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We evaluate the performance of multipole, linear Paul traps for the purpose of studying cold ion–atom collisions. A combination of numerical simulations and analysis based on the virial theorem is used to draw conclusions on the differences that result, by considering the trapping details of several multipole trap types. Starting with an analysis of how a low energy collision takes place between a fully compensated, ultracold trapped ion and an stationary atom, we show that a higher order multipole trap is, in principle, advantageous in terms of collisional heating. The virial analysis of multipole traps then follows, along with the computation of trapped ion trajectories in the quadrupole, hexapole, octopole and do-decapole radio frequency traps. A detailed analysis of the motion of trapped ions as a function of the amplitude, phase and stability of the ion’s motion is used to evaluate the experimental prospects for such traps. The present analysis has the virtue of providing definitive answers for the merits of the various configurations, using first principles.

Piperidone heterocycle have gained a considerable attention in the field of drug discovery. The wide range of its therapeutic application paved the way to the researchers to insert the nucleus every now and then in diversified pharmacophore, so as to generate novel therapeutic profile. In this review, we have tried to present various therapeutic applications, which have already been demystified by the researchers. The study may prompt the researcher to generate scaffolds of highest therapeutic efficacy considering the importance of 4- Piperidone nucleus.

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Introduction: There is evidence for use of cemented hemiarthroplasty resulting in greater anchoring and lesser peri prosthetic fracture. However, this procedure results in more haemodynamic instability and cardiopulmonary complications termed as ‘cement reaction’ or bone cement implantation syndrome. There has been a heightened interest among surgeons to compare cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty for fracture neck of femur. Aim: To compare cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty in terms of blood loss during the procedure, post-operative complications, mortality, functional recovery and long term clinical outcome. Materials and Methods: In a prospective study spanning 8 years from January 2006 to January 2014 in a tertiary care hospital, 52 cases of fracture of neck were selected. Twenty four patients underwent cemented and 28 patients underwent uncemented hemiarthroplasty. Mean follow up duration was 59.3 months. Harris Hip Score evaluation was done at each follow up. Radiological evaluation was done at each follow up for calcar length and periprosthetic fractures. Results: Mean age of patients was 70 years. Harris Hip scores at 3, 6 and 12 months did not show statistically significant differences. Periprosthetic osteolysis or loosening was not seen in the present study. No complications noted in uncemented hemiarthroplasty. Four patients who had cemented hemiarthroplasty had infections. No mortality occurred during admission and within 12 months after surgery. Conclusion: No significant difference was noted between the cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty procedures on long term follow up in terms of functionality. No re-operations and no mortality reported. Cemented hemiarthroplasty had more blood loss and minimal post-operative complications.

In this communication, the pathos vertex semi-middle graph of a tree is introduced. Its study is concentrated only on trees. We present a characterization of those graphs whose pathos vertex semi-middle graph of a tree is planar, crossing number one and crossing number two. Also we establish a characterization of graphs whose pathos vertex semi-middle graph of a tree is noneulerian, hamiltonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites belonging to the family Annonaceae is a small tree, which grows up to 10-15 m tall the leaves are simple and alternate. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. A. sclerocarpa leaf powder was extracted using ethanol. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of A. sclerocarpa (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) was studied in experimentally induced renal stone in rats by in vivo model. Ethylene glycol model (0.75% in drinking water, for 28 days) was used for renal stone induction. The blood, urine and kidney samples were used for various parameters. The concentration of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was observed in each group. The phytochemical analysis was carried out to detect the presence of secondary metabolites like saponins and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract. In ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) treated animal model ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf extract showed significant results on stone promoters (calcium oxalate, inorganic phosphate and sodium), kidney function parameters (uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine). On the basis of biochemical parameters and histopathological study it was confirmed that A. sclerocarpa leaf extract protected the renal cells from oxidative stress and injury induce by calcium oxalate crystals. The investigation of ethanolic extract of A. sclerocarpa leaf has shown promising antiurolithiatic activity and support folklore claims of these plants as antiurolithiatic. The mechanism of action of these plants for antiurolithiatic is apparently related to increased diuresis and lowering of urinary concentrations of stone-forming constituents, though it should be confirmed by the extensive exploratory studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate the penetration depth of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals into the ground surface at different frequencies. We applied dielectric models (Dobson empirical, Hallikainen, and Dobson semi-empirical) on the ground surface composed of different soil types (sandy, loamy, and clayey). These models result in different penetration depths for the same set of sensors and soil properties. The Dobson semi-empirical model is more sensitive to the soil properties, followed by the Hallikainen and Dobson empirical models. We used the Dobson semi-empirical model to study the penetration depth of the upcoming NASA-ISRO synthetic aperture radar (NISAR) mission operated at the L-band (1.25 GHz) and the S-band (3.22 GHz) into the ground. We observed that depending upon the soil types, the penetration depth of the SAR signals ranges between 0 to 10 cm for the S-band and 0 to 25 cm for the L-band.

