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La crise économique généralisée que connait la RDC depuis plus d’une décennie a provoqué la détérioration des conditions de vie des populations kinoises, en général et des ménages de la Commune de Mont-Ngafula, en particulier. Cette étude cherche à déterminer l’apport de l’Institution de Microfinance pour l’Appui aux Petits Entrepreneurs (IMF APE) qui combattent l’exclusion des pauvres sont l’objet des services financiers pour ensuite expliquer comment l’accès aux services financiers par les pauvres, peut aider à résoudre leur problème de mauvaises conditions de vie. Les résultats de cette étude empirique confirment les constatations antérieures sur les effets positifs de la microfinance sur le bien-être social des ménages (Afrane, 2002 ; Brau, 2009 ; Chen et Snodgrass, 2001). Ces effets sont recensés à travers l’augmentation des dépenses alimentaires, l’accès aux services de santé, l’éducation des enfants et l’amélioration des conditions de logement des ménages

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Copyright of Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française (RIELF) is the property of Poznan University of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Wild rice (Oryza barthii) is increasingly used in Sudan as a food crop. Wild rice is a whole grain, rich in minerals, vitamins, protein, starch, dietary fiber and various phytochemicals; and yet low in fat, with a beneficial fatty acids profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the socioeconomic significance of wild rice as a famine food crop in Darfur state of Sudan. A study was conducted in five districts (Tullus, Gadad, Demso, Katila, and Umshtoor) in South Darfur in Sudan. Primary data were obtained through a face-to-face semi-questionnaire interview on 146 households; supplemented with interviews of key informants and group discussions. All respondents (100%) not only attested to knowing wild rice and its growth habits, but also consumption (93.8%) of the crop. Wild rice reportedly grows naturally and widely in valleys, although it was dismally exploited by the local population. It is harvested manually and traditionally; and sold mostly in the local markets, without post-harvest value additions. The crop is consumed in various meals, but mainly in the form of porridge. Some respondents (13%) used the crop in times of famine. Wild rice is stored in traditional containers (95.9%) for periods ranging from 8 to 12 years without visible storage problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé : L’objectif de cette recherche est de montrer l’impact des transferts monétaires des migrants internationaux de la région de Zinder au Niger. Elle vise à identifier les transferts de fonds qui favorisent le développement socioéconomique des ménages d’origine des migrants. Dans la conduite de notre recherche, les données primaires et secondaires sont utilisées. Dans un premier temps, les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que les migrants transfèrent des fonds en grande majorité dont le but principal est de fournir des supplémentaires à leurs ménages pour répondre aux besoins de base et améliorer les conditions de vie de leurs familles. A cet effet, les transferts monétaires des migrants contribuent positivement au bien-être socioéconomique des ménages d’origine. Ils contribuent à la réduction de la pauvreté en leur permettant d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire, l’accès aux soins de la santé, de l’éducation de leurs enfants et l’amélioration de leur cadre de vie. Les transferts monétaires des migrants offrent aussi aux ménages bénéficiaires un capital économique leur permettant d’exercer des petits commerces, et d’investir dans l’agriculture, l’élevage, le foncier etc.

