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While entrepreneurship discourse is gaining traction in engineering and the number of entrepreneurship courses increase rapidly, there is a lack of study focusing on how and why engineering educators facilitate entrepreneurial experiences in their courses. Using a qualitative and inductive case-study approach, this paper explores and explicates pedagogical models for facilitating entrepreneurial experiences in engineering, and their underlying design principles. Investigating seven entrepreneurial project-based courses, three distinct pedagogical models for facilitating entrepreneurial experiences are identified. Two potentially conflicting dimensions are highlighted and argued as vital for educators to consider when implementing entrepreneurial experiences into their courses. These dimensions are: to make learning more personal, and to make learning more professional. The paper discusses how entrepreneurial engineering pedagogy is anchored in entrepreneurship education and engineering education discourse, and suggests means through which the two disparate streams of research can be integrated in order to further research on entrepreneurial engineering pedagogy.

Entrepreneurship has been defined as an individual?new value creation dialogic. To study how entrepreneurial identity evolves, this article, drawing on entrepreneurial learning theory, adds an entrepreneurial role expectations dialogic. Longitudinal evidence from nascent entrepreneurs working in venture teams on invention disclosures offers an illustration of dialogics, including how they evolve over time to build entrepreneurial identity. In contrast to the theory of planned behaviour, the findings suggest that becoming entrepreneurial does not stem primarily from intention but rather from interacting with new value creation and role expectations in an immediate team environment.

Purpose: Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is becoming an important part of breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Compared to two‐dimensional mammography, tomosynthesis introduces limited three‐dimensional (3D) resolution, but maintains high in‐plane resolution, low dose, and allows for similar clinical protocols. The scanning motion and oblique projections of tomosynthesis acquisitions introduce shift‐variance to the image quality, in addition to effects such as source blurring and geometric magnification. Shift‐variant detector response caused by oblique incidence has been extensively studied previously and is most easily mitigated by letting the source and detector move in sync. In addition, conical reconstruction grids, that is, a grid aligned with the central tomosynthesis projection, have been proposed to compensate for magnification effects. This paper introduces a shift‐variant cascaded systems model for tomosynthesis and validates it against measurements. As an example, the model was used to investigate the shift‐variance of a tomosynthesis system. Methods: The shift‐variant cascaded systems model was validated on a slit‐scanning photon‐counting DBT system, with synchronous source–detector movement, using simple back‐projection in a conical reconstruction volume. The modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise‐power spectrum (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were used as figures of merit. Simulations were performed for single points while measurements were done over a finite volume, assuming local shift invariance. To investigate the full extent of shift‐variance, 80 locations across the volume were simulated, and the MTF and DQE at 2.5 lp/mm were calculated as a function of position. Results: The simulated metrics generally agreed well with their corresponding measurements. The frequency at 50% MTF along the scan direction showed a relatively small variation, ranging from 2.1 to 2.4 lp/mm for the different locations. The frequency at 50% MTF along the chest‐mammilla direction showed a larger variation, ranging from 2.9 to 3.8 lp/mm. All points exhibited a similarly shaped NNPS but the noise magnitude varied with slice height. The zero‐frequency DQE in reconstructed slices was lower than that of the projections, an effect likely caused by noise‐aliasing increasing the zero‐frequency noise. Conclusions: A shift‐variant cascaded systems model has been developed for slit‐scanning tomosynthesis using simple back‐projection. The model was successfully validated against measurements. Even though the study was performed on a slit‐scanning system, several parts of the framework can be applied and extended to other tomosynthesis geometries. The conical reconstruction grid has low variation in image quality in the scan direction where the 3D information is acquired, but source and geometric magnification still dominate in the slit direction, causing a larger variation in image quality. We conclude that image quality is close to shift‐invariant in the scan direction, but not in the height and chest‐mammilla directions, and we recommend that small measurement volumes are used when measuring image quality in these directions to minimize the effects of shift variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology entrepreneurship can be seen as building upon, while also deviating from, technological paths. Such deviation has primarily been described as singular events where individuals with prior knowledge discover a new opportunity. In this article, we will instead study deviation as a process of collective decision making, seen more as something mindful than singular. The purpose is to explore mindful deviation as decision making by nascent technology entrepreneurs as they conceptualize an early platform technology. Based on case assignments undertaken by 13 teams in a venture creation programme, C-K design theory is used to trace how nascent technology entrepreneurs in action combine causal and effectual decision-making logics. Individually answered questionnaires also offered insights into how the entrepreneurs perceived their decision making in hindsight. The findings break with our received wisdom around how opportunities are recognized as well as how effectual and causal logics occur. As a result, mindful deviation