Zinc finger-homeodomain (ZF-HDs) class IV transcriptional factors (TFs) is a plant-specific transcription factor and play a key role in stress responses, plant growth, development, and hormonal signaling. In this study, two new leaf rolling TFs genes, namely TaZHD1 and TaZHD10, were identified in wheat using comparative genomic analysis of the target region that carried a major QTL for leaf rolling identified through multi-environment phenotyping and high throughput genotyping of a RIL population. Structural and functional annotation of the candidate ZHD genes with its closest rice orthologs reflects the species-specific evolution and, undoubtedly, validates the notions of remote-distance homology concept. Meanwhile, the morphological analysis resulted in contrasting difference for leaf rolling in extreme RILs between parental lines HD2012 and NI5439 at booting and heading stages. Transcriptome-wide expression profiling revealed that TaZHD10 transcripts showed significantly higher expression levels than TaZHD1 in all leaf tissues upon drought stress. The relative expression of these genes was further validated by qRT-PCR analysis, which also showed consistent results across the studied genotypes at the booting and anthesis stage. The contrasting modulation of these genes under drought conditions and the available evidenced for its epigenetic behavior that might involve the regulation of metabolic and gene regulatory networks. Prediction of miRNAs resulted in five Tae-miRs that could be associated with RNAi mediated control of TaZHD1 and TaZHD10 putatively involved in the metabolic pathway controlling rolled leaf phenotype. Gene interaction network analysis indicated that TaZHD1 and TaZHD10 showed pleiotropic effects and might also involve other functions in wheat in addition to leaf rolling. Overall, the results increase our understanding of TaZHD genes and provide valuable information as robust candidate genes for future functional genomics research aiming for the breeding of wheat varieties tolerant to leaf rolling.

Abstract TSD276-2, a wheat genetic stock derived from the cross Agra Local/T. spelta 276 showed broad spectrum resistance against leaf rust pathogen. Genetic analysis was undertaken using F1, F2, F2:3 and BC1F1 generations derived from the cross TSD276-2/Agra Local. The results revealed a single recessive gene for leaf rust resistance, tentatively named as LrTs 276-2, in TSD276-2. Molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene LrTs 276-2 in TSD276-2 was done using SNP-based PCR and SSR markers. For Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA), two bulks viz. resistant bulk and susceptible bulk, and the parents TSD276-2 and Agra Local were genotyped for SNPs using AFFYMETRIX 35K Wheat Breeders' AXIOM array. T. spelta 276 was also genotyped and used as a check. BSA indicated that the gene for leaf rust resistance in TSD276-2 is located on chromosome arm 1DS. Putatively linked SNPs on chromosome arm 1DS were converted into PCR-based markers. Polymorphic SSR markers on chromosome arm 1DS were also identified. Final linkage map was constructed using one SNP-based PCR and three SSR markers. The rust reaction and chromosomal location suggest that LrTs 276-2 is a new leaf rust resistance gene which may be useful in broadening the genetic base of leaf rust resistance in wheat.

The Betwa River basin, a semi-arid catchment that has been classified as a major hotspot of groundwater depletion in Central India. The rainfall and streamflow intermittency have affected agricultural practices due to the variability of groundwater availability for irrigation. This study evaluates the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater level (GWL) in the last 25 years (1993–2018) in the catchment. We applied a nonparametric Seasonal Trend decomposition based on the Loess (STL) method to decompose the GWL time series into the seasonal, trend, and remainder components. We observed that the GWL in the northeastern regions of the basin has depleted about 3–5 mbgl in the last two decades. During the same period, the basin has experienced a reduction in the rainfall magnitude (2.07 mm/yr). We observed that the overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and rainfall variability have greatly impacted the GWL condition in the study area. Further, if the groundwater extraction continues at present rates, the Betwa River basin may experience severe depletion in the future.