Résumé: Sur la base des données de la Cinquième Enquête Démographique de Santé réalisée auprès de 33 988 ménages au Cameroun, cet article identifie les déterminants d'accès à l'eau potable. De l'estimation d'une régression logistique multinomiale non ordonnée, les résultats montrent qu'il existe: une relation positive entre les ménages dirigés par les femmes et les probabilités d'accès à l'eau potable par robinet et par borne‐fontaine; une relation négative entre l'augmentation de la taille du ménage et ces probabilités d'accès. Une relation positive entre le quintile du bien‐être économique (catégorie la plus riche) et les probabilités d'accès à l'eau potable par robinet et forage; une relation positive entre le raccordement à l'électricité d'un ménage et la probabilité d'accès à l'eau potable par robinet. Enfin, une relation positive entre les ménages vivant en zones urbaines et les probabilités d'accès à ces trois catégories de sources d'eau potable améliorée que sont: l'eau par robinet, borne‐fontaine et forage. Sur ces déterminants, nous discutons les leçons pratiques de politiques publiques afin de favoriser l'accès à l'eau pour tous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographically uneven support: the spatial selectivity of public aid for household residential real estate investment in France. The capacity of the State to influence the accumulation process of real estate assets is strongly established by the regulation theory and radical geography. Yet, to date, the geographical forms of this mechanism remain under-studied. This paper therefore analyses the geographical perimeters of eligibility for five real estate investment aids in France over the period 2003-2019. Drawing on this study, we underscore the growing importance of geographical criteria for access to State support for households wealth accumulation. We highlight the contrast between, on the one hand, the relegation both financially and geographically of aid for social access to ownership and access to second-hand dwellings, and, on the other, the concentration of State support for rental investment in high demand areas. Beyond shedding light on the geographical unevenness of the mode of regulation, the article suggests that the spatial selectivity of the State entails a segmentation of the national space aimed at household investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the results of the participatory poverty analysis (28), the current economic and financial crisis, which is now extending to all underdeveloped and developing countries, is severely affecting the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and, more specifically, rural households in South Kivu province, which are affected by unprecedented recurring crises that plunge them into severe and unsustainable poverty. Paradoxically, these farmers, whose role is to provide healthy and abundant food to the Congolese population, are among the least wellfed. The objective of this study is to diagnose the impact of non-agricultural activity on household food security in mountainous South Kivu in the Luhwindja chieftaincy community. The results revealed that 37% of the rural households considered derive part of their income from non-agricultural activities, which improves their food security, while 63% of households with only agriculture as a means of subsistence had a critical level of food security because they were unable to obtain 2400 kilocalories per day per person. The non-agricultural sector and income from non-farming activities are therefore very important and contribute significantly to the economy of rural households because of their influence on the standard of living of households and their food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ouagadougou, the thickening of the central areas is accompanied by a space strong growth. This increase in the built surfaces is done in a concentric way, the new not-structured districts developing in periphery. In these districts, waste management is summarized with the whole of the activities of pre-collection, collection, evacuation or transport, valorization and elimination of those. The households in a systematic way make of it an use always calculated and reflected in space and time. It is use which leads to the storage of waste in the spaces booked with the domestic life. The report of the households to solid waste rests primarily on the idea according to which, those always have an immediate or remote unspecified utility. In a descriptive approach inspired of the microsociology are presented on the one hand a typology of the solid waste produced by the households, of suitable spaces and on the other hand, own logics which justify the ways of waste within living environments in urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil is now the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. In Cameroon, it is widely used as red oil, which means unrefined, constituting the first food source of vitamin A. However, changes in food consumption of urban households in Cameroon are questioning the role and the part of red oil in the current consumption of fat in households. To answer these questions, a survey was carried out in Yaoundé, a multicultural capital chosen because of the diversity of ethnic origins in its population. The present data gathered the results of two surveys carried out in the first half of 2016 in different districts of Yaoundé, in the form of two Excel tables stored on the CIRAD Dataverse of the UMR System. Our purposive sampling comprises 124 housewives and 29 restaurant owners' practices of Yaoundé. These surveys concern the consumption of edible oils (types of oil and quantities) and, concerning the red oil, the supply practices (supplier, frequency, price and volume), the perception of the quality, the denominations, uses and desired culinary properties to prepare traditional Cameroonian dishes. The diversity of socio-economic characteristics of households and restaurants, as well as the culture of the