through combinations of effectual and causal logic is suggested as a means to understand early-stage technology entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enable tissue function-based tumor diagnosis over the large number of existing digitalmammography systems worldwide, we propose a cost-effective and robust approach to incorporate tomographic optical tissue characterization with separately acquired digital mammograms. Using a flexible contour-based registration algorithm, we were able to incorporate an independently measured twodimensional x-ray mammogram as structural priors in a joint optical/x-ray image reconstruction, resulting in improved spatial details in the optical images and robust optical property estimation. We validated this approach with a retrospective clinical study of 67 patients, including 30 malignant and 37 benign cases, and demonstrated that the proposed approach can help to distinguish malignant from solid benign lesions and fibroglandular tissues, with a performance comparable to the approach using spatially coregistered optical/x-ray measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Venture creation is often seen as the form of academic entrepreneurship least compatible with the role of university scientists. The purpose of the article is to explore the changing role of university scientists towards venture creation, and understand the influence of university-driven initiatives for venture creation. Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on a qualitative study of two venture creation cases: one from a US university, and one building from two universities in Sweden. The cases and associated university environments were selected due to their venture creation activity. University venture creation data of the three universities complements the cases. Findings – Venture creation at universities can be more compatible with the traditional role of the university scientist. Centers and laboratories concerned with entrepreneurship and action-based education are identified as key university resources allowing university scientists to engage in venture creation in more compatible ways, and not having to become the lead venture creator. Research limitations/implications – The study underlying the article is limited to three university environments (in two countries) where venture creation activity is relatively frequent. Originality/value – The article shows that venture creation can be more compatible with the role of the university scientist due to more collective entrepreneurial activity at universities. Furthermore, university scientists, in synergizing between different entrepreneurial roles, are important for venture creation without taking the lead venture entrepreneur role. Involving students in venture creation together with scientists is proposed as one such important entrepreneurial role that has not previously been recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how researchers in leading roles at a Swedish research university relate to the integration of academic and entrepreneurial roles in the field of nanotechnology. In contrast to earlier studies that characterize researchers as being either 'critical towards' or 'unfit for' entrepreneurial activity, this paper argues that researchers can develop a positive approach towards entrepreneurship and it discusses how this, in certain situations and in a specific research area, can lead to new innovation networks and provide important input to early development and commercialization. This is encouraging in view of the current science and innovation policies of nations, which promote the entrepreneurial scientist and yet hesitate to give him or her adequate control over resources for innovation management processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical performance of a scanning multislit full field digital mammography system was determined using basic image quality parameters. The system employs a direct detection detector comprised of linear silicon strip sensors in an edge-on geometry connected to photon counting electronics. The pixel size is 50 μm and the field of view 24×26 cm2. The performance was quantified using the presampled modulation transfer function, the normalized noise power spectrum and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Compared to conventional DQE methods, the scanning geometry with its intrinsic scatter rejection poses additional requirements on the measurement setup, which are investigated in this work. The DQE of the photon counting system was found to be independent of the dose level to the detector in the 7.6–206 μGy range. The peak DQE was 72% and 73% in the scan and slit direction, respectively, measured with a 28 kV W–0.5 mm Al anode-filter combination with an added 2 mm Al filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Fresnel-like X-ray lens can be constructed by a triangular array of identical prisms whose base corresponds to the 2π-shift length. Each column of prisms is progressively shifted from the optical axis by an arbitrary fraction of the prism height. Similarly to the multi-prism lens, quasi-parabolic profiles are formed by a superposition of straight-line segments. The resulting projected lens profile is approximately linear with a Fresnel-lens pattern superimposed on it to provide the focusing. This geometry exhibits a significantly larger effective aperture than conventional parabolic refractive lenses. Prototype lenses were fabricated by deep reactive ion etching of silicon. These one-dimensionally focusing lenses were tested at a synchrotron beamline and provided focal line-widths down to 1.4 μm FWHM and an intensity gain of 39 at a photon energy of 13.4 keV. Fabrication imperfections gave rise to unwanted interference effects resulting in several intensity maxima in the focal plane. The presented design allows the focal length to be shortened without decreasing the feature size of the lens. Furthermore, this feature size does not limit the resolution as for real Fresnel optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which presented the potential benefits of the photon-counting X-ray imaging system. Dose efficiency of an imaging system; Experimental setup of the study; Conclusion.