Green synthesis of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) was achieved by using different parts of Mussaenda frondosa plant such as leaf, stem and leaf derived callus. Biofabricated CuO-NPs were characterized using Powder X- ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The XRD spectra confirmed the formation of pure monoclinical crystalline nature of CuO-NPs with an average grain size in the range of 2–10 nm. An extremely strong Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) between 300 and 400 nm distinctly reveals the synthesis of CuO-NPs. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerated structures amidst large surface area. EDS spectra proved the existence of copper and oxygen elements in nanomaterials. FTIR spectra explained the possible bioactive molecules liable for the reduction of copper ions. DLS analysis and Zeta potential values validated the stability of CuO-NPs. The pore width distribution by the BJH plot indicates the mixture of meso as well as macropores with large surface area confirmed by BET analysis. Furthermore, the biofabricated NPs were investigated for photocatalytic and biological applications. CuO-NPs were found to exhibit potent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The cytotoxicity study was evaluated by MTT assay against Human lung cancer cell line (A549) and affirms the potent anticancer activity of CuO-NPs. The results of photocatalytic activity of methylene blue dye under UV- light depict 97.36% degradation at 140 min of illumination. Our studies illustrate facile green synthesis of CuO-NPs and found to possess significant biomedical and industrial applications.

Artificial blood is a product made to act as a substitute for red blood cells, blood substitutes are used to fill fluid volume and/or carry oxygen and other blood gases in the cardiovascular system. More accurate terms are volume expanders for inert products, and oxygen therapeutics for oxygen-carrying products. It is required to overcome the Hypovolemic Shock During Accidents, Surgery Etc..,. Ideal blood substitute should have Universal compatibility: elimination of cross matching, Pathogen free, Minimal side effects, Survivability over a wider range of storage temperatures, Long shelf life, Cost efficient etc. Their main function is replacing lost blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity. Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers vaguely resemble blood. Two major areas of research in this Endeavour are Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and per fluorocarbon -based oxygen carriers (PFBOC). These can reach tissues more easily than normal red cells and can delivery oxygen directly and extensive clinical trials are being conducted to their safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesives plays an important role in industries and our daily life, mostly they are chemically processed like cyanoacrylates which are proved to be harmful for the environment thus there were many trials with various natural source. Amongst all the marine organism had the ability to adhere to surface naturally, they proved to have an adhesive part which forms a plaque or cement that allows the attachment of organisms to the sea bed. Further analysis led to the preparation of temporary, instantaneous, permanent and transitory adhesives wherein mussels and tubeworms were involved in permanent adhesion, limpets for transitory adhesion, sea stars for temporary adhesion, and sea cucumbers for instantaneous adhesion. The bonding and tensile strength of the adhesives was verified by conducting various tests to check if the adhesive improves performance. In this review we have focused on different isolation, extraction and characterization processes involved in the preparation of adhesives from marine organisms including their application in the field of medicine, engineering, biotechnology and environment.

An increasing number of infantile epilepsy syndromes have been recognized. However, a significant number of infants (children aged 1-24 months) do not fit in any of the currently used subcategories. This article reviews the clinical presentation, electroencephalographic findings, evolution, and management of the following entities: early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, early myoclonic epilepsy, infantile spasms/West syndrome, severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, myoclonic- astatic epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy, hemi convulsions-hemiplegic-epilepsy, benign myoclonic epilepsy, and benign familial/nonfamilial infantile seizures. Issues related to their classification are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for human diet and medicinal purposes. It can be grown in a wide range of climates. Suitable fertilizer management is required for adequate root and seed production of radish. Microbial amendments may affect root and seed yield. An experiment was conducted to judge the efficacy of 10 treatments of combinations of microbial amendments and inorganic fertilizers on root and seed yield of radish. Results indicated that the phosphate solubilizer bacteria (PSB), Bacillus polymixa, in combination with an N:P:K fertilizer increased root yield of radish. The bacterium Azospirillum or PSB at the same rate of inorganic fertilizer was equally effective for seed production. Correlation-regression and path analysis indicated that shoot-root ratio by weight, root characteristics and days to 50% flowering are important characters towards root and seed yield of radish. When all yield characters were considered, multivariate analysis produced dendrograms with three or four groups of treatments. Microbial amendments in conjunction with N:P:K was effective for root and seed production of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine flu has been creating a terror effects all-round the globe and has been declared epidemic in most part of the world. Swine flu refers to swine influenza or the viral infection caused by any of the several types of swine influenza virus. Only people who used to have direct contact with pigs were observed to get swine flu in the past. But, H1N1 virus is a new swine flu virus and it contains the genetic material of swine, bird and human influenza virus. H1N1 is an Influenza A virus. Swine flu can produce a number of symptoms in both adults and children. In India day by day the graph of infected person has been climbed up so, it is important to take into consideration about this disease as it may prove deadly one. The intensity of this disorder can be lowered by diagnosing and taking proper treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural poultry farming with improved high producing chicken varieties is transforming the rural livelihoods. The present study was aimed at developing a high egg producing variety suitable for backyard poultry farming. A total of 602 female birds representing five crossbreds, i.e. Kadaknath × IWH (KH), PD-3 × IWH (DH), PD-2 × IWH (VH), PD-1 × IWH (CH) and PD-3 × KH (DKH) were evaluated for their performance up to 72 weeks under farm conditions. The traits evaluated were body weights at 8, 16, 20, 40, 52, 64 and 72 weeks age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg production and egg weight at 40, 52, 64 and 72 weeks and egg quality traits. Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of genotypes on different traits and heterosis was estimated to check the superiority of the crosses over the parent lines. Genotype had significant influence on all the traits. Morphologically, only DKH crossbred had multi-coloured plumage, while all other crosses had white plumage with brown patches. DKH cross produced about 239.2±2.96 eggs annually and also witnessed the highest heterotic gains for all the body weight traits. Also, heterosis for ASM was very low for DKH cross and hence, in desired direction. Based on present findings, the three-way DKH cross owing to its multi-coloured plumage and good performance can be further studied for its potential as a high-producing layer variety in rural backyards.