respondents are also characterized. Without claiming to be representative, these survey results from a large sample, present a picture as close as possible to the practices of housewives and restaurant owners in Yaoundé. Regarding edible oils and particularly palm oil, these data will be useful to follow the evolution of edible oils consumption and their use, in Cameroon. It would be advisable to compare the situation of Cameroon to that of other African countries traditionally consumers of red palm oil. This could help verify the increasing tendency of refined oil consumption while there is an emerging growing interest in red oil quality for traditional dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey conducted in northwestern Nicaragua, which aims at understanding how the flows of money and food generated by the diversified and multi-situated activities of farm households intervene in food access and perception of food security. In the study area, family agriculture develops in difficult agro-ecological conditions, and aims at producing staple food production and cattle ranching. In response to the lack of income, farm households have diversified their agricultural production with off-farm activities, locally and in migration. This diversification and multilocation allow them to generate income and food, essential for food security in regions at the origin. Social relationships between household members and beyond (extended family, neighborhood, and institutional actors) structure the flows of money and food. To capture these flows, the survey questionnaire, composed of three sections, is organized around a unique identification key: the individual. By capturing individual activities and resource flows directed towards the family kitchen, the survey offers possibilities for analyzing food security based on the deconstruction of conventional analysis units (residence, household, operation). Production and circulation communities are then established to study the supply strategies of the consumption community, which is the starting point for the analysis of food security. The questionnaire was applied to 350 households in a study area located in the North-west of Nicaragua. Data were gathered by paper questionnaire and face-to-face interview between April and June 2016. Additional individual interviews were conducted between February and May 2016. The data were entered between July and October 2016, before being checked, cleaned and prepared for analysis between June and October 2017 on the SPSS software. The metadata was produced on NESSTAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Au Tchad, la transmission de la poliomyélite a été interrompue en 2000, mais les importations à partir du Nigéria et la faiblesse des couvertures vaccinales constituent un risque majeur de relance de la maladie. L'objectif de ce travail était d'analyser les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques vis-à-vis de la vaccination contre la poliomyélite des parents des enfants âgés de 0 à 5 ans au Tchad. METHODES: cette étude transversale a été réalisée dans les six arrondissements d'Abéché. Seuls les ménages qui avaient des enfants de moins de 5 ans ont été inclus. Les données ont été recueillies par des entretiens avec les parents et tuteurs d'enfants éligibles à l'aide d'un questionnaire testé et validé. RESULTATS: nous avons interrogé 210 ménages. Aucune famille ne possédait de carnet de vaccination de leurs enfants. Cependant, 97% ont déclaré avoir des enfants ayant participé aux campagnes de vaccination de masse. Près de 97% connaissaient la poliomyélite et 98% avaient entendu parler des campagnes de vaccination. Les canaux d'information les plus cités étaient la radio (98%) et les agents vaccinateurs (72%). Seul 3% des parents interrogés ont déclaré avoir refusé la vaccination. Il existait une association entre l'influence négative de l'entourage et la non vaccination des enfants (p = 0,005). CONCLUSION: les connaissances sur la maladie et le vaccin sont bonnes au Tchad malgré l'existence de rumeurs concernant notamment les effets des vaccins. L'absence de carnet de vaccination a limité l'analyse des résultats de l'enquête, uniquement déclarative avec un taux de vaccination très élevé déclaré. Dans le cadre de l'éradication, le carnet est indispensable pour accompagner la politique de prévention.

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INTRODUCTION: la rage canine demeure une préoccupation en Afrique comme au Tchad. La présente étude vise à évaluer les Connaissances-Attitudes-Pratiques des populations pour la prise en charge appropriée des personnes exposées et une lutte efficace. METHODES: c'était une étude transversale descriptive réalisée en juillet et septembre dans quatre districts sanitaires au Tchad en 2015. Les données ont été collectées à l'aide d'un questionnaire auprès des ménages recrutés suivant un sondage aléatoire à 3 degrés. RESULTATS: c'était 2428 personnes enquêtées avec un niveau maximum primaire (54,12%). L'âge moyen était de 36 ' 13,50 ans. Ils étaient cultivateurs (35,17%), commerçants (18,04%), ménagères (12,81%). La rage était définie comme une maladie transmise du chien à l'homme (41,43%), une altération du cerveau (41,27%), une sous-alimentation (10,26%). Le chat était faiblement connu réservoir (13,84%) et vecteur (19,77%) ainsi que la griffure comme moyen de transmission (4,61%) et la vaccination du chat comme mesure préventive (0,49%). Les premiers soins en cas de morsure à domicile étaient les pratiques traditionnelles (47,69%), le lavage des plaies (19,48%) ou aucune action entreprise (20,43%). Les ménages consultaient la santé humaine (78,50%), la santé animale (5,35%) et les guérisseurs traditionnels (27%). CONCLUSION: la communication en rapport avec des premiers soins à la maison en cas de morsure, la connaissance du chat comme réservoir et vecteur, celle de la griffure comme moyen de transmission et la promotion de la consultation des services vétérinaires en cas de morsure sont nécessaires.