An analytical model of the, product development process is derived from macro-organizational and sociotechnical theory. The nonlinear and nonroutine process of product development is linked with organizational structure through the concept of deliberations. Deliberations contain the value-adding process of uncertainty and equivocality reduction and can be more or less intrusive upon the environment. The focus of the empirical study has been on the application of the model as well as illustration of how the needs of the process are satisfied by organizational structure. Two development projects, one of which was successful, one of which was not, were compared in a case study of a manufacturer of larger customer-adapted vehicles. The deliberations in the two projects were distinguishable by their degree of intrusiveness and ability to reduce equivocality. Large performance potentials in man-hours Could be revealed in both projects through the deliberation analysis. The managerial implication of the study is that greater recognition of what constitutes the process, among product development participants, should allow considerably increased performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with ever-tighter schedules, product development professionals employ various methods for staying at least one step ahead of the competition. In particular, an autonomous, cross-functional team offers an effective structure for meeting the sometimes conflicting objectives of timely delivery of a high-quality, easily manufactured product. To complicate matters, however, companies must manage not only individual projects, but also entire product lines. Changes in product and process technology eventually necessitate revamping of the product architecture -- that is, the remodularization of a product line. Can an autonomous project team provide the long-term perspective necessary for such efforts? Or, does remodularization of a product line require centralized oversight by functional management? Mats Lundqvist, Niklas Sundgren, and Lars Trygg explore this issue by examining product development efforts at two Swedish manufacturing companies. Specifically, their study explores this research question: Does a high degree of project autonomy limit the possibility for effective remodularization of product architecture? Both companies were involved in remodularization projects with stringent requirements for project cost and duration, but the companies employed markedly different managerial models in these efforts. One company took a centralized approach, except that two design engineers worked full time on the project The other company used the autonomous model, with two exceptions: functional managers worked closely with some project members during the task specification phase of the project; and the project leader, though a heavyweight in many respects, did not have formal decision-making power. The latter project demonstrated that an autonomous project team can maintain a long-term perspective during development of a product In other words, this project team was able to meet challenging time and cost objectives while developing a product consisting of highly compatible modules and subsystems. Although a centralized management approach might be expected to offer greater efficiency, the company using that approach failed to meet project goals for development time, product cost, and long-term product line effectiveness. However, the shortcomings of that effort are more directly attributable to the management style of the project leader than to the management structure employed. INSET: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central point in this article is that energy system transition can be initiated by a team of individuals interacting entrepreneurially beyond their different home-grounds in business, research, or regional development. Such entrepreneurial engagement of insiders with belongings to an established socio-technical system has not been captured in prevalent sustainability transitions or entrepreneurship perspectives. Insiders have mostly been expected to act within (and not outside) of their role expectations. This study investigates who individuals initiating energy transition are, what motives they have, and how they accomplish institutional change. The purpose is to qualify a perspective that can help us better appreciate how transitions, such as in energy systems, can be initiated. The new perspective recognizes the importance of insiders, their personal sustainability beliefs, their choice to teamwork entrepreneurially, and their narratives about the initiative affecting institutional change. It explains how transition in a heavily regulated Swedish energy system can occur. Implications are drawn for research, policy and entrepreneurial teamwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]