Proper variance partitioning and estimation of genetic parameters at appropriate time interval is crucial for understanding the dynamics of trait variance and genetic correlations and for deciding the future breeding strategy of the population. This study was conducted on the same premise to estimate genetic parameters of major economic traits in a White Leghorn strain IWH using Bayesian approach and to identify the role of maternal effects in the regulation of trait variance. Three different models incorporating the direct additive effect (Model 1), direct additive and maternal genetic effect (Model 2) and direct additive, maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects (Model 3) were tried to estimate the genetic parameters for body weight traits (birth weight, body weight at 16, 20, 40 and 52 weeks), Age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg production traits (egg production up to 24, 28, 40, 52, 64 and 72 weeks) and egg weight traits (egg weight at 28, 40 and 52 weeks). Model 2 and Model 3 with maternal effects were found to be the best having the highest accuracy for almost all the traits. The direct additive genetic heritability was moderate for ASM, moderate to high for body weight traits and egg weight traits and low to moderate for egg production traits. Though the maternal heritability (h2mat) and permanent environmental effect (c2mpe) was low (

Selection index (SI) is one of the best methods for estimating the breeding value of an animal combining all sources of information on the animal and its relatives. In the present study, the SI was constructed utilizing the five generations data of Vanaraja male line (PD-1) for body weight (BW-6) and shank length (SL-6) at 6 weeks of age with variance, covariance estimates and heritability of both the traits. The SI was employed on three generations data on simulation basis and the selection parameters were estimated and compared with the mass selection (MS) actually practiced in the population. The least squares mean of SL-6, the primary trait of selection increased from 76.63±0.002 (G-I) to 82.85 ±0.002 mm (G-II), and subsequently reduced to 80.17±001 mm (G-III). The BW-6 also followed similar trend. Generation had significant effect on both SL-6 and BW-6. The heritability estimates for SL-6 and BW-6 were moderate with 0.21 to 0.28 for SL-6 and 0.22 to 0.27 for BW-6. The two traits exhibited high degree of positive association with 0.87 to 0.92 correlation coefficient. The economic value estimated for weight and shank length was 1:8.95. Thus, the selection index constructed was I= 0.2260*BW6, g + 0.7717*SL6, mm. Selection differential was higher in SI method on pooled basis compared to MS in all three generations for the primary trait, SL-6. The response to selection and selection intensity was also higher in SI method compared to MS. A similar trend was observed for BW-6 with respect to selection differential and response to selection. The study concluded that SI was superior to mass selection based on the results in Vanaraja male line chicken.

Short term selection response for egg mass at 52 weeks of age (EM52), the primary trait of selection and the correlated response of other production traits was evaluated utilizing the last five generations data of Vanaraja female line (PD-2) at ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad. The phenotypic and genetic response for EM52 was significant with a magnitude of 341.9 and 237.4 g per generation, respectively. The correlated response of egg production at 52 weeks was also significant with 5.68 and 4.37 eggs per generation on genetic and phenotypic scale, respectively. The age at sexual maturity reduced over the generation in a desired direction. The least square means (LSMs) for production traits (EM52, EP52, EW52, EP 40 and ASM) varied significantly across the generations. The LSMs of EM52 (7898±2.01 g) and EP52 (138.60±0.03 eggs) were significantly higher in S-5 generation. Selection intensity (i) ranged from 0.44 to 1.10 and the rate of inbreeding was 0.003. Realized and estimated heritabilities of EM52 were 0.04 and 0.11, respectively. The significant improvement in primary trait and other important correlated traits indicated the effectiveness of Osborn index selection in PD-2 line, which will contribute to the improvement in egg production and egg weight in terminal cross Vanaraja chicken variety.