In Burkina Faso legumes are an important source of nutrients for the populations. This study focused on the nutritional value and the place of legumes in the household diet. The study areas were Ouagadougou, Kaya, Lebda and Nobere. The methodology consisted of measurements of macronutrients and minerals iron, zinc contents and a survey from 325 households. The main legumes consumed in the households are groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L.), voandzou (Vigna subterranean L.), soybean (Glycine max L.) and zamnè (Acacia macrostachya R.). Groundnut, cowpea and voandzou are consumed more than 2 to 4 times in a month by all households in the form of meals within households while soybeans and zamnè are eaten outside the household. The other legumes are consumed at any time by more than 80% of the households surveyed, except for the voandzou, which is consumed at lunch by 38.30% of households in Ouagadougou, 60% in Kaya, 66.67% in Lebda and 43.18% in Nobéré. Cowpeas, voandou and zamnè legumes added to cereals are eaten as main dishes by respectively 99%, 93% and 76% of households. Groundnut and soybean are used as an ingredient or as a snack. Legumes have high contents of protein, 35.76%, 31.04%, 27.29%, 22.55% and 20.38% respectively for zamne, soybean, groundnut, cowpea and voandzou. Lipid contents are low and contribute less than 7% to the energy value. Cowpeas and voandzou have high carbohydrate contents, nearly 60%. The iron contents of legumes vary from 1.77 mg/100 g (voandzou) to 6.50 mg/100 g (soybean). Those in zinc range from 5.34 mg/100 g (zamnè) to 4.33 mg/100 g (soybean). Soybean and zamnè have high calcium contents, respectively 57.42 mg/100g and 68.40 mg/100g. Soybean and zamnè require special attention because of the fortification of local product. of their interesting nutritional value in micronutrients. The diversification of products derived from these legumes and the methods of consumption within the households will allow a better profiling of the nutritional benefit of legumes for the populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of societies' evolution, food habits are changing and resulting in serious issues. Consumers are experiencing new foods and new ways of consuming traditional ones. Café Touba and kinkeliba are important beverages in Senegalese diet. Kinkeliba herbal tea is made of a decoction of dry leaves of Combretum micranthum. Café Touba is made by pouring hot water over roasted, ground coffee (Coffea robusta) and Xylopia aethiopica beans through a filter container. Sugar is added to the beverages, which are generally consumed in breakfast or sold in the streets or in small restaurants called Tangana. Many Senegalese, especially the young, are involved into the business. In this study, a survey was conducted in houses, streets and Tangana where the Café Touba and kinkeliba are prepared, consumed or sold. The objective of the survey was to determine methods of preparation and consumption of two local brews in Dakar. Sixty (60) questionnaires were given to the target people to assess the preparation methods and the amount of drinks consumed. Standard methods of preparation of Café Touba and kinkeliba were defined. From these methods, drinks were prepared and used to determine the tannins contents. The added sugar and energy taken for one portion size were also determined. The results showed differences in preparing methods and drinking habits of Café Touba and kinkeliba. The house-made Café Touba was more concentrated than the one prepared and sold in streets or in Tangana. Total dry leaves used for preparing the house-made kinkeliba or sold in streets or in Tangana were similar. Unlike the kinkeliba, the amount of Café Touba consumed in houses for one serving was higher than that in Tangana or in streets. These drinks could be good sources of tannins which have important therapeutic proprieties. However, Café Touba and kinkeliba drinkers could be exposed to an excessive added sugar consumption. In conclusion, Café Touba and kinkeliba are drinks that are well consumed by Senegalese. Promoting these local brews could improve nutrition and health of consumers. However, the high amount of added sugar in these drinks could increase the risk of chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal health coverage (UHC) is necessary to secure good heath to the population and the right to health is enshrined in a number of international and domestic instruments, including the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) This article reflects on UHC in the DRC. It demonstrates that UHC is still far of reach in the DRC which is lagging behind many other African countries and where there are deep inequalities among people with regard to access to health. A minority can afford it while it remains a luxury for the overwhelming majority. It explains this deplorable state of affairs and also suggests strategies which can be put in place to finance and accelerate the effective achievement of UHC. These strategies would result in the reform of the financing of the health system. There is need to mobilise more funding and ensure that resources are used in a more efficient and equitable manner for the country to progress towards UHC and improve the quality of health of its population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines the annual population censuses from the city of Charleville-Mézières, France, which used to be named Charleville, from the 18th to the 19th centuries. It is suggested that the composition and structure of its households is linked to factors related to its geography and size. The evolution of the size, structure, and number of households including nuclear families, widows, and childless couples are discussed. Additional topics include women as the head of households, the place and number of children per household, family relations, and the presence of non-relative in households.

