Results: The isolated ADSC‐EXO from primarily cultured ADSCs had a circular vesicle shape with a 30–180 nm diameter. Treatment of HSF with ADSC‐EXO and/or BTX‐A significantly accelerated HSF migration in vitro and skin wound healing in a rat model. Moreover, ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A treatment dramatically induced VEGFA expression but reduced COL III and COL I levels in vivo. ADSC‐EXO and/or BTX‐A treatment significantly upregulated TGF‐β3 expression on Day 16 after surgery but downregulated TGF‐β1 expression, suggesting that ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A promoted skin wound healing and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Conclusions: The ADSC‐EXO plus BTX‐A treatment demonstrated a synergistic effect on skin wound healing through upregulation of VEGF expression and the TGF‐β3/TGF‐β1 and COL III/COL I ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is regulated by genes and participates in the physiological and pathological processes of ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, tumor and other diseases. The pathogenic mechanism is not yet clear. It is known that regulating p53 gene can induce ferroptosis of endothelial cells and tumor cells. Inhibiting ferroptosis enables GPX4 to function normally, blocking lipid oxidation on cell membranes, reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protecting normal cells. In view of the polyreactivity of ferroptosis, it may help kill cancer cells and may damage normal cells. Therefore, genes related to regulatory ferroptosis sensitivity and the trigger mechanism need to be elucidated urgently. This article mainly reviews the known functional mechanisms of regulatory ferroptosis sensitive genes such as GPX4, FSP1, SLC7A11, P53, et al, in order to provide a reference for the in-depth analysis of ferroptosis research and the selection of drugs for major diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]