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Aluminum (Al) is one of the problems and is a factor inhibiting plant growth on soils with acidic pH. This study aims to examine the growth response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalypus Deglupta seedlings to Al exposure. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, where the Al concentration consisted of 5 levels, namely: 0 mM (control), 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, and 8 mM with 3 repetitions each and each repetition consisted of 3 units of the plant. The results showed that Al treatment had a significant effect on the growth parameters of both plant types, except for the root dry weight parameter for E. deglupta. Increasing the Al concentration can reduce almost all growth parameters. The 4 mM Al concentration was able to increase the height growth, plant dry weight (roots and shoots), and tolerance index for the E. pellita species, while the Al 2 mM concentration was able to increase the root growth of E. deglupta plants. Almost all growth parameters for E. pellita species were higher than that of E. deglupta, except for the SPAD chlorophyll index. The concentrations of 6 mM and 8 mM were toxic to E. pellita and E. deglupta.

Iron (Fe) is a micro essential needed by plants in small amounts and can be toxic when available in large quantities. This study aimed to evaluate how Fe exposure affects the growth of C. callothyrsus and L. leucocephala seedlings. This study used a completely randomized design with factorial, where the first factor consisted of two levels of seedlings (C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala), and the second factor consisted of Fe concentration which consisted of 8 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 mM). The results showed that treatment of seedlings species and concentration of Fe was able to significantly affect the growth parameters (height, root length, root dry weight, shoots, and plant dry weight) of seedlings. The control treatment (without Fe) showed the highest growth response compared to those treated with Fe exposure and an increase in Fe concentration was able to reduce all growth parameters in both seedlings. The 0.5 mM Fe concentration reduced all growth parameters of C. calothyrsus drastically, while in L. leucocephala, the Fe 0.75 concentration was able to decrease all growth parameters drastically. The tolerance index of both seedlings decreased with increasing Fe concentration. The rate of photosynthesis did not show a significant difference between treatments, meanwhile, it had a significant effect on chlorophyll affect chlorophyll (a, b, and total chlorophyll) and carotenoid content. The highest Fe content in C. calothyrsus seedlings was at a concentration of 1.5 mM (4.40%), while in L. leucocephala seedlings, the highest Fe content was at 1.7 mM (2.87%).

This experiment aimed to determine the adaptability of four biodiesel-producing plants to gold mine wastewater based on morpho-physiological properties. Four species namely jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis), wild candlenut (Reutealis trisperma) and bead tree (Melia azedarach) were grown in water culture using Hoagland solution for 2 weeks and then treated with gold mining wastewater at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, and 75% (v/v) for 3 weeks. Growth, anatomical and physiological characteristics were observed during the treatment. The results showed that gold mine wastewater significantly decreased growth of the four species despite varied among the species. Wastewater had significant effect on leaves anatomy of Jatropha but not on others. It also significantly induced the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in Jatropha and castor bean, but not in wild candlenut and bead-tree. Meanwhile, the treatment significantly decreased chlorophyll content of all species with the most in bead-tree plant, and leaves relative water content (RWC) particularly in castor bean and bead-tree plants. There was strong negative correlation between the increase of MDA content and the decrease of chlorophyll content and leaf RWC. Among the four species, wild candlenut (R. trisperma) was the most resistant to gold mine wastewater based on morphological and physiological properties.