The article focuses on the households in the city of Charleville, France, which later became Charleville-Mézières, through the examination of a demographic survey conducted in 1790. It provides information on the city's history and notes that municipal authorities conducted annual population censuses from 1698 to 1939. Topics of discussion include the number of people per household and heads of households, the nuclear family and single households, the amount of household staff, and the place of children.

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Behavioural influences of personal carbon trading (PCT) beyond those anticipated by pure price effects have been a theoretically attractive, yet empirically elusive, feature of such schemes. Computer-based simulation is used to examine the effects of participants' decisions on their personal carbon allocations within a PCT context. Evidence is presented about participants' tendencies to make more energy-conserving decisions as a consequence of attending to a restrictive and diminishing carbon allowance - independent of other financial and carbon cost information provided - suggesting that a form of 'carbon budgeting' is occurring. Further measurements indicate that the extent of carbon reduction achieved within the simulated PCT framework varies according to pro-environmental attitudes. Evidence is also presented that the size of participants' footprints correlates inversely with support for PCT; and that proenvironmental attitudes correlate positively with support for PCT. The advantages and drawbacks of using simulations for examining behavioural responses to PCT are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination of the demise of income poverty in Venezuela between the years 2001 and 2007. Applying additive decomposing properties from the measures created by Foster, Greer and Thorbecke to the data from the Household Survey conducted by National Statistics Institute (INE), a comparative characterization of homes with income poverty in Venezuela (years 2001 and 2007) is obtained, which reveals factors associated with the observed demise of poverty. Following this process, comparisons are made with structural poverty measures, such as the Unsatisfied Basic Needs Method and the Human Poverty Index. In addition, the household income is divided in order to examine its components, trying to identify which parts of that income have had the most influence on the demise of poverty during that period. Finally, the home structure is examined using traditionally poverty-associated variables, which facilitate an appreciation of the socio-economic change that has occurred. The study concludes that demise of observed poverty by concept of income is due more to the rise of non-labor-related incomes at home, particularly referring to state and family transferences, rather than to its member's productive work. It is also concluded that the demise of observed poverty is very much linked to the growth of public spending, which is generated by the State's current oil boom, and that this growth has not transformed itself in enough structural results concerning the population's life-condition improvement, nor in changes that can avoid new rises of poverty once this boom comes to pass and the adjustments become indispensable. It is a cycle that Venezuela's oil-oriented economy and society have experienced several times in the last half century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an exam on the demise of income poverty in Venezuela between the years 2001 and 2007. Applying additive decomposing properties from the measures created by Foster, Greer and Thorbecke to the data from the Household Survey conducted by National Statistics Institute (INE), a comparative characterization of homes with income poverty in Venezuela (years 2001 and 2007) is obtained, which reveals factors associated with the observed demise of poverty. Following this process, comparisons are made with structural poverty measures, such as the Unsatisfied Basic Needs Method and the Human Poverty Index. In addition, the household income is divided in order to examine its components, trying to identify which parts of that income have had the most influence on the demise of poverty during that period. Finally, the home structure is examined using traditionally poverty-associated variables, which facilitate an appreciation of the socio-economic change that has occurred. The study concludes that demise of observed poverty by concept of income is due more to the rise of none-labor-related incomes at home, particularly referring to state and family transference, rather than to its member's productive work. It is also concluded that the demise of observed poverty is very much linked to the growth of public spending, which is generated by the State's current oil boom, and that this growth has not transformed itself in enough structural results concerning the population's life-condition improvement, nor in changes that can avoid new rises of poverty once this boom comes to pass and the adjustments become indispensable. It is a cycle that Venezuela's oil-oriented economy and society have experienced several times in the last half century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To compare the results of two different survey sampling techniques (cluster and systematic) used to measure retrospective mortality on the same population at about the same time. Methods Immediately following a cluster survey to assess mortality retrospectively in a town in North Darfur, Sudan in 2005, we conducted a systematic survey on the same population and again measured mortality retrospectively. This was only possible because the geographical layout of the town, and the availability of a good previous estimate of the population size and distribution, were conducive to the systematic survey design. Findings Both the cluster and the systematic survey methods gave similar results below the emergency threshold for crude mortality (0.80 versus 0.77 per 10 000/day, respectively). The results for mortality in children under 5 years old (U5MR) were different (1.16 versus 0.71 per 10 000/day), although