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In this paper we shall re-visit the well-known Schrodinger equation of quantum mechanics. However, this shall be realized as a marginal dynamics of a more general, underlying stochastic counting process in a complex Minkowski space. One of the interesting things about this formalism is that its derivation has very deep roots in a new understanding of the differential calculus of time. This Minkowski-Hilbert representation of quantum dynamics is called the Belavkin formalism; a beautiful, but not well understood theory of mathematical physics that understands that both deterministic and stochastic dynamics may be formally represented by a counting process in a second-quantized Minkowski space. The Minkowski space arises as a canonical quantization of the clock, and this is derived naturally from the matrix-algebra representation [1, 2] of the Newton-Leibniz differential time increment, dt. And so the unitary dynamics of a quantum object, described by the Schrodinger equation, may be obtained as the expectation of a counting process of object-clock interactions.

Ischemic preconditioning has been shown to protect some tissues from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Adenosine is believed to play an important role by attenuating leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions. Dipyridamole increases adenosine bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanical (MPC) and pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) on leukocyte endothelial cell interaction in hepatic I/R injury.C57BL6 mice were subjected to 30 min of ischemia to the left lobe of the liver. Groups tested at 30 min, 2, 5, 12, and 24 hr of reperfusion had 1) sham laparotomy (n = 10, 2) I/R (n = 25), 3) ischemic preconditioning with 5 min of ischemia and 10 min reperfusion before I/R (n = 25), and 4) (PPC) with dipyridamole (n = 25). Intravital microscopic examination was used to assess leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion. Blood was drawn for leukocyte counts and liver function tests.A significant decrease in leukocyte rolling was observed at 30-min and 5-hr reperfusion intervals in the PPC and ischemic preconditioning groups compared with the I/R group. A significant decrease in leukocyte saltation was also observed in the PPC and MPC groups at 2, 5, and 12 hr of reperfusion when compared with the I/R group. aspartate aminotransferase was significantly decreased in the 5-hr preconditioning groups. There was not a significant decrease in the white blood cell count because of PPC or MPC vs. I/R CONCLUSIONS: Preconditioning decreases endothelial/ leukocyte interaction and reduces liver damage as measured by aspartate aminotransferase. These data prove that IPC and PPC provide some degree of hepatic protection in I/R injury.

An experimental basis is provided for the theoretical expressions associated with the Eρ lateral‐wave field due to a horizontal dipole in a conducting half‐space of sea water. Both perturbed and unperturbed fields are studied in detail in a laboratory model of the lithosphere. It is found that rectilinear and wedge‐shaped discontinuities at the air‐water interface comprise effective perturbations of Eρ, while submerged metallic cylinders do not. The effective perturbations, localized in their effect on the overall propagation of the lateral wave over several wavelengths, have geometries chosen to characterize the broad plateaus and mountains of a real lithosphere.

Abundant conidiophores and conidia of Helminthosporium maydis were produced within 48 h on diseased corn leaf pieces. Observations of ultrastructure revealed that conidiogenesis in H. maydis is holoblastic; all layers of the conidiophore wall are involved in the initiation of conidia.

A specific physical interpretation of the effect of relative permittivities er and conductivities σ upon the amplitude and phase of propagating electromagnetic surface waves is given, where ϵr and σ characterize the layered material regions of a planetary lithosphere. The interpretation is made possible by the availability of simple formulas for the fields of vertical and horizontal unit electric dipoles near interfaces between regions of matter; the earth's lithosphere at its interface with salt water is used as an example. The ranges of er, σ, frequency ƒ, and radial distance ρ over which the formulas apply are shown to be quite broad. The E1ρ component (the radial electric field in region 1, characterized by complex wave number K1 and adjoined at a planar interface to region 2, characterized by k2, where |k1|2 » |k1|2) is discussed in detail. The attenuation of 20 log10 |E1ρ| as a function of ρ and ρ/δ2, Where δ is the skin depth, is illustrated for conductivity ratios σ2/σ1 = 10−1 to 10−3, over a range of ƒ from 1 Hz to 105 Hz. |E1ρ| is shown to be significant for determining permittivities e2 at the higher frequencies in this range. The use of |E1ρ| to infer conductivities σ2 at lower frequencies in shallow sounding of the earth's sea floor is discussed in terms of specific lithological and sediment-related parameters. The technology required to transmit and receive 20 log10 |E1ρ| at freshwater and saltwater interfaces with the earth's crust is addressed. A specific experiment is proposed for testing a specialized insulated antenna for seafloor use in shallow coastal waters at 1 kHz.

