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Atmospheric mass loss plays a major role in the evolution of exoplanets. This process is driven by the stellar high-energy irradiation, especially in the first hundreds of millions of years after dissipation of the proto-planetary disk. A major source of uncertainty in modeling atmospheric photoevaporation and photochemistry is due to the lack of direct measurements of the stellar flux at extreme-UV (EUV) wavelengths. Several empirical relationships have been proposed in the past to link EUV fluxes to emission levels in X-rays, but the stellar samples employed for this aim are heterogeneous, and the available scaling laws provide significantly different predictions, especially for very active stars. We present new far-UV and X-ray observations of V1298 Tau with Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and XMM-Newton, aimed to determine more accurately the high-energy emission of this solar-mass pre-main-sequence star, which hosts four exoplanets. Spectroscopic data were employed to derive the plasma emission measure distribution versus temperature, from the chromosphere to the corona, and the possible variability of this irradiation on short and year-long timescales, due to magnetic activity. As a side result, we have also measured the chemical abundances of several elements in the outer atmosphere of V1298 Tau. We employ our results as a new benchmark point for the calibration of the X-ray to EUV scaling laws, and hence to predict the time evolution of the irradiation in the EUV band, and its effect on the evaporation of exo-atmospheres.

O artigo relata o entendimento atual do conjunto de textos conhecido como Economia e sociedade, procurando esclarecer em que consistia originalmente; como foi organizado nas edições anteriores por Marianne Weber e Johannes Winckelmann; como foi tratado no âmbito da nova edição da MWG. Para tanto, procura indicar como Max Weber situava os diversos textos, as diversas versões e fases de concepção e composição desses escritos. A partir daí, sistematiza os principais aspectos dos textos evidenciados na MWG, assim como os principais campos de discussão que se abrem para a pesquisa, em especial a sociologia econômica.The article reviews the current understanding of the set of texts known as Economy and Society, looking to identify the original content, how these texts were edited in previous editions by Marianne Weber and Johannes Winckelmann, and how they have been dealt with in the new edition of the MWG. These aims in mind, the text looks to show how Max Weber himself situated the various texts, including the different versions and phases of conception and composition of the writings. The article then summarizes the main aspects of the works, as evinced in the MWG, as well as the principal fields of discussion opened up for research, especially in economic sociology.

This paper analyzes the emission spectrum of Ar vi and adds new information about this ion. We use a capillary light source to study the Ar vi spectrum, presenting 39 line classifications for the first time, including one line in the ultraviolet region. A total of nine possible Ar vi lines in the ultraviolet between 3288 and 3440 Å are analyzed. We revised the wavelengths of the lines at 1284.01 and 1307.42 Å previously used to identify Ar vi in astronomical objects. The lifetimes, weighted transition rates ( gA ) and their estimated uncertainties, and cancellation factors are obtained using a Hartree–Fock calculation with energy parameters adjusted to fit the values of the experimental levels and modified to include core polarization effects. We analyze all the experimentally known transitions of the Ar vi spectrum, with particular attention to conflicting information. Isoelectronic sequences of energy levels and transitions, for which the trend is not a smooth curve, are analyzed. We revise previous studies where the information needed to support line classifications and level designations is incomplete.

The article explores the contemporary understanding of the set of texts known as Economy and Society, which look to identify the original content, how these texts were edited in previous editions by sociologist Marianne Weber and German art historian Johannes Winckelmann, and how they have been dealt with in the new edition of the "Max Weber Gesamtausgabe (MWG)." It summarizes various aspects of the works, as evinced in the MWG and the principal fields of discussion opened up for research, particularly in economic sociology.

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A capillary pulsed-discharge and a theta-pinch were used to record Kr spectra in the region of 330–4800 Å. A set of 168 transitions of these spectra were classified for the first time. We extended the analysis to twenty-five new energy levels belonging to 3s23p24d, 3s23p25d even configurations. We calculated weighted transition probabilities (gA) for all of the experimentally observed lines and lifetimes for new energy levels using a relativistic Hartree–Fock method, including core-polarization effects.

Focuses on the model of charismatic leadership and its applicability to the rule of German national socialist leader Adolf Hitler. Information on the two opposing theses of charismatic leadership; Description of the model of charisma developed by political analyst Max Weber; Details of the transition from a manifest charismatic situation to charismatic leadership.

A method based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed for the rapid and non-destructive determination and quantification of solid and dissolved amino acids. The statistical results obtained after optimisation of measurement conditions were evaluated on the basis of statistical parameters, Q-value (quality of calibrations), R2, standard error of estimation (SEE), standard error of prediction (SEP), BIAS applying cluster and different multivariate analytical procedures. Experimental optimisation comprised the selection of the highest suitable optical thin-layer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mm), sample temperature (10–30 °C), measurement option (light fibre, 0.5 mm optical thin-layer; boiling point tube; different types of cuvettes) and sample concentration in the range between 100 and 500 ppm. Applying the optimised conditions and a 115-QS Suprasil® cuvette (V = 400 µl), the established qualitative model enabled to distinguish between different dissolved amino acids with a Q-value of 0.9555. Solid amino acids were investigated in the transflectance mode, allowing to differentiate them with a Q-value of 0.9155. For the qualitative and quantitative analysis of amino acids in complex matrices NIRS was established as a detection system directly onto the plate after prior separation on cellulose based thin-layer chromatography (TLC) sheets employing n-butanol, acetic acid and distilled water at a ratio of 8:4:2 (v/v/v) as an optimised mobile phase. Due to the prior separation step, the established calibration curve was found to be more stable than the one calculated from the dissolved amino acids. The found lower limit of detection was 0.01 mg/ml. Finally, this optimised TLC-NIRS method was successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of L-lysine in apple juice. NIRS is shown not only to offer a fast, non-destructive detection tool but also to provide an easy-to-use alternative to more complicated detection methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative and quantitative TLC analysis of amino acids in crude samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the old question of a European federation and the new question of whether the nation-state is compatible with federation in light of European unification. The future of the European nation-state; Nation-state vs. multinational state; The European Community (EC); European Parliament; Council of Ministers; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); More.

The article presents a sociological view regarding effects of the political dictatorship of the "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" (SED; Socialist Unity Party of Germany) on the democratic culture in united Germany. The author contends that the transition from an authoritarian culture to a democratic one is difficult on account of the abstract value system in place as well as the complex role of institutionalization.

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The power structure of modern societies is usually conceived as the interplay between the institutions of government and the multitude of politically active intermediary groups. It is often stressed that the role of intermediary groups determinate the power structure even more than formal governmental institutions. Intermediary groups are supposed to counteract the omnipotence of bureaucratic government and to institutionalize social conflicts by providing mediating agencies. The capacity to form countervailing powers is considered the precondition to safeguard liberalism as well as a threat to the functioning of representative democracy. The power of intermediary groups rests on an uncoordinated system of interest groups. If certain components of this system are dissolved, the remaining groups will lose influence by their isolation. Some interest groups are oriented in their activities against other interest groups and they may welcome the destruction of their adversaries. But when the addressee in the conflict relation is destroyed, the surviving interest group loses its reason to exist.