this difference was not statistically significant. The 95% confidence intervals were wider in each case for the cluster survey, especially for the U5MR (0.15-2.18 for the cluster versus 0.09-1.33 for the systematic survey). Conclusion Both methods gave similar age and sex distributions. The systematic survey, however, allowed for an estimate of the town's population size, and a smaller sample could have been used. This study was conducted in a purely operational, rather than a research context. A research study into alternative methods for measuring retrospective mortality in areas with mortality significantly above the emergency threshold is needed, and is planned for 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To quantify the extent of catastrophic household health care expenditure and determine the factors responsible for it in Nouna District, Burkina Faso. Methods We used the Nouna Health District Household survey to collect data on 800 households during 2000-01 for our analysis. The determinants of household catastrophic expenditure were identified by multivariate logistic regression method. Findings Even at very low levels of health care utilization and modest amount of health expenditure, 6-15% of total households in Nouna District incurred catastrophic health expenditure. The key determinants of catastrophich health expenditure were economic status, household health care utilization especially for modern medical care, illness episodes in an adult household member and presence of a member with chronic illness. Conclusion We conclude that the poorest members of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Setting only one threshold/cut-off value to determine catastrophic health expenses may result in inaccurate estimation leading to misinterpretation of important factors. Our findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure better access to health services and higher degree of financial protection for low-income groups against the economic impact of illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to explain when slaves aspiring to marry in the 18th-century Puerto Rican communities of Arecibo, Caguas, Coamo, and Yauco owed more to the exigencies of the agricultural calendar than to the proscriptions of the liturgical calendar. Marriages usually took place in anticipation or following the planting and harvesting of the island's principal cash crop-tobacco, and/or in consideration of the labor demands associated with animal husbandry.

Objectives To investigate the relation between residential exposure to radon and lung cancer. Methods A literature search was performed using Medline and other sources. The quality of studies was assessed. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of lung cancer among categories of levels of exposure to radon were extracted. For each study, a weighted log — linear regression analysis of the adjusted odds ratios was performed according to radon concentration. The random effect model was used to combine values from single studies. Separate meta-analyses were performed on results from studies grouped with similar characteristics or with quality scores above or equal to the median. Findings Seventeen case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. Quality scoring for individual studies ranged from 0.45 to 0.77 (median, 0.64). Meta-analysis based on exposure at 150 Bq/m³ gave a pooled odds ratio estimate of 1.24 (95% Cl, 1.11-1.38), which indicated a potential effect of residential exposure to radon on the risk of lung cancer. Pooled estimates of fitted odds ratios at several levels of radon exposure were all significantly different from unity — ranging from 1.07 at 50 Bq/m³ to 1.43 at 250 Bq/m³. No remarkable differences from the baseline analysis were found for odds ratios from sensitivity analyses of studies in which >75% of eligible cases were recruited (1.12, 1.00-1.25) and studies that included only women (1.29, 1.04-1.60). Conclusion Although no definitive conclusions may be drawn, our results suggest a dose-response relation between residential exposure to radon and the risk of lung cancer. They support the need to develop strategies to reduce human exposure to radon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: A reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is one of six health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, there is no consensus about how to measure MMR in the many countries that do not have complete registration of deaths and accurate ascertainment of cause of death. In this study, we compared estimates of pregnancy-related deaths and maternal mortality in a developing country from three different household survey measurement approaches: a module collecting information on deaths of respondents' sisters; collection of information about recent household deaths with a time-of-death definition of maternal deaths; and a verbal autopsy instrument to identify maternal deaths. METHODS: We used data from a very large nationally-representative household sample survey conducted in Bangladesh in 2001. A total of 104 323 households were selected for participation, and 99 202 households (95.1% of selected households, 98.8% of contacted households) were successfully interviewed. FINDINGS: The sisterhood and household death approaches gave very similar estimates of all-cause and pregnancy-related mortality; verbal autopsy gave an estimate of maternal deaths that was about 15% lower than the pregnancy-related deaths. Even with a very large sample size, however, confidence intervals around mortality estimates were similar for all approaches and exceeded ±15%. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that with improved training for survey data collectors, both the sisterhood and household deaths methods are viable approaches for measuring pregnancy-related mortality. However, wide confidence intervals around the estimates indicate that routine sample surveys cannot provide the information needed to monitor progress towards the MDG target. Other approaches, such as inclusion of questions about household deaths in population censuses, should be considered.