Information on metal adaptation of plants is necessary to understand the mechanism of heavy metal, including lead (Pb), remediation mediated by forest plants in contaminated land. This study aimed to find out the adaptation mechanism of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Roxb) seedlings to excessive lead level based on the tolerance index of growth performance and lead transport to plant tissue. The seedlings were exposed to lead (Pb(NO3)2) with the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5 and 10 mM in nutrient culture for 15 days. The result showed that the tolerance index (TI) of the seedlings was significantly decreased by Pb exposure up to 1.5 mM, but the TI values were more than 75%. All seedlings died at Pb concentration of 5 mM and up. Pb accumulated in all parts of the seedlings, with the highest concentration found in the leaves (735.9 ppm) under Pb concentration of 0.5 mM.  The Pb was found to be transported to the top portion of the seedlings indicated by Transport Factor (TF) that was more than 1. The results suggest that jabon can adapt to excessive Pb exposure up to 1.5 mM and has the potential as a remediator plant.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of biochar on the seedling quality index and growth of neem tree seedlings and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) development grown on ultisol soil medium. Two factors in completely randomised experimental design was conducted under green house conditions and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to analyse the data. The results showed that neem seedling quality index was improved by interaction of AMF fungi and biochar amandment. The growth of neem seedling was significantly increased by interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar. The combination treatment of Glomus etunicatum and biochar 10% gave best results of height and diameter, and significantly increased by 712% and 303% respectively, as compared to control plant, while the combination treatment of Gigaspora margarita and biochar 10% gave the best result of shoot dry weight, and root dry weight and significantly increase by 4,547% and 6,957% as compared to control plant. The mycorrhizal root colonization was increased with increasing biochar added, but decreases when 15% of biochar was applied. N, P, and K uptake of 12 weeks neem seedling old was higher and significantly increased as compared to control plant.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of biochar on the seedling quality index and growth of neem tree seedlings and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) development grown on ultisol soil medium. Two factors in completely randomised experimental design was conducted under green house conditions and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to analyse the data. The results showed that neem seedling quality index was improved by interaction of AMF fungi and biochar amandment. The growth of neem seedling was significantly increased by interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar. The combination treatment of Glomus etunicatum and biochar 10% gave best results of height and diameter, and significantly increased by 712% and 303% respectively, as compared to control plant, while the combination treatment of Gigaspora margarita and biochar 10% gave the best result of shoot dry weight, and root dry weight and significantly increase by 4,547% and 6,957% as compared to control plant. The mycorrhizal root colonization was increased with increasing biochar added, but decreases when 15% of biochar was applied. N, P, and K uptake of 12 weeks neem seedling old was higher and significantly increased as compared to control plant.Keywords: AMF development, nutrient uptake , plant growth , seedling quality index, biochar DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.19.2.103

This study aimed to find out the lead tolerance of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) seedling based on growth performance, tolerance index, and secretion and accumulation of organic acids content. Seedlings were exposed to lead (Pb) with the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, and 10 mM in liquid nutrient culture for 4 days in order to investigate secretion and accumulation of oxalic, malic, and citric content, and for 15 days to examine growth performance and tolerance index. The result showed that tolerance index and growth performance of sengon seedling were insignificant (p > 0.05) to the rising of Pb concentration up to 1.5 mM with tolerance index at least 95%, and even caused an increase of fresh weight. However, the tolerance index and growth of sengon decreased significantly due to Pb exposure of 5 and 10 mM. Among the three organic acids, citrate was most dominant as compared to malate and oxalate. Secretion of citrate increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the rising concentration of Pb 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM, reaching to 0.464, 0.540, and 0.587 µg mℓ-1, respectively, or rising according linear line (r = 0.9, p < 0.5). Citrate accumulation showed inconsistent pattern with the rising Pb exposure. The result suggested that sengon seedling have a slightly tolerance to lead by secretion of organic acid especially citric acid.Keywords: lead, sengon, tolerance, organic acid, liquid nutrient culture

This study aimed to find out the lead tolerance of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) seedling based on growth performance, tolerance index, and ecretion and accumulation of organic acids content. Seedlings were exposed to lead (Pb) with the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, and 10 mM in liquid nutrient culture for 4 days in order to investigate secretion and accumulation of oxalic, malic, and citric content, and for 15 days to examine growth performance and olerance index. The result showed that tolerance index and growth performance of engon seedling were insignificant (p > 0.05) to the rising of Pb concentration up to 1.5 mM with tolerance index at least 95%, and even caused an increase of fresh weight. However, the tolerance index and growth of sengon decreased significantly due to Pb exposure of 5 and 10 mM. Among the three organic acids, citrate was most dominant as compared to malate and oxalate. Secretion of citrate increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the rising concentration of Pb 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM, reaching to 0.464, 0.540, and 0.587 µg mℓ-1, respectively, or rising according linear line (r = 0.9, p < 0.5). Citrate accumulation showed inconsistent pattern with the rising Pb exposure. The result suggested that sengon seedling have a slightly tolerance to lead by secretion of organic acid especially citric acid.