Variance and covariance components of growth and production traits were analyzed employing REML animal model to assess the Dahlem Red (PD-3) chicken population for direct additive genetic, maternal effects and to estimate the estimated breeding value (EBV), genetic parameters, genetic trends and rate of inbreeding (ΔF) utilizing seven generation's data. The generation and hatch had significant (P≤0.01) effect on the body weight at 0 day (BW0), 2 (BW2), 4 (BW4) and 6 weeks (BW6) and shank length at six weeks of age (SL6). The average least squares means (LSM) for BW6 and SL6 were 273.93±0.62 g and 53.97±0.05 mm, respectively. All the production traits were significantly (P≤0.01) influenced by generation and hatch. The average LSM for age at sexual maturity (ASM), egg production up to 40 weeks (EP40) and egg mass up to 40 weeks (EM40) were 168.82±0.25 d, 72.60±0.41 eggs and 4.21±0.07 kg, respectively. Model 5 with additive direct, maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental and residual variance components was the best for BW0, BW2 and BW4 based on the AIC values obtained in WOMBAT. Model 4 was the best model for BW6, SL6, ASM, EP40 and EM40 with additive direct, maternal permanent environmental and residual variance components. Maternal effects were higher during early age, decreased with age, and remained present until 20 weeks of age. The heritability (h2) estimates were low to moderate in magnitude for all the growth traits and ranged from 0.02±0.03 to 0.19±0.03. The maternal heritability was high at hatch (0.35±0.06), decreased gradually until 4th week (0.02±0.01) and ceased afterwards. The heritabilities of EP40 (0.11±0.03) and EM40 (0.12±0.04) were low. The direct additive genetic correlations (ra) between BW2, BW4, BW6 and SL6 were high and positive (P≤ 0.05). The additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlation between EP40 and EM40 were high and positive (P≤ 0.05). The EBV of EM40 was significant (P≤ 0.05) with 0.48 kg/generation in PD-3 chicken at the end of the seventh generation. The EBV of EP40 showed an increasing trend with a genetic gain of 1.87 eggs per generation. The average inbreeding coefficient of the population was 0.019 and average ΔF was 0.007 over the last seven generations of selection. The EBV trends for primary and associated traits showed linear trends in the desired direction and negligible inbreeding.

A comprehensive study was carried out in Gramapriya female line (PD-3) with respect to growth, production, selection response and population structure utilizing the data generated for the last 7 generations at ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, Telangana. The average fertility was 71.89% and hatchability was 80.52% on fertile egg set and 57.08% on total egg set. The least squares means (LSMs) for body weight at 4 and 6 weeks of age were 168.06±0.01 and 320.10±0.02 g, respectively. The heritability estimates from sire and dam components of variance were moderate to high for both body weight and shank length (0.27 to 0.35). The correlation coefficients (genetic and phenotypic) between body weights and shank length were positive and high in magnitude except with day old body weight. Age at sexual maturity (ASM) was 171.47±0.01 days in PD-3 population. The part period egg production (EP 40) at 40 weeks of age was 75.60±0.01 eggs with an egg mass (EM 40) of 4,157.19±0.99 g. The h2 estimates for ASM, EW 40, EP 40 and EM 40 were 0.16±0.07, 0.42±0.11, 0.18±0.07 and 0.15±0.06, respectively, which were moderate to high in magnitude. The egg production at 40 weeks of age was negatively associated with ASM, body weight and egg weight at different ages. Egg mass had significant positive association with egg production and egg weight at 40 weeks of age. The selection intensity (i) ranged from 0.32 to 0.85 while, rate of inbreeding ranged between 0.0031 and 0.0033 in PD-3 line. The direct selection response was 151.54 g on genetic scale and 79.75 on phenotypic scale for primary trait of selection, EM 40 over the last 7 generations. Realized and estimated heritability estimates were 0.29 and 0.15, respectively for EM 40. The study concluded that, PD-3 population was in ideal condition with respect to growth and production performance. Positive selection response for primary trait EM 40 was observed in the population maintaining both egg production and egg weight, the important traits for sustainable rural poultry farming.