A wave packet or pulse comprised of a distribution of single-frequency lateral waves due to a vertical monopole is analyzed. The Fresnel-integral terms in the Fourier transform of a general formula for E2z(ρ, z, ω), the vertical electric-field component in air, are represented using confluent hypergeometric functions. A wave packet of lateral waves is calculated for a pulsed short bare monopole at the boundary between a pair of Earth's material regions and compared with experimental measurements.

The vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae was examined by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Electron-dense granules, found within vacuoles, were analyzed by X-ray analysis and found to contain high concentrations of phosphorus and calcium. These granules were similar in appearance to the polyphosphate granules described in other organisms. Highly vacuolated intercellular hyphae and vesicles possessed the greatest number of phosphorus granules. The granules were present in vacuolated arbuscular hyphae but absent from completely collapsed arbuscules. It was determined that the active arbuscule was the most probable site of breakdown of phosphorus granules. There were two other types of cellular inclusions, one vacuolar and one cytoplasmic, that could not be identified by X-ray analysis but that could easily be mistaken for phosphorus granules. It was concluded that general morphological appearance and location were not adequate criteria for the identification of phosphorus granules.

The ultrastructure of the interfacial zone which separates the intracellular structures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from host cytoplasm has been described in a variety of ways by recent investigators. Evidence is presented here which suggests that previous interpretations of the ultrastructure of the interfacial zone have been based on an artifact of fixation. Using an improved procedure, a dense, granular material was found in the interfacial zone. This material was preserved by simultaneous glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation but not by conventional prefixation and postfixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium, respectively.

Sclerotial germination, hyphal growth pattern, and appressorial formation of the charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. on the surface of soybean roots, Glycine max (L.) Merrill was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Sclerotial germination is followed by a hyphal growth pattern which does not appear to be associated with any specific structural feature on the corrugated root surface. Appressoria are produced on the root surface at the tips of both primary hyphae and side branches within three days after inoculation.

The measured reflections of lateral waves at discontinuities and boundaries are shown for two frequencies. A cylindrical model lithosphere bounded at its perimeter in seven distinct ways is utilized. The resulting fields are compared with the theory of normally incident lateral waves.

Human monocytes, pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and spleen macrophages were concentrated by immobilization on cold insoluble globulins. These cell preparations were 90 +/- 3%, 95 +/- 1% and 83 +/- 3% esterase rich, respectively, 87 +/- 4%, 95 +/- 3% and 66 +/- 11% phagocytic and 78 +/- 3%, 79 +/- 9% and 68 +/- 5% reactive with OKM1 monoclonal antibody. Spleen macrophages differed from the other two cell preparations in that significantly fewer reacted with 61D3 or 63D2 monoclonal antibodies. Monocytes and PAMs promoted the mixed leucocyte response by autologous lymphocytes when added at low concentrations, but suppressed this response at high concentrations. Spleen macrophages only promoted the mixed leucocyte reaction but were required in much higher numbers than either monocytes or PAMs for optimal promotion. Likewise, the added presence of monocytes or PAMs in high numbers suppressed Ig synthesis stimulated with pokeweed mitogen, while spleen macrophages were not suppressive in this system. This study shows that the distribution of macrophages that differ in their regulatory effects upon lymphocyte responses varies in different tissues. The human spleen is deficient in macrophage related suppression.